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THE ANNALS
AND
MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY,
INCLUDING ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, ann GEOLOGY.
(BEING A CONTINUATION OF THE ‘MAGAZINE OF BOTANY AND ZOOLOGY,’ AND OF LOUDON AND CHARLESWORTH 'S ‘MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY,’)
CONDUCTED BY
Siz W. JARDINE, Barr., F.L.S.—P. J. SELBY, Esq., F.L.S., GEORGE JOHNSTON, M.D., CHARLES C. BABINGTON, Esa., M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., J. H. BALFOUR, M.D., Prof. Bot. Edinburgh,
AND
RICHARD TAYLOR, F.L.S., F.G.S.
LONDON:
PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY R. AND J. E. TAYLOR.
SOLD BY 8. HIGHLEY; SIMPKIN AND MARSHALL; SHERWOOD AND coO.; W. WOOD, TAVISTOCK STREET ; BAILLIERE, REGENT STREET, AND PARIS: LIZARS, AND MACLACHLAN AND STEWART, EDINBURGH! CURRY, DUBLIN: AND ASHER, BERLIN,
1845.
‘¢Omnes res create sunt divine sapientie et potentie testes, divitie felicitatis humane :—ex harum usu bonitas Creatoris; ex pulchritudine sapientia Domini; ex ceconomia in conservatione, proportione, renovatione, potentia majestatis elucet. Earum itaque indagatio ab hominibus sibi relictis semper estimata; a veré eruditis et sapientibus semper exculta; malé doctis et barbaris semper inimica fuit.”— LINNAUs,
..««+- hic obitus rerum contemplor et ortus, Et quibus é causis ordine cuncta fluant.
Et disco, quidquid medicos mare gignit ad usus, Quidquid et omnifero terra benigna sinu.
Sepe juvat solem gelida vitare sub umbra, Multaque de plantis arboribusque loqui.
Quid varios pisces, et nata corallia ponto
* Eloquar, et conchis ostrea tecta suis ?
Ille sed equoree numerum subducat arene Qui volet undivagos enumerare greges.
P. Loticait Elegiarum lib, iii. eleg. 4,—lib. ii. eleg. 6.
CONTENTS OF VOL. XVI.
NUMBER CII. I. On some species of Cuscuta. By Cuarues C, Babryeton, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S. &c: (With a Plate.) s..sseccceseees eodswerssoscnseesadon ae II. Miscellanea Zoologica. By Grorce Jounston, M.D., Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons uf Edinburgh. (With a Plate.) ........ 4 II1. On the British Desmidiee. By Joun Ratrs, Esq., M.R.C.S.,
Page
Penzance. (With a Plate.) ....ccccsscssseseceers Rseuaens Abunda dandecuasiooas i AO IV. On the Colours of Leaves and Petals. ’ By Wittiam E. C. Nourse, M.R.C.S. ......00006 siaen dons anione et ve eS aa ae aeoe% garnesaevansie 16
¥. Descriptions of Coleopterous Insects collected by Charles Ae
_ Esq., in the Galapagos Islands. By Groner R. Wareruousse, Esq.... 19 VI. On the Organization of the Lucine and of Corbis. By M. ri
VALENCIENNES csvcsessesevees ssacnedivenveentess aasaacnesases se ccerceens covccsoee 41
New Books :—The Genera of Birds, by G. R. Gray, F.L.S., illustrated by D.W. Mitchell, B.A., F.L.S.—Descriptiones Animalium que in itinere ad Maris Australis terras per annos 1772-74 suscepto col- legit J. R. Forster, nunc demum editz curante H. Lichtenstein 45—47
Proceedings of the Zoological Society ; Microscopical Society ; Entomo- logical Society ....cssserseeeeeeees Coe ndesecsseccacqvepesivececectecece 48—66
Observations on the group Schizopetalee of the family of Cruciferae, by J. Marius Barneoud ; On the Microscopic Constituents of the Ash of Fossil Coal, by Professor Ehrenberg and Dr. F. Schulz; On the Tendrils of the Cucurbitacee, by M. J. Payer; Meteorblogical Ob- servations and Table......csccssscssesseseseees Gods veged sas ceaVadiweses 66—72
NUMBER CIII.
VII. Notes of a Microscopical Examination of the Chalk and Flint of the South-east of England; with remarks on the Animalculites of certain Tertiary and Modern Deposits. By Gipron Aucernon Man- TELL, LL.D., F.R.S. POOH eee OAE HEROD EEF eseeee CORP eee OOS ere Eee eSeeeeeeeeeeeerese <a
Iv CONTENTS.
Page VIII. On the Occurrence of an Intestinal Worm in an Acaleph. By : Ma Gama. We Pei iescenc ives ccectacsisstranvanacreevesssnaeess 88
IX. A List of the scarcer amongst the Lichens which are found in the neighbourhood of Oswestry and Ludlow, with occasional observa-
tions upon some of them. By the Rev. T. SaALWEY — ...ccccesscsccececees 90 X. Reply to some Observations of Prof. A. Wagner on the genus Mylaton. By Trot Own, F TS. 6. eooccics ss cesnvecveciads tecueause peas 100
XI. List of Birds found in the vicinity of ‘Tunis and Biserta, from observations made during a month’s visit from April 21st to May 21st
1845. By H. M. Drummonp, 42nd R.H. ............ Sabanesdeaetens ines SO XII. On the British Diatomacee. By Joun Ratrs, Esq., M.R.C.S.,
Penzance. » (With a Plate.) .s.iicnevecketiiicesecese eseccceece Netadeduensy¥es 109 XIII. Botanical Notices from Spain. By Moritz WiLLKom» ...... 113
Proceedings of the British Association for the Advancement of Sci- ence—Meeting held at Cambridge; Royal Society ; Geological Society ; Asiatic Society ; Botanical Society of Edinburgh... 123—140
Ranunculus Lenormandi, F. W. Schultz; Carex montana, Linn. ; Mi- grations of Salmon; On the Spores of some Algze, by M. Gustave Thuret; On the Extinct Mammals of Australia, with Additional Observations on the genus Dinornis of New Zealand, by Prof. Owen; Meteorological Observations and Table...........+00 141—144
NUMBER CIV.
XIV. On the Anatomy of Acteon, with remarks on the Order Phlebenterata of M. de Quatrefages. By Gro. J. Autuman, M.B., F.R.C.S., M.R.I.A., Professor of Botany in Trinity College, Dublin,
late Demonstrator of Anatomy T.C.D. (With three Plates.) ......... 145 XV. Description of a new genus of Night Lizards from Belize. By
J. E. Grav, Beqe, BRS. Ge. esses cece seestevcscscssccccscscsesccesccescess 162 XVI. The Arctic Expedition under the command of Sir Joun
FRANKLIN sccvcs: sosseesstnoecspestetersecceseceasacsess Wevsaugieisessvisecas sates 163
XVII. Observations on some Plants obtained from the shores of Davis’ Straits. By Witi1am Seiuer, M.D., Fellow of the Royal Col-
lege of Physicians, Edinburgh ......s..ssssesesessccenssesseeecsseeeeeeeerers 166 XVIII. Hore Zoologice. By Sir W. Jarpine, Bart., F.R.S.E. & PNR) sca diac scccsctevesccccsccsssesnscccvesstescasees 174
XIX. Descriptions of new or imperfectly described Diurnal Lepi- doptera. By Epwarp Dovusuepay, Esq., Assistant in the Zoological
Department of the British Museum, F.L.S. &c. ......ccesccccecccccccscces 176 XX. On the Development of the Annelides. By M. Sars. (With a Plate.) ...++ iene paresy sh sentvcebeby sh Deine hy aap siwdealias viveecwesdseimney 183
XXI. Botanical Notices from Spain. By Moritz Witikomm...... 189
CONTENTS. v ; Page Proceedings of the Zoological Society ; Entomological Society... 193—212
Description of a new species of African Monkey; Mexican Fossils ; County of Down Fossil Infusoria; Capture of Acipenser Huso ; On the Cystidee, by Von Buch; On the Origin of Infusoria and Mucor; Meteorological Observations and Table ........+00+... 212—216
NUMBER CV. XXII. Onthe Howling Monkeys (Mycetes, Illiger). By J. E. Gray, Esq., FiR.iS. &C.cscccciscscedscecccscecsveccces dvetadwodsigdadessaedépostespeves cp 217 XXIII. Notes, &c. on the genera of Insects Oxystoma and Magdalis, By Joun WALTON, Esq., F.L.S. si.sesesececsccsscecssscecscscscovesoceees soe 221 XXIV. Descriptions of some apparently new species of Birds from Malacca. By T. C.. Eyton, Esq., F.L.S. cecssssssoveseees pewbsbecbawapin’ mare XXYV. On the Glyceria fluitans and G. plicata. By Tuomas Moorg, TESS: Sesteste seebovecchctedbsescusesisieetabe snpeasssbesces Snecdevee esdesoeectonicn 200 XXVI. Descriptions of new or imperfectly described Diurnal Lepi- doptera. By Epwarp Dovsiepay, Esq., Assistant in the Zoological
Department of the British Museum, F.L.S. &. .....csesseseeeee tedqsveee eae XXVII. On the Surface of the Stem and Contents of the Medullary Cells of Nuphar lutea (Smith). By Junrus MunTER ......cessseeeee «- 236
XXVIII, Note on some Marine Animals, brought up by Deep-sea Dredging, during the Antarctic Voyage of Captain Sir James C, Ross, R.N. By Josern Darton Hooxer, M.D. ........ccccceeees seccvecceess oo. 238
XX1X. Report on a memoir by M. P. Duchartre, entitled ‘ Obser- vations on the Organogeny of the Flower of the Malvacee.’ By MM. Bronenrart, Ricwarp and De Jussieu ....scscsseseeeere eevevdceespoebudse 240
XXX. Botanical Notices from Spain. By Moritz Witixomm ... 248
New Books :—A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca, with Figures of all the Species, by Joshua Alder and Albany Hancock .....0... Sp cipaanbivnces Sess WV ebates dis sbbaavENE Nae eapheone Soebetsce 252
Proceedings of the Zoological Society ; Entomological Society... 253-279
On the genus Saccopteryzx of Illiger ; On the Officinal Species of Pepper, by M. Miquel; Obituary :—Professor Graham of Edinburgh; Dr. J. W. Meigen; Showers of Dust at Orkney; Rain during the present year; Meteorological Observations and Table ...... 279-—288
NUMBER CVI.
XXXI. Anatomical and Physiological Observations on Sagitta bi- punctata, By M.A. Kroun. (With @ Plate.) .......c.ccccsscscecscscees 289
XXXII. Descriptions of new or imperfectly described Diurnal Lepidoptera. By Epwarp Dovsuepay, Esq., Assistant in the Zoolo- gical Department of the British Museum, F.L.S. &e. ........ veevecesenss 304
vi CONTENTS. | Page XXXIII. On the genera Spirulina and Coleochete. By Jonn Ratrs, Esq., M.R.C.S., Penzance. (With a Plate.) ....... atecegrosesess: COS XXXIV. Notice of a new genus and several new species of Nudi- branchiate Mollusca. By Josuva Auper and Aubany Hancock, Esqrs. 311 XXXV. Descriptions of some new genera and species of Hetero- merous Coleoptera. By G. R. Wareruouss, Esq. ........ eathos ines veines 317 “XXXVI. On several new species of Crustaceans allied to Saphirina. By Harry D. 8S. Goopsir, M.W.S., late Conservator of the Museum of the Roy. Coll. Surg. Edinburgh, Assist. Surg. in H.M. Arctic Ex- ploring Ship Erebus (With a Plate.) ...csscccccccessssssseeeeees ie ceuepeats 325 XXXVII. On the Fructification of the genera Clathrus and Phallus. By M. Maurice LESPIAULT ,....,eceseseeseeees Riel sal adiemeswasnsaneseds es one, O27 XXXVIII. Journey through Java, descriptive of its Topography and Natural History. By Dr. Fr. JuNGHUHN ...,....ecececeeee coeseeens O29
Proceedings of the Zoological Suciety ; Microscopical Society ... 3832—347
On a Fish allied to Lepidosiren annectens; On the African Musk, Moschus aquaticus, Ogilby; Occurrence of Aquila nevia in Ire- land; On Mounting Minute Alge for the Microscope; On the Discovery of a Fossil Frog and Butterfly in the Gypsum Deposits of Aix, by M. Coquand; On a curious appearance presented by the contents of the Capsules of a Moss from Chili, extracted from a Letter to the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, by Dr. Montagne; M. Agassiz on the Geological Development of Animal Life; Explorations of
« Dr.Schrenk; Descriptions of three new species of Bivalve Shells of the genera Cytherea and Venus, by Sylvanus Hanley, Esq. ; On the Disease of Potatoes, by Prof. Kiitzing ; On the Larus capistra- tus, Temm.; Meteorological Observations and Table ...... 348—360
NUMBER CVII. XXXIX. Remarks on some forms of Rubus. By T. Betz Satter, :
BD. FB Gee 5s ee Me Widaa eased yshe Salve vue Ve Meese aware esvecbeweess 361 XL. Notice of the Foetus of Zygena laticeps, Cantor. By Dr. Can- tor, Civil Surgeon, Prince of Wales Island .........cccesscsesesseceececees 372
XLI. On the Dissolution and Re-calcification of the Shell in gates a genus of Pectinibranchiate Mollusca. By Lovett Rerve, A.L.S. &c. 374 XLII. Researches on the Primary Modifications of Organic Matter, and on the Formation of Cells. By M. Coste ...sccscccscccseceececscees 377 XLIII. Anatomical and Physiological Observations on some Zo- ophytes. By Joun Rerp, M.D., F.R.C.P.E., and Chandos Professor of Anatomy and Medicine in the University of St. Andrews. (With a Plate.) <iccecorcecsccccvssssvocegssccceceer sRedapeeersanwasecase seve Secsseneeyenese 385 XLIV. Observations on the Spongiad@, with descriptions of some new genera. By J. S. Bowersanx, F.R.S., L.S. &c. (With two MEN nid oicdusesiaciecatesesdecksihe pans Dao pebaedis padV ch eu sna vai veiviss eee 400
CONTENTS. Vil
Page New Books:—A History of the British Freshwater Alga, including descriptions of the Desmidee and Diatomacee, with upwards of 100 Plates, by A. H. Hassall, F.L.S.—British Libelluline or Dra- gon-flies, by W. F. Evans, M.E.S.—A Flora of Tunbridge Wells,
by Edw. Jenner, A.L.S. ......cscsssccsssossccsevers sesscvesseeess 410——413
Proceedings of the Linnzean Society ; Zoological Society ......... 414—428
On the Existence of Tetraspores in a genus of Algz belonging to the Zygnemata, by M. Montagne; Hassall’s ‘ Freshwater Algz’; Natural History in Ireland; Occurrence of the Belted King- fisher, Alcedo Alcyon, Linn., in Ireland; Mr. Goadhy ; Meteoro- logical Observations and Table ..........csecsserecsoeecseeseee 428-432
NUMBER CVIII. SUPPLEMENT.
XLV. An Index to the British Annelides. By Grorce Jounsron, M.D., LL.D., Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. CWE PIII aisispesevercasdavsons prvlethesdanmcassaed A eames sb sansunds cssveee 400
XLVI. Journey through Java, descriptive of its Topography and Natural History. By Dr. Fr. JuNGHUHN weicsesecessscaseeeeees seeveveve, 462
Index SHRRSHSHTIFHHSEH HEE HHEHHHT HEH EHEHEH RETR ES EHEREHEHHOHESES ESE EHHEH ESET ESS EDEEEES 466
PLATES IN VOL. XVI.
Prats I. British Cuscute. II. British Annelides. III. British Diatomacez. IV. Scolex Acalepharum.—Development of Annelides.—Anatomy of
Sagitta. Vv; vr} Anatomy of Actzon. VII.
VIII. Artamus mentalis. IX. Gnathodon strigirostris. X. Spirulina and Coleochete. XI. New Crustacea, XII. Anatomy of some Zotsbytes: ee }y ew Spongiade.
XV. British Annelides.
ERRATA. P. 351, line 26 from top, for Robert Dairs read Robert Davis. — 357, last line, foot note, for hood vead head.
In the Meteorological Table for March (May Number), the average temperature observed at Sandwick Manse, Orkney, is stated to be 48°40 instead of 39°72.
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Ann. Mag. Nat Hist VA. TLL
3. CLrifoltt, Cusciuta.
SIDE. Sowerby, del et sculp?
i
THE ANNALS
AND
MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.
$5 asiccasdicotiongse DOF LItONS spargite muscum, Naiades, et circiim vitreos considite fontes : Pollice virgineo teneros hie carpite flores : Floribus et pictum, dive, replete canistrum. At vos, o Nymph Craterides, ite sub undas ; Ite, recurvato variata corallia trunco. Vellite kyon e rupibus, et 100% rere Ferte, Dew pelagi, et pingui conchylia succo.’
meee Te ec thenié Ecl. r
No. 102. JULY 1845.
I.—On some species of Cuscuta, By Cuarzus C, Basrneton,
M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S. &¢.* [ With a Plate. ]
SINCE the paper upon Cuscuta (Ann. xill. i. 246) was published, I have had an opportunity of examining recent specimens of C, approximata, and been favoured with a drawing of it (Pl. I. fig. 1.), and also of the flowers of C. Epithymum and C. Trifoli from the accurate hand of my friend Mr. J, W,Salter, I learn from these beautiful drawings and an examination of numerous specimens, that some slight alteration is necessary in the specific characters and descriptions of the plants, all however tending to show their distinctness in a clearer manner ; and I trust that the difficulty imseparable from the examination of such inconspicuous objects, after the specimens have been dried, will be considered as a-suffi- cient excuse for the inaccuracies which I am now endeavouring to correct,
In this paper I shall give revised specific characters for the three species above-mentioned, and append to each of them such observations as are requisite.
1. C. Epithymum (Murr.) ; florum glomerulis bracteatis sessilibus, calyce campanulato quam tubum corolle breviori: segmentis ovatis, corona adpressa : lobis (squamis) tubo corolle cylindrico subeequan-
* Read before the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, May 8, 1845. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Vol. xvi. /B
2 Mr. Ch. C. Babington on some species of Cuscuta.
tibus apice rotundatis fimbriatis convergentibus basi approximatis, » stigmatibus filiformibus. (Pl. I. fig. 2.) ‘
Calyx bell-shaped, thin, shorter than the tube of the corolla, usually tinged with red; segments broad, ovate-apiculate, longer than their tube. Tube of the corolla cylindrical, rather shorter than the ovate-acute spreading segments of the limb. Anthers roundish-oblong, without an apiculus, and even notched at the end. Corona closely adpressed to the tube of the corolla below ; its processes (usually called “ scales”) nearly as long as the tube of the corolla, broad, rounded, fimbriated and converging at the end, scarcely narrowed below, separated from each other by deep narrow interspaces, which are not rounded at the bottom, and the membrane at that point is closely adpressed to the corolla. Occa- sionally, as in some specimens from Norfolk, the divisions between the processes disappear, and the corona becomes a deeply-lobed membrane, the lobes of which exactly resemble the upper parts of the usual processes, and are fringed almost to their base, the line of connexion between the corona and corolla remaining un- altered. In one instance this change had extended still further, and a rounded emarginate projection occupied the place of the usual division, having down its centre an appearance of being thickened: unfortunately this curious specimen has been lost during its transmission for the inspection of a friend. “ Germen spherical.” Stigmas simple.
The figures and descriptions of C. Epithymum differ so much from each other that I have considered it advisable to omit all synonyms, and give the authority for the name (Murray in Linn. Syst. Veg. ed. 13. 140) with considerable hesitation. The plant described above is probably that of Smith (Eng. Fl. ii. 25), al- though the figure in ‘ Eng. Bot.’ (t. 55.) will admit of doubt. It seems also to agree sufficiently with the description given by Bertoloni (Fl. Ital. iu. 69); and is, I believe, identical with a spe- cimen from the neighbourhood of Hamburg, kindly sent to me by Mr. W. Sonder of that city. It is worthy of remark, that in that specimen the anthers have an apiculus, and that I have never detected such a structure in British specimens.
The error committed in my former paper in describing the co- ronal processes as “spathulatis basi distantibus” may perhaps admit of some excuse when it is remarked that, if a specimen is softened in water, spread out and then allowed to become dry in that position, the processes shrink in such a manner as quite to agree with that description. It is hoped that the figure of the interior of the flower now given will enable botanists to ascertain the similarity or difference of their plants from that described by me, as it is the opinion of some botanists that there is still, not- withstanding the separation of C. Trifolit and C. approximata,
Mr. Ch.-C. Babington on some species of Cuscuta. 3
more than one species included under the name of C. Epithymum. My plant inhabits heathy places, growing upon Erica, Ulex, Sa- rothamnus, &e.
2. C. Trifolii (Bab.) ; florum glomerulis bracteatis sessilibus, calyce infundibuliformi tubum corolla subeequante : segmentis lanceolatis, interstitiis corone saccatis: lobis dimidium tubi infundibuliformis corolle subequantibus apice rotundatis fimbriatis convergentibus basi distantibus, stigmatibus filiformibus. (Plate I. fig. 3.)
C. Trifolii, Bab. in Phytol. (Feb. 1843), i. 467; Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. 252; Eng. Bot. Suppl. ined. t. 2898.
C. Epithymum, (. trifolii, Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. 302.
C. minor, 2. Trifolii, Choisy in DeCand. Prod. ix. 453.
Calyx funnel-shaped, rather thick, about as long as the tube of the corolla, cream-coloured, .but occasionally tinged with red ; segments lanceolate, about as long as their tube. Tube of the corolla rather irregularly funnel-shaped, about equal in length to the lanceolate-attenuate spreading segments of the limb. An- thers cordate-ovate with a minute apiculus. Corona with saccate interstices below ; its processes about half as long as the tube of the corolla, narrow, rounded, fimbriated and converging at the end, narrowed below, separated from each other by broad inter- spaces rounded at the bottom. Between each process the mem- brane projects towards the centre of the flower so as to form a cup-like space between it and the corolla. Germen truncate, nar- rowed below, elevated upon a longish stalk. Styles filiform, seated upon small sunken tubercles. Stigmas simple.
A comparison of the above description and character with those which precede them will, I think, prove conclusively that C. Tri- folii is a really distinct species from C. Epithymum. It can scarcely be necessary to call attention to the saccate corona and the difference in the proportions and shape of the other parts of the flower.
The natural place for this plant is upon clover (Trifolium pra- tense), but it can live upon many other herbaceous plants.
3. C. approximata (Bab.); florum glomerulis bracteatis sessilibus, calyce campanulato carnoso quam tubum corolle paulo breviori: segmentis latis truncatis apiculatisque vel rhomboidalibus, corona adpressa : lobis latis adpressis tubo corolle cylindrico paululum bre- vioribus bifidis segmentis divergentibus apice fimbriatis basi approwi- matis, stigmatibus filiformibus. (Plate I. fig. 1.)
C. approximata, Bab. in Ann. Nat. Hist. (April 1844), xiii. 253.
Calyx bell-shaped, fleshy, rather shorter than the tube of the corolla, green, tinged with purple at the edge ; segments broad, transverse, truncate and apiculate or rhomboidal, usually shorter than their tube. Tube of the corolla cylindrical, longer than the
B2
4 Dr. Johnston on British Annelides.
triangular-ovate bluntly-pointed spreading segments of the limb. Anthers cordate-ovate, apiculate. Corona closely adpressed to the corolla ; its processes rather shorter than the tube of the co- rolla, broad, adpressed, deeply notched : the lobes diverging, trun- cate and fimbriated ; separated by narrow linear interspaces, which occasionally extend almost to the base of the corolla, but usually the corona 1s continuous throughout half its length. The form of the summit of the coronal processes will be seen to vary consider- ably, but always retains a general outline very different from that of any other species with which I am acquainted. Germen round- ish. Styles seated upon elevated promiment tubercles. Stigmas simple.
Introduced from the East Indies with the seed of Melilotus officinalis, upon which plant it preys.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.
Fig. 1. Cuscuta approximata, Bab. a. The growing plant. 6. Clusters of flowers. ec. The calyx with an unopened corolla. Magnified. d. An expanded flower. Magnified. e. The corolla greatly magnified and laid open in order to show the structure and proportions of the corona. e'. Slightly different forms of the corona observed in other speci- mens. jf. The germen. Fig. 2. Cuseuta Epithymum, Murr. c, d, & e. The calyx, expanded flower, and the corolla laid open, showing the corona. Fig. 3. Cuscuta Trifolii, Bab. c, d, e & f. The same parts as before.
I1.—Miscellanea Zoologica. By Gnorax Jounston, M.D., Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh.
[Continued from vol. xv. p. 148.] [ With a Plate. ]
Class ANNeLIpES. Order Erranres. Family Nererpes. Section NERgIpEs NON-TENTACULATA. No tentacular cirri; the antenne rudimentary.
Genus Potiicirta*, Johnston.
Cuar. Body serpentiform: head rather indistinct, with three small frontal antennz: eyes four: proboscis large, without jaws,
* This worm has been already published under the name of Bebryce Peripatus (Thompson’s Rep. on the Fauna of Ireland, p. 273), but, having discovered that the generic name has been used by Philippi, I am under the necessity of changing it.
Pi one nad = + 7 . ne . « A ¥ pid Z “ * 4 WE ha - ‘ * 7, 4 ion ng, IN, ‘4 " = By ag ae > . ’ os 25 #4 a . = : , y na ia ‘ He wedi: Nag TP i : + - PY oe wey 7 = FIT ht aly fi i , ‘ rd é ‘ % a pee * v8 4 3 . : a “ ' . “A = - me: ‘ aD tS A : ae & 4 . eo ': % . 4 A) . Z _¥ ; ~ - 3 < ~
- British Annelides.
CS del. ' AD.CSowerhy, set ;
Dr. Johnston on British Annelides. 5
the orifice naked: segments numerous: branchia in the form of a globular tubercle over each foot, which is uniramous ; the bristles simple : ¢ai/ truncate, without styles.
Oss. The relations of this genus are rather obscure. To Nephtys and Gilycera it may be considered to approximate in the rudimentary state of the antenne, but in all other respects there is too great a dissimilarity to allow us to consider them as very nearly affined. The branchial tubercles over the feet might sug- gest a comparison with Phyllodoce, but there is no structural re- semblance ; the lamellee in Phyllodoce being merely modifications of the superior cirrus, moveable and jointed at the base, and acting as a kind of oar in the animal’s locomotion, while in Pol- licita they are branchial only, being immoyeable, and of no use or applicability as locomotive organs. The difference in internal structure is equally great, for in the one genus the organ is veined with the ramifications of the blood-vessels, while in this it is very distinctly areolar. I have seen one species only, which may be named—
1. P. Peripatus. Plate II, fig, 1—6, Hab, In deep water amid corallines, &e. Berwick bay.
I have seen several Irish specimens in the collettions of Mr. W. Thompson of Belfast.
Desc. Worm about 2 inches long, very slender, narrowed to- wards both extremities, almost cylindrical, of the usual yellowish- brown colour, roughish: head small, indistinctly separated from the following segment, longer than broad, rounded in front, where there are three unjointed antenne, the medial nearly as long as the lateral; on the sides of the head there are besides a few minute fleshy papille, and the feet advance on each side rather before the eyes, which are placed unusually backwards: eyes small, four, the anterior pair most approximate: mouth in- ferior : proboscis exsertile, large, smooth, emandibulate, the ori- fice plain: segments numerous, about the length of their own diameter, each of them furnished with a globose lamella or branchial tubercle on each side placed over and above the foot, immoveable, unjointed, smooth, with a small papillary tip; feet about sixty pairs, one pair to every segment, conoid, uniramous, papillary, not projecting beyond the branchize when at rest, but capable of being protruded beyond them, armed with four or five bristles and a spine; the bristles simple, sharp, curved like a hedge-knife, altogether retractile : the skin is covered with minute papille or granules, only visible under a high magnifier: anal seg- ment truncate, without styles, but on each side there is a mam- millary foot, which is larger than the penultimate, and, like it, appears to be destitute of bristles,
6 Dr. Johnston on British Annelides.
The specific name attached to this worm was suggested by the resemblance it has to the Peripatus juliformis of the Rev. L. Guilding (Zool. Journ. vol. u. pl. 14). It is slow in its motions. In some positions what appeared to be a minute antenna was visible on the top of the head, and such as our figure represents it, but of its real nature I could not satisfy myself, and the ap- pearance may have been produced by a mere fold, or possibly by some refraction of the light. The areolated structure of the branchiz seems to be peculiar ; and a foot bristled with papille is a very rare formation among the Annelides Errantes.
Puate ll. fig. 1. Pollictta Peripatus of the natural size. Fig. 2. The same highly magnified. Fig. 3. The anterior portion of the body from below, to show the situation of the mouth and proboscis. Fig.4. A few segments from nearly the middle of the body. Fig. 5. A single foot and branchiz to show their structure. Fig. 6. Three of the branchial globes separate from the feet.
The figures were taken from a specimen that was only eight lines in length. The larger specimens were from the Irish coast,
Family Eunica.
ONUPHIS TUBICOLA. Nereis tubicola, Mill. Zool. Dan. Prod. 2625. Zool. Dan. i. 18. tab. 18. fig. 1\—6. Turt. Gmel. iv. 87. Aud. and M. Edw. Litt. de la France, ii. 154.
I am indebted to Mr. C. W. Peach for my specimen of this worm. It has lost the posterior half of the body, but what re- mains is in excellent preservation, and will enable us to supply some deficiencies in the figures and description of Miller, which are very good so far as they go.
The shape of the body is similar to the Nereis, and composed of numerous homologous segments ; it is somewhat compressed, but convex or rounded on both dorsal and ventral surfaces, which are smooth and polished. The colour appears to have been a uniform yellowish-brown.
The cephalic segment (for it can scarcely be recognised as a head) is very narrow, even behind, but tri-sinuated in front, and in each sinus there originates a long awl-shaped tentaculum (wood- cut, fig. 1 a), the three being of nearly equal length. They are smooth but annulated, the three basal joints very distinct and short, the others less distinct, elongate, and rather irregular. At the base of the tentacula are the eyes, which appear to be four in number, but they are so obscurely marked that the two outer ones may possibly be only dark spots. Underneath the tentacula and partly concealed by them are the antenne (fig. 2 aa), which are minute organs reminding us of the antennze of some beetles, having a short moveable pedicle with a clavate head. They arise from the rounded front margin.
Dr. Johnston on British Annelides, 7
The mouth is inferior, and so concealed that it can be seen only from the ventral aspect. The wide undefined orifice is surrounded by a thick dip, the upper lip being formed of two comparatively large egg-shaped tubercles (fig. 2¢) ; and within the under lip there are two processes like palpi. From the external side of the
anterior tubercles there arises, on each side, a tentacular cirrus (figs. 1, 2 6), similar to the tentacula in all respects, and projected. in the same direction, but only one-third of their length.
The proboscis is armed with several small dark corneous jaws, denticulated on the inner side, and arranged in two rows, in the same way as in the genus Eunice. See Aud. and Edw. Litt. de la France, pl. 3. fig. 11. |
The occipital segment has no appendages. The segment behind is nearly of the same size, but those which follow are narrower, the length being about one-third of the transverse diameter. Above and below the foot there is a cirrus (fig. 3). On the an- terior segments the superior cirrus does not project beyond the foot, but it becomes considerably longer on the posterior, and is simple on all of them, with a joint at the base. The foot is formed of a tubercle and sheath, armed with bristles collected into two fascicles. Each fascicle is furnished with a spine (fig. 4), with two forceps (fig. 5), and with many lanceolate bristles curved at the points (fig. 6) and very sharp, with a double edge at the point of curvature. I have not before met with a worm furnished with forceps-like bristles; and none of the kind are figured by Audouin and Edwards.
The worm lives in a tube which has a singularly exact resem-
8 Dr. Johnston on British Annelides.
blance to the barrel of a dressed quill. It is about three inches in length; and the superior portion is thinner than the lower, which is very tough and not easily cut with a knife. I made a vain attempt to form it into a pen.
Let us see if, in its curious structure, we can find a key to the habits of the animal. We learn from Miiller that it lives in soft mud, and one unceasing object of its life is the capture of prey. For this end it must protrude the anterior portion of the body beyond its tube, and raise it above the surface of the mud, and in this position remain on watch. To enable the worm to do this with ease, is, I conjecture, the office of the forceps-like bristles of the feet: with their ends it may hook itself to the rim of the tube, and thus support itself extended without the waste of mus- cular power. A long watch is thus rendered less irksome, while at the same time its capacity to seize upon a passing prey is in- creased.
The prey caught, analogy leads us to believe that the worm will instantly retreat and sink within its tube, where it can feed without disturbance or fear. But as the entry and passage are narrow and unyielding, it seems to follow that the prey should be held by the mouth alone when in the act of being dragged within the tube, and hence surely the reason that the mouth has been furnished with the hard tubercles to the lips; for, when con- tracted, they must give a firmer gripe and hold than could other- wise be taken,
The use of the tube is to protect the body from the pressure of the soft mud in which it stands immersed. When the tube is overset or cast out by the waves or accident, the worm leaves it, and becomes, in its turn, exposed to enemies. To protect itself from these while a new tube is being secreted, nature has amply furnished the Onuphis with a series of bristling lances on each side. These arms are of exquisite make, very fine and very sharp ; and those of the upper bundle have their pomts bent and in- clined towards those of the lower bundle, which are likewise bent to meet them. Do examine a foot under the. microscope, and I defy you not to admire them: and your wonder will increase when you consider that a complex mechanism is also provided by which these polished instruments can be drawn within their sheaths, and pushed forwards and beyond at will. I can easily suppose that the wounds they inflict upon the tiny assailants of the Onuphis are severe and painful ; but worms are too retentive of life to permit us to believe that the repulsed foe ever dies of them.
Family APHRODITACER. Genus SpintHer, Johnston.
Cuar. Body oval, exannulate, scaleless, acephalous; antenne
Dr. Johnston on British Annelides. 9
— ?; eyes none ; proboscis emaxillary : feet very numerous, all alike, uniramous, and all furnished with an inferior cirrus.
1. Spinther oniscoides, Plate II. fig. 7.
“ Dredged off Castle Chichester (Belfast Bay) Aug. 26, 1844, in -6—10 fathoms, Mr. Hyndman,” W. Thompson.
Desc. Body ovate, convex dorsally, flat on the ventral surface, of a uniform cream-yellow colour, rounded and obtuse at both extremities, which are so much alike, that, without a close exami- nation, the anterior is not to be distinguished from the posterior. There is no head, tentacula nor tentacular cirri. With a com- mon magnifier we perceive that the back is crossed by numerous (about thirty) narrow roughish edges (fig. 8), the roughness being produced by a series of minute bristles which scarcely pro- trude beyond the skin: the ridges are regular and equidistant, and are continuous with the feet on each side. The feet form a close-set range round the body, interrupted only in front by a very narrow fissure in which the mouth is situated. They are all alike, short and equal, formed of a single thick stump armed with a bundle of bristles (fig. 10) that project very little beyond the . margin, and are all glued together by a sort of albuminous mem- brane. There did not seem to be any cirrus above the foot, but at the rogt of each of them underneath there is a cirrus shorter than the foot itself, and with a large bulb at the base (fig, 11), The bristles are of three kinds: viz. (1.), the spinous (fig, 12), sharp and fashioned like a needle ; (2.), the forked (fig. 13), which are filiform with a bulbous root, and eut into two scarcely equal prongs at the apex; and (8.), the clawed (fig. 14), a bristle which has a stem slightly incrassated upwards, where a strong curved and sharp claw is articulated by an oblique joint. The forked bristles are the most numerous; and I did not observe more than one clawed bristle im each foot, but there were two or three from which the claw appeared to have been broken away. There are no anal styles.
For the only specimen of this smgular worm that I have seen, I am indebted to Wm. Thompson, Esq. of Belfast, It is half an inch in length, with a breadth fully one half of the long diameter. It has at first glance more resemblance to a Doris than to any Annelide ; and when it was placed under a common magnifier, it was compared, aptly enough, to the Cyprea europea, the compa- rison being suggested by the stmilarity in the ridges that cross the back.
The description, I am aware, is in several respects imperfect, but from the distinctness of the worm as a species, it is assuredly sufficient for its future recognition. Observations on living in- dividuals seem necessary to ascertain the number and nature of
10 Mr. J. Ralfs on the British Desmidiez.
the oral appendages. That it is a member of the Aphroditacee no one can doubt, although it possesses few of the technical cha- racters by which that family has been hitherto defined, It has no near ally in the family. In common with the Palmyre, the back is naked or destitute of scales; but there is nothing else in which the two genera agree.
Puate IL. fig. 7. Spinther oniscoides of the natural size. Fig. 8, The dorsal aspect viewed through a common magnifier. Fig. 9. A view of the
ventral surface, Fig. 10. Two feet detached and viewed from the back, Fig. 11. A foot as seen from below. Figs. 12, 13, 14. The bristles.
[To be continued. }
III.—On the British Desmidiee. By Joun Ratrs, Esq., } M.R.C.S., Penzance *,
[With a Plate. ] Dipymorrivum, Kiitz.
Filaments elongated, gelatinous, fragile, cylindrical or subcylin- drical, with a bidentate process or angle on each side of the joints.
The filaments are elongated, simple, jointed, gelatinous and very fragile, and finally separate into single joints ; each joint has two opposite, bidentate angles or processes. Hence the margins of the filaments are crenate, and as it is regularly twisted it not only appears of unequal breadth, but the form of its joints also varies as more or less of the angles is seen at the margin; in short, as they are at one time fully visible and at length entirely disappear.
For synonyms, habitats, and description of the species, I must refer to my former article on Desmidium.
1. D. cylindricum, Ktz. Filaments subcompressed, inclosed in a di- stinct mucous sheath; joints broad as long. Kiitz. Phy. Gen. p- 165. Desmidium cylindricum, Annals of Nat. Hist. vol. xi. p. 373, pl. 8. fig. 1; Menegh. J. ¢. p. 204.
Puate III. fig. 4. Didymoprium cylindricum, joint dividing into two.
2. D. Borreri. Filaments cylindrical, not inclosed in a sheath ; joints inflated, twice as long as broad. Desmidium Borreri, Annals of Nat. Hist. vol. xi. p. 375. pl. 8. fig. 4.
Additional habitats. Ashdown Forest and near Battle, Sussex, Mr. Jenner; Ireland, Mr. Andrews.
Prare ill. fig. 5. Didymoprium Borreri, joints dividing. Guiazoprium, Berk. (in lit.) Filaments elongated, simple, cylindrical, very gelatinous ; joints
* Read before the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, July 11, 1844,
Mr. J. Ralfs on the British Desmidice. dil
with either a slight constriction which produces a crenate ap- pearance, or a grooved rim at one end which forms a bifid pro- jection on each side.
The filaments are cylindrical, simple, jointed, invested with a broad gelatinous sheath, and very fragile in one species, but not so in the other. Hither a groove passes round each joint, giving a crenate appearance to the margins of the filament, and dividing the endochrome into two portions, or else a grooved rim at one extremity of the joint appears on each side like a bifid process.
A transverse view shows a radiate endochrome in one species, but in the other I was unable to obtain this view on account of its want of fragility.
The cylindrical filaments distinguish this genus from Desmi- dium and Spherozosma. From Didymoprium it differs in the absence of angular projections, in not being twisted, and in al- ways having the same apparent breadth.
1. G. dissiliens. Filaments fragile, crenate ; a shallow groove round each joint divides the endochrome into two portions. Desmidium mucosum, Breb. Alg. Fal. p. 65. pl. 11; Menegh. Synop. Desmid. in Linnea 1840, p. 204; Ralfs in Annals of Nat. Hist. vol. xi. p. 374, pl. 8. fig. 2.
This plant is apparently common, as, in addition to the habitats already given, Mr. Jenner has gathered it in numerous stations both in Sussex and in Kent. It has also been gathered in Ire- land, near Bandon, by Dr. Allman, and in Kerry by Mr. Andrews.
In an advanced state it becomes of a pale opake green.
The mucous sheath is easily perceived, and is on each side of the filament as broad as the central coloured portion. The en- dochrome is divided into two portions by the central constriction, which can always be detected on a careful examination with the higher powers of the microscope.
This plant has been involved in much confusion ; it was by mistake figured in ‘Eng. Bot.’ for the Conferva dissiliens of Dillwyn, and afterwards altogether omitted in Hooker’s ‘ Br. Flora’ and in Harvey’s ‘ Manual of the British Alge’ From the synonyms in Meneghini’s ‘ Synopsis Desmidiearum,’ it seems that De Brébisson considered it the Conferva mucosa of Mertens and Dillwyn.
2. G. mucosum. Filaments scarcely fragile; joints not constricted, but having at one of the ends a minute bidentate projection on each margin, the adjoining end of the next joint bearing similar projections. Conf. mucosa, Mert. ; Dillw. Brit.Conf. tab. B. ; Hook. Br. Fl. vol. xi. p. 351; Harv. Br. Alg. p. 127. Gloeotila monili- formis, Kiitz. Phyc. Generalis, p. 245?
In shallow pools and gently-flowing streams, probably not uncom-
12 Mr. J. Ralfs on the British Desmidieze.
mon. Most plentiful in the autumn. Bantry, Miss Hutchins ; Appin, Capt. Carmichael. Trentishoe, Devonshire ; Penzance and Dolgelley, J. R.; Cheshunt, Mr. Hassall; Chiltington Common near Pulbo- rough, Sussex; and in the peat bog at Fisher's Castle near Tun- bridge Wells, Mr. Jenner,
Filaments elongated, very gelatinous, of a pale translucent green, not fragile. Under the microscope the joints are generally about equal in length and breadth, and the endochrome forms a single irregular patch. The joints are not constricted, but at one end they have on each margin a minute bidentate projection ; as the similar ones of the next joint are at its adjoining extremity, these projections occur only near the alternate dissepiments. When, however, the joint is elongated, preparatory to the forma- tion of two joints, the endochrome is divided into two portions, and then these processes are present at both ends, the next joint undergoing a similar change. These projections are extremely minute, and can only be detected by employing the highest power of the microscope, and even then are liable to be overlooked if not carefully sought for.
IT examined many specimens of this plant in 1841, but did not perceive these curious projections until the following year. I believe they are really formed by a grooved rim round the end of the joint, because however the filament may be moved they are equally apparent ; whereas if they were processes, as in Didymo- prium, they would be sometimes either entirely concealed or ren- dered less apparent.
The filaments have a very broad mucous sheath, which from its great breadth and absence of colour is not easily discerned ; it is more evident when a specimen is dried on tale or glass, as the margins are then generally perceptible. When gathered the filaments are very distinct, frequently parallel and subdistant even to the naked eye : this depends on the great breadth of their mucous sheaths, which prevent the coloured filaments coming into contact. By this character G. mucosum may in general be known even without the aid of a microscope. The same circumstance occurs in young plants of G. dissiliens, but is less remarkable, as its mucous sheath is not more than half as broad.
Under a low power of the microscope G. mucosum has consi- derable resemblance to G. dissiliens, with which it is probably not unfrequently confounded, But they may always be distinguished even without the aid of the microscope. The G. dissiliens is ex- tremely fragile, and will break into pieces if a small portion be placed on the hand and the finger gently passed over it; this plant, on the contrary, will not break if it be taken out of the water and allowed to hang down in long strings. It always has a clear translucent appearance ; the G. dissiliens, except when very young,
Mr. J. Ralfs on the British Desmidiee. 13
is of an opake green. The latter if kept in water for a few days spontaneously separates into fragments; G. mucosum, although treated in the same manner for weeks, has not separated into fragments sufficiently small to enable me to obtain a transverse view. I am therefore unable to say whether the endochrome in that aspect appears stellate, as in G. dissiliens.
Under the microscope G. mucosum may be known by the joints not appearing crenate and by the endochrome being in a single patch, orif divided, the joints are longer than in G. dissiliens. Its mucous sheath is with difficulty detected, and when seen will be found to extend on each side twice the breadth of the coloured filament ; whereas in G. dissiliens the mucous sheath is, except in old specimens, detected without difficulty.
This is a remarkable plant, and differs in many respects from the other Desmidiee ; indeed so much so, that I had some doubts whether it would be correctly placed in this family; but as the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, as well as every other algological friend whose opinion I solicited, considers that its place must be in the same genus with the preceding species, I have described it here.
The joints seem to be in pairs, and a single one is consequently unsymmetrical.
G. mucosum agrees with the other Desmidiee in its capability of being kept a long time without undergoing decomposition.
I was indebted to Mr. Hassall for the information that the plant under consideration was the Conferva mucosa, Dillw., as also for an opportunity of examining a foreign specimen under that name from the herbarium of Dr. Greville.
I have since been able to compare our plant with a portion of an Irish specimen of Conferva mucosa presented to me by Mr. Borrer, who received it from SirW.J. Hooker. From the latter I learn that this was an original specimen from Miss Hutchins. Sur W. J. Hooker has also presented me with an Appin specimen collected by Capt. Carmichael. All these are identical with the present plant,
Prarte III. fig. 6. Gleoprium mucosum : a, portion of a filament much magnified to show the bifid projections; 8, less magnified to show the breadth of the sheath.
Spy #rozosma, Corda.
Filaments gelatinous, plane, fragile; joints closely united by means of glandular processes, and deeply divided on each side, thus forming two segments and giving a pinnatifid appearance to the filament.
_The filaments are pale green, gelatinous, simple, plane, have a pinnatifid appearance from the division of the joints into two segments, are fragile, and finally separate into single joints. [|
14 Mr. J. Ralfs on the British Desmidiex.
have not observed that the filaments are twisted, as in Desmidium and Didymoprium. At the junction of the joints there are on each margin one or two minute glands or processes which are scarcely discernible in the front view, and do not interfere with the close junction of the jomts. The transverse view is linear or oblong, and the processes, one or two at each side, are much more evident than in the front view.
* This genus differs from Desmidium, Didymoprium and Gleo- prium in its flat filaments (which are not twisted), in the deep di- vision of the joints into segments, and especially in the presence of the minute gland-like processes at the junction of the joints. From the Odontella of Ehrenberg it may be known by the joints being united along their entire breadth, whereas in Odontella they are connected only by the elongated angles which inclose a small vacant space between them.
On account of its deeply constricted joints, this genus forms a connecting link between the three preceding genera and Stau- rastrum. :
In Spherozosma, as in the other genera with deeply constricted cells, the segments are frequently unequal during the growth of the plant, and they become in like manner equal when it ap- proaches maturity and its joints no longer divide.
1. S. unidentata. Joints as broad as long, divided into two segments by a linear notch on each side ; junction-glands stalked, oblique, solitary at the centre of each margin. Odontella unidentata, Ehr. Infus. p. 159; Pritch. Infus. p.191. Desmidium compressum, An- nals of Nat. Hist. vol. ix. p. 253. Isthmia vertebrata, Menegh. 1. c. p. 205?
This plant has been gathered at Rotherfield and near Tun- bridge Wells by Mr. Jenner since the publication of my former notice of it. I then considered it an undescribed species of Des- midium. I have since been favoured by Mr. Berkeley with the following extract from Ehrenberg’s observations on the Odon- tella unidentata :—“ This species is surprising by reason of its evolution. There are always two great and two small joints alternately turned to one another, and the processes are found alternately between the small and large joints. This reminds one of Scenedesmus convergens and the Euastra.” This extract leaves no doubt that Ehrenberg’s Odontella unidentata is identical with the plant I described under the name of Desmidium compressum. He correctly pots out the affinity between the joints in this plant and the frond in Euastrum. As in both genera he consi- ders the segments of the cell to be distinct joints, he has de- scribed the process or junction-gland in the present plant as oc- curring at every alternate dissepiment. But his description of the
Mr. J. Ralfs on the British Desmidieze. 15
alternate occurrence of two small and two large segments is in- correct, for although the smaller segments are necessarily in pairs, being formed during the elongation and bisection of the cells, | have never seen all the joints thus dividing at the same time, which must always happen if his statement be correct; on the contrary, many joints with equal segments will often succeed each other, here and there followed by the unequal segments, as I have described above. When the reproductive granules are perfected and the filament of the mature plant ceases to elongate, all the joints will be found similar and their segments equal.
In my former notice of this plant I described it as destitute of a mucous sheath; I have not gathered it since; but on further consideration I believe that the sheath exists, although I failed to detect it. The reason for coming to this conclusion is, that the filaments when gathered were remarkably distinct and parallel, exactly as those in Gleoprium mucosum ; | have no doubt that in both this appearance is an effect of the same cause, and that broad colourless sheaths separate the coloured filaments. I sup- pose therefore its tenuity, want of colour and great breadth pre- vented its observation.
Puare III. fig. 7. Spherozosma unidentata: a, portions of filaments ;
b, front view of an empty joint; c, joint with one of its segments newly formed ; d, transverse view.
2. S. excavata. Joints longer than broad, with a deep excavation on each side, and two sessile glands on each margin at their junc- tion.
Pools, Dolgelley and Penzance, J. R.; Cross-in-Hand, and Ash- down Forest, Sussex, and bogs at Fisher’s Castle, Kent, Mr. Jenner.
Very minute, seldom more than twenty joints in the filament, which is fragile, and finally separates into single joints ; at their junction, in the front view, are two minute processes or glands invisible before the escape of the endochrome, and situated one near each angle. The jomts are from one and a half time to twice as long as broad, much constricted in the middle ; the con- striction is like an excavation or broad sinus on each side, so that the margins of the filament appear sinuated. The transverse view is oblong with four sessile minute glands, two on each side and situated near their ends.
The endochrome is pale bluish green with minute scattered granules.
Piate III. fig. 8. Spherozosma excavata: a, portion of a filament ; b, front view of an empty joint ; c, transverse view.
16 Mr. E. C. Nourse on the Colours of Leaves and Petals.
IV.—On the Colours of Leaves and Petals. By Wi1i11aM E. C. Noursg, M.R.C.8.
Tue colours of leaves and petals depend on several conditions ; some mechanical or structural, and some chemical. The latter have been made the subject of many investigations. The former, though requiring little more than common observation, have been passed over, or but slightly noticed. It is to a clearer knowledge of these that the present paper, so far as it goes, is intended to contribute.
The structural or mechanical circumstances which influence the colours are, lst, the situation of the coloured cells ; 2nd, their size, form and number ; 3rd, their mixture with each other ; and 4th, their degree of visibility.
1. The situation of the coloured cells is different in leaves and petals, though their general structure is anatomically similar, If a leaf be torn, the green colour appears to be in the central sub- stance ; while in a petal the centre is nearly white, and the co- lour peels off with the cuticle. This difference merits a degree of attention which has not hitherto been paid to it.
The structural parts of a leaf or petal are, the substance, con- sisting of cellular tissue and venous ramifications ; the cuticle, or epidermis ; and a layer of cells immediately beneath the cuticle, to which we may give the provisional name of Rete.
This latter structure is seldom mechanically distinet, but is either continuous with the substance, as in leaves, or adherent to the cuticle, as in petals; though it can sometimes be shown in a separate form in petals of a large size. Its characters, however, effectually distmguish it from the other structures. It is the densest parenchyma of the organ, consisting of an immense number of nearly circular cells without any interstices. But the circumstance which makes it most conspicuous is, that it is the seat of colouring matters which are scarcely found in the other structures. The rete thus appears entitled to be considered as a distinct tissue, and may be found to perform important func- tions, especially in the petals, in which its development is most distinct.
The colours of the rete possess an almost endless variety, and, in fact, it is in this structure that the most highly coloured cells are always found. Of petals, it contains the entire colouring ; the yellow, red, blue, brown, black, and all the intermediate tints are wholly produced i in its cells, and can be completely removed by simply stripping it off with the cuticle. This can be easily done with any common flower. In leaves the rete is the seat of all the modifications of the green colour which those organs present, excepting variegation, cuticular changes, and what may be called
Mr. E. C. Nourse on the Colours of Leaves and Petals. 17
venous colours, like red cabbage, &c. All dark shades of green are the effect of an immense crowding together of green cells in the rete, as may be readily seen in the yew, the bay, the holly, &c.; and all those lesser variations and shades, such as brownish and reddish, and a number of others, which add so much to the beauty of each leaf and to the picturesque effect of the whole, are due (with the above exceptions) to the different colours of the cells in the rete. Of this kind are the shadings in the leaf of the common wild ivy; the reddish tips and edges of rose- and peony- leaves, the purple of the cornel and cineraria, and many similar appearances.
The colours of the substance, on the contrary, are marked by their want of intensity and by their extreme simplicity. Few coloured cells are found in this structure. In petals it is either white or lightish, or some faint shade of the general colour of the flower. It requires some care to show this im small specimens ; but in large ones, such as garden poppies or peonies, the cuticle - and rete can be easily peeled off on both sides, and the colourless substance shown in a distinct form, having the exact shape of the petal.
The substance in leaves is always green, except in the lght parts of variegated leaves, or in leaves of unusual thickness, like the aloe. With these exceptions, there is but little difference in the shade of green between the substance of one leaf and that of another, taking them, of course, in a state of health and matu- rity. Thus, in the holly and ivy, the substance is very little darker than it is in the beech or laurel. In a great number of leaves the difference of shade is not perceptible ; and even in the holm-oak, remarkable for its gloomy foliage, the green of the substance is not by any means so dark as might be imagined.
It will thus be seen that the coloured cells both in leaves and petals are chiefly placed in the rete. A few are occasionally found in the substance of petals, and a certain number in that of leaves ; but not in general sufficient to determine the outward colour. |
2. The size, form and number of the coloured cells always vary with the intensity of the general colour of the structure. When the colour is very deep the cells are small, roundish, and densely packed together in immense numbers. ‘This is their appearance in the rete. If the colour is lighter the cells are larger, more elongated, and less closely packed together, as they are seen in the substance of leaves, and of those petals which are somewhat coloured throughout ; and where there is little or no colour, as in the substance of the greater number of petals, the cells are generally large and oblong, often muriform, and with distinet intercellular passages.
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Vol. xvi. C
18 Mr. E.C. Nourse on the Colowrs of Leaves and Petals.
In white flowers, the cells which contain opake white matter are always rounder and more thickly packed together than the empty cells.
3. Tints may be produced by the mere mechanical mixture of the coloured cells. In these cases no union of the colours takes place, but they remain distinct in their separate cells, side by side. When the cells are mixed with regularity, a uniform tint results ; but when the colours are more or less massed together, variega- tion or marking is the consequence. Coloured cells sometimes lie over one another, causing a new tint by one layer being seen through the other. |
The leaf of the Pelargonium zonale is well-known for its pecu liar dark stain. This is entirely in the rete, for the substance of the leaf is pure green. The rete however, viewed carefully in various sections beneath the microscope, appears to consist, not of dark cells, but of distinct red and green ones, very minute, densely packed together and intermingled ; and it is by this juxta- position of the red and green, and by the green cells of the sub- stance being partially visible through it, that the effect of a dark tint seems to be caused. The leaf of the variegated elder pre- sents an appearance of similar orig. Some parts of the leaf are of a decided green, and some almost white; but there are also patches of a sort of imperfect green, paler, and somewhat glau- cous. The substance in these parts is not less green than in the darkest parts of the leaf, as may be seen by looking at the under surface ; but the rete, instead of containing dark green cells, con- sists of a thin layer of white ones; and these, with the cuticle, to which they are adherent, by lying over the green substance, produce the glaucous appearance.
4. The cuticle in this mstance contributes to the effect. This structure has not yet been mentioned, because coloured cells are never found in it; and it merely modifies the appearances of co- lours by regulating the visibility of the coloured cells. This is so obvious, that it only needs to be referred to, as well as the effects of the cuticular appendages.
In most petals the cuticle is extremely delicate ; often consist- ing of the finest web, impossible to be detached, and only to be seen occasionally at the carefully torn edges of a flower. It is somewhat thicker in large petals, and can then be raised and torn off in shreds. Of course, in these instances, it is perfectly trans- parent, and permits the colours to be seen through it in the most distinct manner. .
Such are the structural circumstances relating to the colours of leaves and petals. Simple as they are, and easily observed, they required to be stated, to receive their proper share of atten- tion. The chief points about them are, the anatomical differences
Mr. G. R. Waterhouse on some Coleopterous Insects. 19
between leaves and petals in the situation of the colours ; and the location of the colours of the petals in the rete, a fact hitherto unnoticed, and one which may hereafter throw light on some interesting points of vegetable physiology.
Reference was made to another kind of colours, also found in the leaves and petals. These, with their peculiarities, which may prove not devoid of practical interest, together with some other matters connected with the subject or suggested by it, remain to be brought forward at some future time.
London, June 9, 1845.
V.—Descriptions of Coleopterous Insects collected by Charles Darwin, Esq., in the Galapagos Islands. By Guoren R. Wareruovsse, Hsq.
Tux insects here described are nearly all of small size, and none of them display any brilliant colourmg. Some of the species are referable to a little group found in Chile and Peru,—the genus Ammophorus, a genus hitherto only found in those parts ; others appertain to a genus. (Anchonus) which is almost confined to the West Indian islands and the northern parts of South America. Again, in the collection under consideration are species of ge- nera which are found all over the world or nearly so, such as Feronia, Notaphus and Oryctes* ; and, lastly, there are species
* It is from genera like these, which have a very wide geographical range, that the minor, local groups appear as it were to radiate. ‘Those genera which are confined to comparatively limited districts, often containing but few species, and also often presenting very remarkable abnormal modifica- tions of structure, are in most cases referable to some family which has re- presentatives in most parts of the world. Groups of high value, such as classes, are never confined to any particular quarter of the globe; and even when we descend to families, restricted as they now are by natu- ralists, it is comparatively rare to find them so defined as not to embrace species from widely separated localities. Genera may be arranged under
three principal categories as regards their geographical distribution. First may be noticed those of universal range, such as Cicindela; secondly, those which occur in both hemispheres but affect particular zones, such as Mega- cephala, which is confined to the tropical zone; and thirdly, those which are restricted to a comparatively small district, such as Manticora, which is con- fined to South Africa. ‘These genera all belong to the same family of beetles, and of this family Maniicora presents certainly one of the most aberrant forms. The genus Cicindela would by most entomologists be regarded as the typical genus of the family Cicindelide, and here we find, as in many other cases, the presumed typical genus has a universal range; it may be inquired, therefore, whether such is not generally the case.
I must here observe that Mr. Swainson has expressed the opinion that typical genera have a great geographical range; I was not aware, however, of this fact until after the idea had been suggested to me by a tabular ar- rangement which I had formed of the Mammalian order Rodentia, in which
2
20 Mr. G. R. Waterhouse on Coleopterous Insecis
which cannot be located in any known genus, but which apper- tain to families having representatives in most parts of the world, such as the Pedinide, Tentyriide, Anthribide and Halticide.
But four species amongst the Galapagos Coleoptera occur, so far as I have been able to ascertain, in any other quarter, and of these, two (Dermestes vulpinus and Corynetes rufipes) are insects which, feeding upon dried meat and such substances, have been earried to all parts frequented by ships; the third is a wood- feeding insect (genus Apate), and might be transported for a con- siderable distance by floating timber ; and the fourth is a water- beetle which appears to me to be clearly identical with the Hy- drophilus lateralis (genus Tropisternus of Solier), an inseet found in the United States, Mexico, and some of the West Indian islands. I should observe, moreover, there is in the collection a second, minute, species of Hydrophilus closely resembling the Philhydrus affinis of our English collections, but which is rather smaller, less distinctly punctured, and of a darker hue. I have in my collection a species from North America from which the Galapagos Philhydrus differs only in being of a darker colour ; perhaps this little Hydrophilus should therefore be incorporated amongst the species which are not peculiar to the Galapagos Islands. Some of the insects of the collection have labels at- tached, from which may be ascertained the particular island of the Galapagos group from which they were procured, and where this was the case I have not found any species which is common to two or more of the islands. :
both the classification of the minor divisions and their geographical distribu- tion were displayed at the same time. After working out the affinities of the groups of the Carnivorous quadrupeds, the idea again occurred to me ; five out of the six great divisions 1 had formed from the consideration of characters furnished by the skull and dentition combined, had a typical form of very great geographic range. In the order Rodentia I had made three great di- visions, and had pointed out the distinguishing characters of a fourth, though I hesitated to raise that fourth to the rank of the other three. Were the geographical range to be taken into consideration, there would be four great families of Rodents. In the order Pachydermata, the various species appear all to approach more or less to four principal forms, typified by the genera Equus, Tapir, Sus and Mastodon, and these genera, or very nearly related genera, are found either living or in a fossil state in all the principal quarters of the globe, Australia excepted, where only the last has been found. What is characteristic of part of a small group might also be characteristic of part of a larger group. I have noticed that in a certain family, Cicindelide, one genus is confined to a tropical zone; so might we find in an order of ani- mals, a family which is confined to the tropical zone—the Psittacide among Birds is nearly a tropical family ; and in the class Mammalia we have an in- stance (certainly a rare one) of an order (the Quadrumana) which is almost confined to the tropical zone. The sections of water insects have generally a wider range than most others, and the above generalizations, as regards the distribution of groups, will not apply to parasitic insects.
from the Galapagos Islands. 21
Section GEODEPHAGA.
Family Feron11p2.
Feronia Calathoides. Fer. nigra oblongo-ovata, nitida ; antennis pi- ceo-rubris ; pedibus piceis; thorace subquadrato, subplano, foveis duabus oblongis postice impressis, elytris sulcato-striatis.—Long. corp. 44 lin. ; lat. 12 lin.
This insect very much resembles the Calathus cistelloides ; its head however is rather longer, and both thorax and elytra are rather shorter ; the latter, moreover, are much more deeply stri- ated, and the interstices between the striz are convex. With the exception of being a trifle shorter, the thorax resembles that of Calathus cistelloides in being nearly quadrate and but little con- vex: the sides are nearly straight and parallel behind, but slightly contracted in front ; the posterior angles are right angles; the dorsal channel is distinct, and midway between the dorsal channel and either side of the thorax is a narrow, impunctate, longitudinal groove, in length occupying fully the basal third of the thorax. The elytra are of an oblong-ovate form, and rather broader than the thorax ; the somewhat deep strize with which they are marked are smooth, but a few punctures are observable on the outer margin of each elytron. 'The legs are sometimes pitchy and sometimes pitchy-red.
Feronia galapagoensis. Fer. angusta, nigro-znea, nitidiuscula; an- tennis rufescentibus, pedibus piceis; thorace subquadrato, sub- plano, postice angustiore ; foveis duabus postice impressis ; elytris elongatis, lateribus subparallelis, leviter striatis.—Long. corp. 55 lin. ; lat. 13 lin.
This species is equal in size to the Calathus cistelloides, but is of a narrower and much more elongated form. The broadest part of the thorax is rather in front of the middle, and from this point they are gradually contracted before and behind ; in front in such a manner as to give to the sides a slightly rounded outline, but behind, the margins are nearly straight, and converge in no very marked degree. The elytra are elongated, but little broader than the thorax ; the shoulders are obtusely rounded, and the sides form a very gentle curve, so that they might be compared to a very long oval ; they have delicate simple striz : on the second stria are two punctures rather remote from each other and situated on the hinder half of the elytron ; and on the third stria is another puncture situated on the anterior half: besides these, there are a few punctures on the outer margin. The legs vary in colour from pitchy-black to pitchy-red. The eneous tinge on the body is nowhere very distinct.
These two insects will not associate well with any of the sub-
22 Mr. G. R. Waterhouse on Coleopterous Insects
divisions of the great Feronian group; possessing the essential characters of Feronia, they have the general form and aspect of the species of Calathus: so like indeed is one of the species to Calathus cistellotdes, that I could scarcely doubt its belonging to the same genus, and was somewhat surprised to find the claws of the tarsi destitute of the usual denticulations. The dilated tarsi of the males have the joints triangular; as in Feronia.
Family Harparips.
Selenophorus (?) galapagoensis. Sel. piceus, marginibus thoracis ely- trorumque rufescentibus ; antennis, palpis, pedibusque ferrugineis ; thorace transverso-quadrato, postice paululum angustiore, angulis posticis obtusis, foveis duabus postice obsolete impresso ; elytris striatis, striis 2*, 5° et 7* punctis remotis, indistinctis, impressis ; interstitiis levibus.—Long. corp. 43 lin.; lat. 12 lin.
But one specimen of this species was brought home by Mr. Darwin, and that being a female, I cannot feel certain that it be- longs to the genus Selenophorus ; it agrees in general aspect with the species of that genus, and in having no tooth in the emargi- nation of the mentum.
Amblygnathus (?}) obscuricornis. Ambl. niger subobscurus ; antennis fuscis, articulis basalibus nigris apicibus piceis, palpis rufescentibus, tarsis piceo-rufis ; thorace transverso, subquadrato, postice paulo angustiore, supra convexo, angulis posticis rotundatis ; elytris subparallelis, convexis, striatis, striis 2*, 52 et 7* punctis remotis obsolete impressis, interstitiis convexis.—Long. corp. 44 lin. This insect like the last is a female, there being but one spe-
cimen in Mr. Darwin’s collection ; it is almost destitute of any gloss, and has a slight silky appearance. In general aspect it greatly resembles a Cratognathus, having the same convex form of body; the mandibles however are obtuse at the apex, the labrum much less narrow in the antero-posterior direction, the head smaller, and the anterior tibiz less dilated. Both in this and the preceding insect there are three or four short spines on the outer side of the anterior tibiz.
The thorax has the ordinary two impressions behind, but they are extremely indistinct: the elytra are distinctly striated ; and the striz are impunctate, if we except the second, fifth and seventh from the suture, in each of which are a few punctures which are widely separated and by no means distinct: at the apex of the elytron, near the outer margin, is a series of five or six tolerably distinct and large punctures ; the interspaces between the striz are rather strongly convex on the hinder part of the elytra, and but slightly convex on the anterior part.
I am not acquainted with Dejean’s genus Amblygnathus, ex- cept through. his description, and with that the present insect
from the Galapagos Islands. 23
will not agree in all respects ; like Amblygnathus, it has no tooth to the mentum, and the antennz short, but the eyes must be more prominent, The tarsi are short.
Family BemBrp1ip@.
Notaphus galapagoensis. Not. eneus, nitidus, antennis nigrescen- tibus, ad basin, pedibusque testaceis; thorace transverso, postice utrinque fovea oblonga impressa, lineaque longitudinali elevata notato ; elytris punctato-striatis, fasciis duabus arcuatis, rufescen- tibus, ornatis.—Long. corp. 14 lin.
Body rather short and broad. Thorax broad and transverse, mo- derately convex, the sides boldly rounded and but slightly sinuated near the posterior angles, which are nearly right angles; dorsal channel distinct, and continued from the base to the apex of the thorax; a narrow oblong fovea is situated on each side behind, rather nearer the lateral margin, or angle, than the mesial line, and extending from the angle is a ridge which is about one-third of the length of the thorax and parallel with the mesial line, and hence, although the ridge springs from the angle, it is somewhat remote from the lateral margin at its apex,—the margin being bowed out- wards ; the disc of the thorax is smooth, but the lateral and poste- rior margins are coriaceous, The elytra are rather broad, of a brownish zeneous hue, distinctly punctate-striated ; rather in front of the middle is an irregular, transverse, yellowish band, which is subinterrupted in parts, and does not extend to the suture ; it de- scends obliquely downwards as it runs in from the outer margin, where it is met by a humeral pale mark : there is a faint trace of two pale spots above this band: about the hinder third of each elytron is a curved mark which commences on the second inter- stice from the suture, runs outwards to the margin, and forming a segment of a circle, extends to the apex of the elytra. A largeish depression is observed on the third interstice from the suture on the anterior third of each elytron. The whole of the basal joint, - and the base of the second, third and fourth joints of the antennz are yellow ; the rest of the joints are blackish.
This species is from James’ Island.
Section HYDRADEPHAGA.
Family Dyviscip2.
Copelatus (?) galapagoensis. Cop. ovatus, parum convexus, piceus ; capite, marginibus lateralibus thoracis et elytrorum, antennis pe- dibusque rufo-testaceis ; thorace disco nigro, punctis minutissimis subremotis impressis ; elytris distincte sed anguste striatis.—Long. corp. 2% lin.
This is a small insect, and might be mistaken for a species of
24: Mr. G. R. Waterhouse on Coleopterous Insects
EHydroporus before examined ; it however belongs to the Dytiscide as defined by Aubé, and agrees with Erichson’s genus Copelatus, excepting that its posterior tarsi are not ciliated. The hinder tarsi are provided with a few spines only: the three basal joints have each two large spines at the apex, and there are besides some few very minute spines on other parts. I have seen several spe- cies presenting this structure ; among others I may notice the Colymbetes elegans of Babington, an insect which I have had sent to me with the name Copelatus posticatus attached. Another species was brought by Mr. Darwin from the Mauritius ; they all possess the sharp distinct strize to the elytra which are mentioned as characteristic of the genus Copelatus, and neither of the four specimens here alluded to have the slightest trace of dilatation of the anterior tarsi.
The Galapagos species differs from the Colymbetes elegans of Babington (which is found both in Rio de Janeiro and in Colom- bia) in being smaller and proportionately rather narrower ; in having the legs of a paler hue (these being pitchy-black in C. ele- gans and pale testaceous in C. galapagoensis), and the strize of the elytra more perfect. In C. elegans the second stria from the suture is obliterated on the hinder half of the elytron ; the fourth, sixth, eighth and tenth are also obliterated, but continued for the most part to the hinder third (or rather beyond that point) of the elytra. In C. galapagoensis the same striz are abbreviated, but the second and others mentioned, all terminate on the same line or nearly so, that line being about the posterior fourth of the elytron.. The tho- rax presents extremely delicate punctures, and numerous minute longitudinal scratches, requiring a tolerably powerful lens to per- ceive them; they are most distinct towards the sides and hinder part of the thorax.. Should this little section of water-beetles be not already characterized, I think it deserves the rank of a sub- genus, which might be called Chetosphyrus, from yatrn, a bristle, and opvpa, the ankle; the spines at the base of the foot being much developed. I may further add, that all the species have the anterior tibie somewhat dilated at the apex, and obliquely. truncated on the outer side at the same part ; the truncated por- tion is provided with three or four spines.
Section: BRACHELYTRA.
Creophilus, nov. spec. ?—Three specimens found under a dead bird in Chatham Island. These specimens approach very nearly in size and form to the Cr. mazillosus of Europe, and the C. vil- losus of North America. They have scarcely any hairs either on the head, thorax or elytra, and are but sparmgly clothed on the meso- and metasternum ; the hairs on these last. parts are how-
from the Galapagos Islands. 25
ever entirely black, a character in which it approaches nearer to the European species, for the same part is white at the sides in C. villosus, and grayish black in the C. mawillosus. 'The few hairs which I can perceive of the elytra are perfectly black ; they occur however almost entirely on the hinder margin of the elytron. It is possible that the insect may have had pale markings (which have been rubbed off) on these parts, but I cannot trace any pale hairs in either of the three specimens.
The abdomen is clothed throughout with hairs, but they are rather less dense than in C. villosus and C. mazillosus ; on the upper surface of the abdomen the hairs are black, excepting on the second and third visible segments, where they are yellowish white, but interrupted with black on the middle of each segment : on the under surface the hairs are black on the first segment, and yellow-white on the second and third segments throughout ; the remaining segments are rusty white in the middle only, and the pale hairs are almost confined to the posterior margin, the sides being black in all the specimens. In C. mazillosus I find the fourth segment white throughout beneath, with the exception of a small black dot on each side. C. villosus agrees with the Gala- pagos insect in having the side of the fourth segment black.
Section STERNOXI]. Family EvaTerips.
Physorhinus (?) galapagoensis. Phys. oblongus sublinearis ; piceo- fuscus, pube pallida tectus; capite rugoso-punctato, antice flavo ; thorace rugoso-punctato, linea longitudinali leviter impresso ; ely- tris punctato-striatis, interstitiis punctatis ; antennis pedibusque flavescentibus ; abdomine fusco.—Long. corp. 44 lin. ; lat. 14 lin. I have placed this Galapagos Elater mm a genus founded by
Eschscholtz, with which it agrees very closely in many of its cha-
racters ; as Germar’s definition of the genus* in question does not,
however, in all respects apply to the insect before me, it will be necessary to notice the points of disagreement ; but I will first observe, that the Galapagos insect agrees with Physorhinus in ha- ving the tarsi apparently but four-joimted, the fourth joint being very small; in having the third joint short, and produced on the under surface into a long, undivided, membranous lobe: the lobe in the insect before me is equal in length to more than half that of the terminal jomt. The fourth joint is exceedingly small; forming a mere node, as it were, at the base of the claw-joint : the basal jot is long. The antenne are rather less than half the length of the body, and composed of longish, conical, and
* The account I refer to will be found in Dr. Germar’s ‘ Zeitschrift fiir die Entomologie,’ Part 2 for 1840, p. 244.
26 Mr. G. R. Waterhouse on Coleopterous Insects
slightly compressed joints ; the first joint is rather stouter than the rest, and perhaps a trifle longer ; the second and third joints are short, but the third rather exceeds the second in length; the remaining joints are very nearly equal. There is an agreement also in the form of the thorax, the length of which is about equal to the breadth behind ; the fore-part contracted, and of the same width as the head; the posterior angles produced posteriorly, and acute; the antennal groove beneath, short, and confined to the anterior part of the preesternum, which has its point bent imwards. The mesosternum has a small hollow with raised margins in front. The metasternum is produced posteriorly so as partially to cover the trochanter. In all these characters the Galapagos insect ap- pears to me to agree with the type of the genus Physorhinus ; but, on the other hand, it differs in having the head rather shorter, presenting when viewed from above very nearly a semicircular outline, but slightly inclining to a conical form,—whilst Germar says of the genus Physorhinus, the head is longer than broad ; and it differs also in having the terminal joint of the tarsus (as it would appear from the figure) rather longer, so that although the basal joint is long, it is not quite equal to the other four taken together, as it is said to be in Physorhinus. The claws are slender and simple, and the tarsi very hairy.
Section CLAVICORNES.
Dermestes vulpinus, Auct. Corynetes rufipes, Auct. From James’ Island.
Section PALPICORNES.
Tropisternus (lateralis, Fab.). Philhydrus ——?
Section LAMELLICORNES.
Oryctes galapagoensis. Oryct. castaneus nitidus ; capite punctato, ca- rina transversa tri-emarginata obsito; ante oculos lobis subtrigonis productis ; clypeo producto, antice recurvo, constricto, subemar- ginato; thorace punctis distinctis remotis, impresso ; elytris latis, punctis minutissimis remote adspersis, rugisque indistincte notatis ; stria punctarum apud suturam.—Long. corp. 10 lin. ; lat. thora- cis 44 lin.; lat. elytrorum 52 lin.
Head with large irregular scattered punctures ; these most nu- merous, and confluent, on the fore-part; the vertex flat and smooth; the sides produced into an obtuse angle immediately in front of the eyes ; the fore-part with a distinctly elevated ridge, which is most prominent in the middle, and has a deep notch ; it becomes gradually less prominent towards the sides, but is there produced
from the Galapagos Islands. 27
again into an obtuse angle. Clypeus broader than long, con- tracted and slightly recurved at the apex, which is indistinctly emarginated. Thorax convex, withthe sides rather boldly rounded; the posterior margin also rounded, but forming a segment of a larger circle ; the fore-part emarginated ; anterior angles slightly acute, posterior obtusely rounded ; the surface above with distinct punctures, but these remote from each other—most numerous on the fore-part ; there is moreover a fovea on each side about mid- way between the anterior and posterior angles, and a little re- moved from the lateral margins. Scutellum triangular, slightly rounded at the tip. Elytra convex, much broader than the thorax, and broadest at the posterior third ; the humeral angles obtusely rounded, the hinder part very obtusely rounded ; they have a few exceedingly minute scattered punctures, some indistinct little ruge, and one or two longitudinal larger impressions. The sutural stria is composed of a subinterrupted series of distinct punctures. The body beneath is well-clothed with yellow hairs, and so are the legs: the terminal segment of the abdomen, like the elytra, has exceedingly minute scattered punctures; it is convex, rounded at the extremity, and its transverse diameter is about three times greater than the antero-posterior ; the penul- timate segment above is tolerably well-clothed with yellow hairs (the last has but few hairs), presents a distinct longitudinal fur- row in the middle, and this furrow is bounded on either side by a slightly elevated ridge. The legs are short and stout, and the anterior tibiee have three tooth-like processes on the outer side. The insect is very glossy and of a bright chestnut-brown colour.
Section HETEROMERA. Family Tentyr1p 2%. Genus Stomion* (nov. gen.).
Clypeus truncated in front, its lateral boundaries indicated by two slightly impressed longitudinal grooves.
Labrum prominent, transverse, and slightly emarginated in front.
Mandibles projecting beyond the clypeus when closed, covered at the apex by the labrum, but with the sides exposed when the head is viewed from above ; they are bidentate at the apex.
Mentum broad and transverse and very nearly semicircular, the rounded part being in front.
Mazxillary palpi moderate ; the terminal joint triangular, at least as long as broad : labial palpi short.
* Sropesov, a little mouth ; having allusion to a peculiar conformation of the mouth of this and some allied genera, viz. that of having the mouth closed beneath by a large mentum, by the sides of which there does not exist the usual emarginations for the maxille, which are therefore hidden.
28 Mr. G. R. Waterhouse on Coleopterous Insects
Head small, in width not equal to more than half that of the thorax ; inclosed in the thorax as far as the eyes; the outline of the part in front of the’ eyes, including the mandibles and | labrum, is conical, but taking the arch formed by the outline of the clypeus, it is nearly semicircular ;—slightly indented on each side of the clypeus.
Antenne of moderate length; if extended backwards would scarcely reach the base of the thorax; slender, the joints of a long obconie form ; the second joint short, the third long, but not equal in length to the two following joints taken together ; the last three joints dilated ; the antepenultimate and penulti- mate present a triangular outline ; the last joint is about equal in size to these, but of an oval form.
Eyes tolerably large and moderately convex, kidney-shaped, being very slightly encroached upon in front by the lateral ridge of the head.
Thorax transverse, narrower before than behind, rather deeply emarginated in front, rounded at the sides and bisinuated. be- hind, where it is closely applied to the thorax: the upper sur- face is convex, and there is an impressed line (not very distinct) following the margins, but interrupted in the middle of the anterior margin: the angles are acute in front and right angles behind,—or nearly right angles.
Scutellum rather small, but distinct ; rounded behind.
Elytra soldered together, very convex, broader than the thorax and of an ovate form, but sinuated in front, where the curved outline corresponds to that of the hinder margin of the thorax ; the humeral angles somewhat obtuse.
Presternum with its hinder margin obtuse, notched, and not pro- duced. posteriorly beyond the anterior coxe.
Abdomen but little inclosed at the sides by the elytra.
Legs slender and moderately long ; the tibie nearly cylindrical, and terminated by two small spines : tarsi slender ; the hinder tarsi equal in length to more than two-thirds of that of the tibia.
In general appearance the species of this genus greatly re- semble those of the genus Helops, and more particularly those shorter-bodied species of which our common Helops striatus may be said to form thetype. In size and general form, the Stomion levigatus (hereafter described) greatly resembles the insect just mentioned, but its thorax and elytra are more convex. The Sto- mion galapagoensis is half as large again as the H. striatus, and of a much broader form and more convex above : the third species of Stomion known to me is considerably less than the H. striatus, and of a shorter and broader form. The structure of the mouth,
from the Galapagos Islands. 29
however, shows that the present insects are in affinity remote from the Helops group, and indeed belong to the Tentyriide.
In having a distinct scutellum, the eyes transverse and not covered by the lateral ridge of the head, the mentum truncated, and the tibiz simple, the genus Stomion approaches to Anatolica, and yet the general form of the species of Stomion is very differ- ent to that of the species of Anatolica; the more slender antennz with the terminal joints incrassated, and the absence of emargi- nation to the mentum, would alone, however, serve to distinguish Stomion from Anatolica. Perhaps Eschscholtz’s genus Eurymeto- pon is more nearly allied to our present genus; the species of Eurymetopon are represented by Eschscholtz, however, as having the head broad, the thorax nearly as broad as the elytra, the eye small, and the tibiz very short, all of which characters will not well apply to Stomion. The approach, on the other hand, is evinced, as it would appear, in the structure of the antenne and the truncated form of the clypeus.
Stomion galapagoensis. Stom. ater, obscurus, antennis palpisque piceis, pedibus piceo-nigris ; corpore ovato, convexo; capite tho- raceque crebre punctulatis ; elytris seriatim punctatis, interstitiis convexis, punctis minutissimis adspersis.—Long. corp. 54 lin. ; lat. 22 lin. |
The body is very convex, of a broad ovate form, and dull black colour ; the head is flat above or slightly concave in the middle and thickly punctured ; the thorax is broader than long, and nar- rower before than behind, slightly emarginated in front, where the angles are somewhat acute ; evenly and gently rounded at the sides, and indistinctly sinuated behind ; the posterior angles are right angles; the upper surface is distinctly convex, and very thickly and rather finely punctured; an impressed line runs parallel with, and close to the posterior and lateral margins, and is also continued on the anterior margin, but is interrupted in the mid- dle. The scutellum is small and transverse ; the elytra are very convex; at the base they are scarcely broader than the thorax, but in the middle they are considerably wider, and at the apex they are pointed ; they have series of punctures forming the or- dinary striz, but these punctures are by no means strong; the interstices are convex and covered with very minute scattered punctures. The mentum is distinctly punctured, and the thoracic segments are strongly punctured in the middle beneath : the ab- dominal segments have fine scattered punctures.
Two specimens in Mr. Darwin’s collection agree with this de- scription ; there are others of a much smaller size, being about four lines in length, and in which the notch on each side of the fore-part of the head, marking the outer boundary of the clypeus,
30 Mr. G. R. Waterhouse on Coleopterous Insects
is scarcely perceptible ; these notches are tolerably distinct in the
large specimens ; in other respects they all agree.
Stomion Helopoides. Stom. fusco-piceus, antennis pedibusque fusces- -centibus ; corpore ovato, convexo; capite sat crebre punctato; elytris seriatim punctatis, interstitiis planis punctis minutis ad- spersis.—Long. corp. 3—3 lin.; lat. 13 lin.
The punctures forming the striz on the elytra of this species are less distinct, and those on the interstices are more distinct than in the St. galapagoensis ; the interstices moreover are flat, or sometimes, the one or two nearest the suture are very slightly convex. The thorax is transverse, evenly rounded at the sides, and of equal width before and behind, or very nearly so ; the an- gles are slightly obtuse; the upper surface is pretty thickly co- vered with smallish punctures ; the under surface is smooth at the sides, but presents small rugze and a few punctures near the base of the legs. The punctures which are arranged in rows on the elytra are by no means strong, and are distinctly separated ; and the smaller punctures on the interstices are moderately numerous. The abdomen is finely punctured.
Two specimens in Mr. Darwin’s collection agree with this de- | scription; there is a third individual which agrees in other respects, but is rather larger and almost of a black colour, and has the legs of a pitchy hue.
Stomion levigatus. Stom. ater nitidus, antennis, palpis, pedibusque piceis; corpore valde convexo, oblongo-ovato ; capite punctulato ; thorace punctis minutissimis impressis; elytris levibus.—Long. corp. 4 lin. ; lat. 12 lin.
Both the antennz and legs are rather shorter and a trifle thicker in proportion in this species than in others of the genus here described ; the form of the body is more oblong, and the thorax is not sensibly broader behind than in front ; the head moreover is larger. The insect is very glossy, and to the naked eye its thorax and elytra appear to be perfectly smooth. The head is distinctly and thickly punctured : the thorax is but little broader than long, has the sides nearly parallel and very indistinctly rounded ; its upper surface is very convex and rather thickly punctured, but the punctures are extremely minute: the elytra are very convex and but little broader than the thorax ; sometimes they exhibit excessively minute punctures arranged in strie, and there are a few punctures in the interstices ; it requires however a tolerably powerful lens to perceive these punctures : the thoracic segments are punctured beneath, and so is the mentum ; the ab- domen is smooth, or most indistinctly punctured.
Family Tacentipa# (TacEnirss, Solier). Ammophorus galapagoensis. Amm. ater, nitidus, antennis pedibus-
from the Galapagos Islands. 31
que rufo-piceis, vel piceis; capite thoraceque crebre punctatis,
punctis oblongis, prope latera plerumque confluentibus, interstitiis
angustissimis longitudinaliter parum elevatis ; thorace angulis an- ticis acutis, posticis subacutis ; elytris sulcatis, sulcis catenato- punctatis, interstitiis costatis; corpore subtus profunde punctato.
—Long. corp. 24—2 lin.
This species is smaller and proportionately rather shorter than the Amm. peruvianus. The head is thickly covered with narrow oblong punctures which run into each other, so as to leave very narrow, irregularly longitudinal ridges, The thorax is moderately conyex above, rather broader than long, moderately rounded at the sides, and but slightly sinuated near the posterior angles, which are nearly right angles, but slightly acute; the anterior angles are prominent, project forwards, and are somewhat acute. The elytra are rather broader than the thorax and of an oblong form, rounded at the apex, and moderately convex ; the humeral angles are produced laterally into an acute angle (more prominent and distinct than in Amm. peruvianus) ; each elytron presents eight sulci, in each of which are a series of impressions or largeish shallow punctures ; the interstices form narrow ridges, on which a few very minute punctures are scattered. The mentum is ru- gose and has two oblong depressions ; the thoracic segments pre- sent a few large, regular punctures beneath; the abdominal segments are very coarsely punctured, if we except the last two; the penultimate has a transverse groove, and like the terminal segment is rather finely punctured. The palpi are red ; the legs and antennze pies He and sometimes pitchy.
Found by Mr. Darwin under stones upon a hill in Chatham Island.
Ammophorus bifoveatus. Amm. ater, nitidus; antennis pedibusque piceo-nigris ; capite punctato ; thorace angulis anticis acuminatis, posticis acutis, extrorsum productis, supra punctulato, foveis duabus et rugis tenuibus impressis ; elytris crenato-striatis, interstitiis an- gustis elevatis.—Long. corp. 3 lin.
The Amm. bifoveatus is so named from its having two largeish but shallow depressions, situated, one on each side, about the middle of each lateral half of the thorax : the thorax is moderately convex, broader than long, broadest in the middle, and about equally contracted before and behind; the sides are contracted rather suddenly near the angles, which are prominent; the hinder angles, which are most prominent, are acute : the surface of the thorax is rather finely punctured, and presents numerous little longitudinal rug, which are most distinct on the sides, hinder part, and in the fovez described ; two grooves, more distinct and longer than the rest, are observed on the middle of the thorax, where they are separated by a narrow ridge. The elytra are broader than the thorax, oblong, and have the humeral angles
32 Mr. G. R. Waterhouse on Coleopterous Insects
produced laterally into small acute processes ; the ordinary inter- stices of the stric of the elytra are very narrow and elevated ; the punctures of the striz are large, transverse, and separated from each other by narrow spaces. A few large punctures are seen on the under surface of each of the thoracic segments ; the abdominal segments are more thickly punctured ; the penultimate however is nearly smooth, and the last is very delicately punctured. The abdomen is depressed in the middle.
Two specimens from James’ Island present the above charac- ters ; some other specimens in the collection which cannot other- wise be separated, display the thoracic fovea rather less distinctly, and the double ridge on the disc is sometimes wanting.
Ammophorus obscurus. Amm. ater, obscurus; antennis pedibusque piceis ; capite thoraceque rugoso-punctatis ; angulis thoracis acutis extrorsum productis ; elytris crenato-striatis, interstitiis angustis elevatis.—Long. corp. 25 lin.
This species has the thorax narrower than in either of the pre- ceding, from which it may moreover be distinguished by its dull colour, the thorax being rugosely punctured : the sculpture of the elytra is rather more decided, and the suture is not raised as in the other species. In Amm. galapagoensis the suture is fully as much raised as the ridged interspaces of the strie ; in dmm. bi- foveatus the suture is also distinctly raised, but not quite so much as the ridges between the strize ; in the present species the suture is flat. Like Amm. bifoveatus, the angles of the thorax are pro- duced, and as in both the preceding species ; the humeral angle of the elytra is produced and acute. The ordinary interstices of the elytra form very narrow and considerably elevated ridges, in the grooves between which are large transverse impressions, and si- milar impressions are observed on each side of the suture; not extending quite to the suture, they give that part the appearance of being slightly raised, and indeed it is so on the hinder part of the elytra.
The three species of Ammophorus here described have the third joint of the antennz shorter in proportion than in Amm. peru- vianus, but they agree in this respect with Amm. costatus and Amm. rubripes of Solier, with which they also agree in size; they all have the interstices of all the striz of the elytra elevated, whilst in one only of the Chilan species (4. costatus) are any of these interstices distinctly ridged, and here it is only the alter- nate spaces between the striz which present that condition.
Family Pepinipz.
Pedoneces*, nov. gen.
Clypeus distinctly emarginated. Labrum small, transverse.
* From xédov, the ground, and oixtw, to inhabit.
from the Galapagos Islands. 33
Mandibles short and obtuse, bidentate at the extremity, and hidden by the clypeus, when the head is viewed from above.
Mentum small, ovate, concave externally.
Mazillary palpi moderate ; the terminal jomt securiform: labial palpi short ; the terminal joint swollen.
Head considerably narrower than the thorax; the visible portion broader than long; the fore-part in front of the eyes forms nearly a semicircle, but is emarginated in front ; no indentation marks the posterior or lateral boundaries of the clypeus: the lateral ridge of the head, which protects the basal portion of the antenne, is well-developed, and runs backwards so as to divide the eye into two parts; the upper portion of the eye is rather large and round, or very nearly so ; the lower portion is nearly of equal size with the upper, and also nearly round.
Antenne moderate ; if extended backwards would reach the base of the thorax; the joints of a shortish obconic form ; the se- cond joint short ; the third nearly as long as the two following taken together; the last three joints incrassated, and fully as broad as long ; the terminal joint is round, and as large as the penultimate.
Thorax subquadrate, but little broader than long, emarginated in front, and with the anterior angles rather prominent and some- what acute; the sides are indistinctly rounded, and the hinder part is but little broader than the front ; the posterior margin is distinctly bisinuated, and the posterior angles are right angles, or somewhat acute: the surface is moderately convex, and there is a distinct impressed line running parallel with, and close to, both the lateral and posterior margins.
Scutellum distinct, triangular. 7
Elytra soldered together, oblong, convex, rounded at the extre- mity: the humeral angles nearly right angles, but somewhat obtuse, and presenting a slightly concave triangular surface in front, against which the thoracic angles are applied.
Presternum rather contracted, pomted behind, and but little pro-
_ duced beyond the coxee of the anterior legs.
Abdomen with the penultimate segment very narrow in the antero- posterior direction; the last segment semicircular and depressed, or concave, in the middle. _
Legs moderate ; the tibie straight, very little compressed, and but slightly dilated at the apex: the four anterior tarsi dilated in the male sex, the anterior pair distinctly so, the width of the second or third joint being nearly equal to the length of the four basal joints taken together ; the first and fourth joints are small, the second and third equal or very nearly so; the three basal joints only appear to be covered with the velvet-like sub- stance beneath: the middle pair of tarsi are less distinctly di-
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Vol. xvi. D
34 Mr. G. R. Waterhouse on Coleopterous Insects
lated ; the claw-joint of each tarsus is nearly equal in length to the four basal joints taken together.
In general appearance, in the structure of the head and. of the tarsi, the species of this genus approach very nearly to the mem- bers of Dejean’s genus Blapstinus; they have the legs however rather longer, the thorax less distinctly transverse, and the elytra more convex; these are moreover soldered together, and there are no wings as in Blapstinus. Judging from the definitions of the various genera of Pedinide, the present genus presents a combination of characters not hitherto noticed. Those genera of the family of which I possess examples in my own collection I find are capable of being distinguished from each other by the following characters, which it will be observed are not peculiar to either sex, and are therefore preferable, as it appears to me, to those which have hitherto been pointed out, and which are chiefly derived from the variations in the structure of the tarsi of the male.
I. Apterous; elytra soldered together at the suture. A. Eye divided by the lateral ridge of the head. a. Anterior tibiz distinctly dilated at the apex. a *. Antenne short, submoniliform................ Heliophilus. a**, Antenne with the joints, most of them, obconic. eet a*1. Middle tibiz dilated at the apex . Pedinus. a* 2. Middletibie not dilated at the apex Jsocerus. b. Anterior tibize not dilated at the apex ......... ee Pedoneces. B. Eye uncovered (not divided by the lateral ridge of the head). © BL a, Clypeus truncated or slightly rounded in front .... Platyscelis. a*, Clypeus emarginated in front. a*], Antenne distinctly incrassated at — . the BPew cs iv sage sy seo epsddassacbese's Eurynotust. a*2. Antenne with the terminal joints 3 oblong, not broader than the rest. Dendarus. IT. Winged ; elytra free. | A. Eye divided by the lateral ridge of the head......... -. Blapstinus. B. Eye uncovered at the sides ...secccssesssseceeeees disetes Opatrinus.
+ The mentum in Lurynotus is distinctly trilobed, having a central prin- cipal portion and two lateral wings; these wings or lateral lobes diverge as they part from the base of the mentum and are acutely pointed at the ex- tremity ; they are separated from the mesial lobe by a deep hollow on each side. In the great Indian species, which Dejean arranges under the head Platynotus, the same structure of mentum is observable as well as in Opa- trinus ; but the lateral lobes do not exist in Heliophilus, or at least they are here exceedingly minute and curved inwards, as I have observed to be the case in the mentum of Blaps; Dendarus appears to agree with Heliophilus in this respect. Platynotus of Dejean must undoubtedly be placed near to
from the Galapagos Islands. 35
Pedoneces galapagoensis. Ped. ater, nitidus ; antennis pedibusque nigro-piceis ; capite thoraceque confertim punctulatis ; elytris subsulcato-punctatis, interstitiis convexis punctis minutissimis adspersis.— Long: corp. 3 lin.; lat. 14 lin. ©
Var. §. Elytris sulcato-punctatis, interstitiis convexioribus, quarto et sexto elevatis, subcostatis.
This species has the general form of the P. costatus, but the thorax is rather longer in proportion ; here the interstices of the strie of the elytra are simply convex, and do not form narrow ridges as in P. costatus. The legs have minute yellow spiny hairs as in that species, and on the under surface of all the femora is a small brush of yellow hairs.
edoneces costatus. Ped. niger, parum nitidus ; antennis pedibusque ~ rufo-piceis; corpore oblongo, convexo ; capite crebre punctato ; thorace confertim punctato, punctis longitudinaliter confluentibus ; elytris sulcato-punctatis, interstitiis subcarinatis, alternis elevati- oribus, costatis.—Long. corp. 22 lin.; lat. 1 lin.
This species, which is from James’ Island, is easily distin- guished from the Ped. galapagoensis by the sharp keel-like ridges formed by the alternate interstices of the striz of the elytra, and by the narrowness of the other interstices : the thorax, moreover, is more strongly and more thickly punctured, and the punctures are oblong, and the greater portion of. them are confluent, join- ing each other in such a way as to leave little, narrow, irregularly longitudinal ridges for the mterspaces. The thorax is rather broader than long, subquadrate, the sides but slightly rounded, and indistinctly simuated near the posterior angle, which is nearly a right angle; the posterior margin is sinuated, presenting a con- vex outline in the middle, and a slightly concave emargination on either side near the angles. The elytra are scarcely broader than the thorax, of an oblong form, but little broader in the middle than at the base, and at the apex.they are rounded. The legs, which, like the antenne, are of a pitchy colour, have very small spiny yellowish hairs, and these become more dense and rather longer on the under side of the middle part of the hinder femora. The three terminal joints of the antennz are pitchy-red. The body is distinctly punctured beneath thronghout.
Eurynotus. In two species of Platynotus before me (one of which appears to be the P. gigas) I find the scutellum is scarcely to be seen, whilst in Zu- rynotus it is distinct ; this, combined with the sinuated sides to the thorax of the former, and the thorax being broadest behind in the Eurynotus, will help to distinguish the two genera. I may add, the mesial lobe of the mentum is distinctly emarginated in Platynotus and. truncated in Lurynotus: the structure of the tarsi and antennz also differ in these genera.
36 2 = Mr. G. R. Waterhouse on Coleopterous Insects
Pedoneces pubescens. Ped. oblongo-ovatus, supra Modice convexus ; piceo-niger, pilis brevissimis, adpressis, fuscis, obsitus; antennis pedibusque piceis; capite thoraceque creberrime punctulatis ; elytris punctato-striatis, striis non pilosis, interstitiis convexis.— Long. corp. 3+ lin.
The thorax is rather broader than long, has the sides slightly rounded, the anterior margin rather narrower than the posterior, the hinder angles right angles : the elytra are of an oblong form, scarcely broader in the middle than elsewhere, and very little broader than the thorax ; the pale brownish minute hairs have a tendency to a linear arrangement, and are confined to the in- terstices of the strize, which under a strong lens have a coriaceous appearance ; the punctures of the strize are by no means deep, and distinctly separated from each other.
Mr. Darwin found this species under stones on a hill in Chat- ham Island im the month of September.
Section XYLOPHAGI, Latreille. Genus Apate, Fabricius.
In Mr. Darwin’s collection are three specimens of a species of this genus which are about equal in size to the Apate capucinus of authors, but differ in being of a black-or pitchy-black colour, in having the elytra more convex in the transverse direction, with the punctures rather less deep and more distinctly separated ; the hinder portion is obliquely truncated, but descends more sud- denly than in A. capucinus, and each elytron is somewhat humped towards the apex: the upper surface of the thorax is covered with small flattened, polished tubercles which are extremely close together ; the fore-part is covered with angular or acutely pointed tubercles of large size, and is produced into two largeish conical protuberances, the points of which are bent downwards and over- hang the head; these protuberances are not only covered with tubercles, but have numerous pale hairs * : the mesial portion of the head, between the eyes, is smooth and polished ; the anterior part is rough ; the under parts are clothed with whitish hairs. I have an insect in my own collection from a part of the world which is much better known (Colombia), and which is undoubtedly the same species as the Galapagos insect. From the wide range which it has, it is no doubt known and described.
The specimens above referred to were found by Mr. Darwin in the branches of a dead Mimosa tree in Chatham Island, and that gentleman states in his notes that the whole length of the bough was perforated by them.
* These protuberances are less developed than in the Apate cornuta.
from the Galapagos Islands. 37
Section RHYNCQPHORA. Family ANTHRIBIDZ. Ormiscus *, nov. gen.
Rostrum very short, transverse, truncated in front ; the mandi- bles rather prominent and sharply pointed.
Head shorter than broad, its vertex on the same plane with the rostrum. ;
Eyes large, prominent, converging in front, and contracting the forehead to about half the width of the head; emarginated below.
Antenne springing from a little round cavity immediately beneath the eye ; if extended backwards they would reach the posterior margin of the thorax, or extend perhaps slightly beyond that part ; the joints most of them slender ; the first joint nearly hidden ; the second thicker than the following six joints, and nearly globose; the third joint slender and the longest, but shorter than the two following joints taken together ; the fourth to the eighth inclusive obconic, becoming successively shorter ; the three terminal joints dilated, closely joined, and together forming an ovate club.
Thorax rather broader than long ; contracted, and subtruncated in front, broadest near the posterior margin, and convex in the transverse direction ; with an obtuse ridge at the side, but con- fined to the hinder part, and a curved transverse ridge behind ; this ridge is very distinct ; in the mesial line of the thorax it nearly touches the hinder margin, but from that part it ascends as it runs outwards, so that it is somewhat distant from the posterior angle; the hinder margin straight, and the posterior angles right angles.
Scutellum very small.
Elytra rather broader than the thorax; short, subcylindrical, rounded at the apex, and with the humeral angles obtuse.
Legs moderate ; tarsi as long as the tibie; the first and fourth joints long and nearly equal ; the second and third rather short, the latter distinctly bilobed at the extremity ; the lobes equal.
Ormiscus variegatus. Orm. ater flavescenti-tomentosus ; capite tho- raceque rugosis; elytris sneo-micantibus, indistincte punctato- striatis, pube alba, flava et fusca variegatis ; postice macula fusca communi cordiformi ; singulo prope medium fascia obliqua ornato ; antennis articulis basalibus ad basin, tibiisque flavescentibus ; femo- ribus piceis, ad basin pallidioribus.—Long. corp. 1 lin.
Var. 2. Elytris rufescentibus, marginibus maculaque transversa prope medium nigrescentibus.
* “Oopioxos, a small necklace, a collar. The little insect here described has a curved ridge crossing the back part of the thorax, a character not peculiar to it, but which is more distinct here than in most others of the Anthribide.
38 Mr. G. R. Waterhouse on Coleopterous Insects
Amongst the numerous genera of Anthribide defined by Schén- herr, I have found none presenting the combination of characters which are above pointed out. Ormiscus approaches most nearly perhaps to Areocerus, but may be distinguished by the different form of the eyes, which have the long diameter considerably greater than the transverse, and are much narrower in front than behind; the position of the antennz is also different, and the form of the jomts, which are shorter, and especially the form of the club, which is considerably shorter, and has not the joints distinctly separated.
The zneous tint of the elytra is only seen in parts where the pubescence has apparently been rubbed off: at the base of each elytron near the seutellum is a slight hump, which, wanting the pubescence, always presents a dark hue ; on the outer side of this is an oblong patch of a pale yellowish colour, and this is not due to the colour of the pubescence only, for the elytron itself ap- pears to be pale at this part: in the middle is a tied brownish band, which as it parts from the suture to the outer margin slightly descends: on the outer margin is a broad dusky patch, and there is a brownish heart-shaped spot on the suture, about midway between the central fascia and the apex of the elytra; the tibize are somewhat dusky at the apex.
Mr. Darwin found this insect amongst others when sweeping the herbage in the high central parts of Charles’ Island, in the month of October. .
Family OrrorHYNCHID2.
Otiorhynchus cunetformis. Ot. ater, fusco-cinereo-squamosus, setis brevibus adspersis; antennis pedibusque piceis.
Caput breve subconvexum, fronte longitudinaliter rugosa; oculi fere globosi: rostrum capite vix longius sed angustius, apice modice dilatatum, supra fere planum longitudinaliter rugosum. Antennz mediocres, funiculo articulis primo et secundo subzqualibus ; clava breviter ovata, apice acuminata. Thorax que longus ac latus, subcylindricus, apice truncatus, angustior, lateribus pone medium parum ampliatis; basi leviter bisinuatus ; supra rugosus. Scutellum apice rotundatum. Elytra oblongo-subovata, antice tho- racis basi haud latiora, supra convexa, lateribus pone medium am- pliata, apicem versus. subacuminata, ad apicem rotundata; rude punctato-striata, interstitiis parum elevatis impunctatis, seriatim setosis. Pedes mediocres.—Long. corp. 2? lin. ; lat. 14 lin.
This insect is so thickly clothed with mud-coloured scales that it is difficult to see the sculpturing. It is considerably smaller than the Otiorhynchus raucus, and the elytra being broadest rather behind the middle, the thorax but little rounded at the sides, and narrower in front than behind, where it is equal in width to the base of the elytra, gives to the general outline a
from the Galapagos Islands. 39
wedge-form, or at least an approach. It departs from other spe- cies of the genus in having the lateral processes of the rostrum, forming the lower boundary of the groove for the antenne, rather less prominent, the eyes more convex, and the antennz shorter. It is not without considerable hesitation that I place this msect in the genus Otiorhynchus.
From Charles’ Island. Found in sweeping the herbage in the high central parts of the island.
Family Errruinip2. Genus Anchonus, Schonh.
Anchonus galapagoensis. Anch. subovatus, niger, opacus; rostro basi constricto, rugoso-punctato ; thorace fere cylindrico sed intra apicem distincte constricto, antice truncato, postice sub-bisinuato, rugoso-punctato, setis fuscis adsperso; elytris seriatim punctatis interstitiis tuberculis magnis, oblongis, dense fusco-setosis, obsitis ; corpore subtus punctis magnis adspersis ; antennis tarsisque pi- ceis.—Long. corp. preter rostrum 24—24 lin. ; lat. 1 lin.
From James’ Island.
The thorax:is narrower than usual in this species, being less dilated in the middle ; its sides are nearly parallel, but in front it is rather suddenly constricted, and immediately behind the constricted portion the thorax is sometimes a trifle broader than elsewhere : the punctures in the thorax are very large and coarse, and close together, the interspaces being mere ridges. The elytra are nearly ovate, but the sides in the ‘middle evince an approach to parallelism ; they are strongly punctured, and the punctures are arranged in rows, and for the most part distinctly separated from each other ; the interspaces between the rows of punctures are impunctate, but present very narrow tubercles, and these are rather widely separated on the fore-part of ‘each elytron, but on the apical portion they are longer and nearer together, and here the interstices are somewhat convex; on the third, fifth and seventh interspace the tubercles are rather more developed than on the intermediate interspaces ; these tubercles are provided with largeish semi-erect setiform scales, and these are of a brownish yellow colour; similar scales are scattered im other parts, and. sometimes the whole surface of the thorax and elytra is covered with a brownish substance, of the nature of which I cannot satisfy myself. |
. Section CYCLICA.
Family Hauricipz.
Haltica galapagoensis. Wal. enea, antennis pedibusque testaceis ; corpore oblongo-ovato, valde convexo ; thorace postice transversim
40 Mr. G.R. Waterhouse on some Coleopterous Insects.
impresso ; elytris punctatis, punctis subseriatim depositis.—Long.
corp. $ lin.
From Charles’ Island. Procured by sweeping the herbage on the high central parts of the island in the month of October.
This little insect somewhat resembles the Haltica (Podagrica) erata, but has the body rather more convex in the transverse di- rection, the thorax broader, and the antenne shorter and stouter ; when extended backwards they scarcely reach the middle of the elytra. The thorax is transversely grooved behind, as in the ge- nera Graptodera, Crepidodera, &c.; but it has not the small pos- terior longitudinal indentations which we observe at the extre- mities of the transverse groove in the latter genus, and in the structure of the antennee and tarsi it differs from both. The tarsi are formed as in Haltica rustica, auct. (Mantura of Stephens), but the joints of the antenne are shorter ; the basal joint is long and stout ; the second and eight following joints scarcely differ in length, but they very indistinctly increase in width towards the apex of the antenne ; the second joint is nearly ovate ; the third, fourth, fifth and sixth are of a very short obconic form, and the rest nearly globose, with the exception of the last, which is longer than the preceding, and acuminated at the apex: the tarsi are short ; the first jomt very large and broad ; the second rather less than the third, and nearly triangular ; the third cordiform, and the fourth scarcely equal in length to the preceding two joints taken together. The eyes are lateral, moderately prominent. The thorax is narrower than the elytra, broader than long, and very convex in the transverse direction ; it is truncated behind, and slightly rounded and produced over the head in front: the posterior angles are very obtuse; the surface impunctate: on the hinder part is a very distinct transverse impression which does not ex- tend quite to the sides. The elytra are of an oblong-ovate form, and distinctly punctured above; the punctures show a tendency to arrange themselves in lines : each elytron is obtusely rounded at the apex. The upper surface of the insect is glossy and of a greenish brass colour: the legs and antennz are testaceous, but the three or four terminal joimts of the latter are somewhat dusky.
Of the various genera and subgenera of Halticide which have been characterized, I know none in which it can be placed ; its nearest affinities appear to me to be with Mantura; but the an- tennze are less incrassated at the apex, and on the other hand, as I have before stated, the basal joints are shorter and stouter : it moreover has a transverse groove to the thorax not found in that genus, and wants the longitudinal impressions on the hinder part, which all the species of Mantura which have come under my notice present.
M. Valenciennes on the Organization of Lucina and Corbis. 41
Section TRIMERA. Family CoccinELLID2&.
Scymnus Galapagoensis. Scym. ater, pubescens ; capite piceo ; tho- race utrinque flavo; elytris pallide testaceis, indistinctissime punc- tulatis ; sutura, margine anteriore, fascia valde flexuosa, maculisque duabus subapicalibus, nigris ; antennis pedibusque flavis.—Long. corp. # lin.
From James’ Island.
This species is about equal in size to the Sc. minimus ; its form is rather more elongated and less convex than in that insect. The suture of the elytra is black; the black forms a broad mark at the base, but becomes very narrow towards the tip of the elytra ; the outer margin of each elytron is narrowly edged with black, but on the anterior third the dark colour is suddenly expanded, and forms a broadish mark which extends to the humeral angle, and there meets a broad transverse black mark which crosses the base of the elytra: about the middle of the elytron is a narrow black fascia, which as it parts from the suture descends, about the middle is suddenly bent upwards so as to become longitudinal, and then again descends obliquely outwards and nearly reaches the outer margin: behind this central band is an oblique black spot.
VI.—On the Organization of the Iwucine and of Corbis. By M. A. VaLencrennes *.
THosE anatomists who have been engaged in the study of the Acephalous Mollusca, that numerous class of animals related to the oysters, mussels, &c., regard as one of the constant characters of these creatures, that the respiratory organ fixed on each side of the body under the folds of the mantle is composed of two pairs of branchial leaflets, 2. e. that under the common covering of the body there are four branchiz arranged symmetrically on each side of the visceral mass.
These branchiz are in some pectinated, or composed of small, straight and triangular lamine arranged close together; the oysters, scallops, and the Spondyli present examples of this general structure, which calls to mind that of the branchiz of almost all the osseous fish. In other Acephalous Mollusca the pectinated lamellz are connected by numerous transversal ridges which im- part more consistence to the branchial leaflet and render it more dense ; the Anodonta, so common in all our fresh waters, offer, _ with a large number of other Acephala, examples of this struc- ture ; a confirmation which is seldom met with in fish, for Xiphias is the only one in which I have observed this arrangement.
* From the Comptes Rendus, June 9th, 1845.
42 M. Valenciennes on the Organization of Lucina and Corbis.
However, whatever be the organization of the branchize of Mol- lusca, it is admitted and established by malacologists, that all the Acephala have four branchial leaflets. This general rule has hitherto been based on the study of several hundred animals of this class.
Between the leaflets and near one of the extremities, called the anterior one, is the mouth, a round aperture terminating imme- diately in the cesophagus, without any hard organ for the masti- cation, and without any external lingual tubercle; it is sur- rounded. by small folds which bear the name of lips, and which are frequently ornamented with appendages or plaited filaments, varying somewhat according to the genera. Beyond the lips and on each side of the body there are two small triangular processes traversed by numerous ridges, which give to these organs an ap- pearance of branchial lamelle ; they are called the labial palpi.
I have called attention to these external appearances of the Acephalous Mollusca to render more intelligible what I am about to describe. I have now to communicate to the Academy an ob- servation opposed to'the general rule of the four branchial laminee. The family of the Lucine is composed of mollusca which have only a-single branchial leaflet on each side of the visceral mass and of the foot. This single branchia resembles that of the Ano- donta ; it is large, thick, and formed of pectinated and anastomo- sing lamellz. I first noticed this smgular fact on Lucina jamai- censis. Surprised at this peculiarity, which I found tobe con- stant im all the individuals in the collection of the Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, I was immediately induced to ascertain whether this difference occurred in other species of Lucina or in animals allied to them. I observed the same conformation in a mollusk which had for a long time been placed among the Ve- nuses, which Lamarck and his followers arranged in the genus Cytherea, but which I have been led .to place near to Lucina from the insertion and. nature of the ligament of the two valves; I mean the Venus tigerina of Linneus. My previsions have there- fore been verified in this respect, for the far more important cha- racter of the unity of the branchial leaflet leaves not the least doubt respecting the affinity of the two mollusca, which moreover resemble each other in several other details of their organization, although the shells differ widely with the exception of the liga. ment,
A third species well-known to conchologists, Lucina colum- bella, Lam., from the seas, of Senegal, has likewise but one single branchial leaflet on each side of the foot. And lastly, a small species very abundant on all the sandy coasts of the Mediterra- nean, Lucina lactea, Lam., which Poli formed into a new genus under the name of Loripes, has also only one branchial lamina.
But this is not all. In the Polynesian Archipelagos an ace-
M. Valenciennes on the Organization of Liucina and Corbis. 48
phalous mollusk occurs, whose elegant shell, for a long time rare and consequently sought for in collections, is well-known. Lin- neus called it Venus Corbis; Lamarck arranged it among the Lucine. Cuvier founded a genus with this species which pre- sents indeed very striking characters; he left it near Lucina, as Lamarck had previously done. I have been so fortunate as to meet with an animal of this species in a state of excellent pre- servation among the collections made at the Friendly Islands by M. Quoy, and which that zoologist has not had time to study ; at least he has not spoken of it in the account of the voyage of the Astrolabe. This mollusk has likewise only a single branchia on each side of the visceral mass, and I have confirmed this same conformation on a second individual brought from the Feejee Islands. However, the structure of its non-perforated foot di- stinguishes it from the animals of Lucina. .
From a sole comparison of the shells, it -was thought that the Unguline offered some relations with the Lucine. We are ac- quainted with the mollusk of this genus from the excellent anatomical descriptions made and published by M. Duvernoy. As this anatomist found four branchial lamine, it is impossible any longer to admit of an approximation between the Unguline and the Lucine. My investigations confirm the relations pointed out between the Unguline and Mytilacea. ;
It results, therefore, from the observation made by me, that the Lucine and Corbis differ from all the Acephalous Mollusca by a very prominent character, viz. that they possess only a single branchia on each side of the foot and viscera.
Since I have confirmed this fact on animals inhabiting the Mediterranean, the coasts of Africa, the Antilles, as well as the seas of Brazil:and of the Indies, we are led to-admit it as a ge- neral fact in the animals of this family ; it cannot be regarded as a simple exception, which might have been the case had it been observed only on a single individual or on a single species of Lucina. .
This great exception is not the only one which the Lucine present: the aperture of the mouth is very small, surrounded by two weak and thin folds of the skin, which require the greatest attention to be seen; they are the rudiments of lips.
But what is most remarkable is, that the labial palpi are all four wanting. There may possibly be traces of them in the animal of Corbis.
Poli has given a very excellent figure of his Loripes, or of Lucina lactea, It will be seen from it that he was entirely pre- occupied in his investigation with the singularity of the foot of the animal, for he has represented the branchiz situated to the right and left of the viscera, without noticing the very remark- able exception in the number of the lamine. As M. Cuvier has
44, M. Valenciennes on the Organization of Lucina and Corbis.
only mentioned Loripes in order to verify the observations of the Neapolitan anatomist respecting the foot of this mollusk, it may be conceived why he has not pointed out the absence of one pair of branchiz. I must however add, that the Lucina lactea, ex- amined by these expert zoologists, is a very minute mollusk of one to two centimetres in diameter, while I have been able to examine Lucine from five to six centimetres in diameter; the observation was therefore easy to make ; and when once I had as- certained the possibility of the existence of one single branchial lamina in Lucina jamaicensis and L. tigerina, I could readily de- tect the same organization in the smallest individuals of Lucina lactea from the Mediterranean.
The conformation of the foot of these mollusks, which had at- tracted the attention of Poli, is very remarkable ; but this anato- mist has not given a very complete description of it, which it nevertheless deserves. This foot is a fleshy cylinder folded back on itself so as to be hidden between the plates of the mantle of the mollusk, for it is frequently twice as long as the diameter of the animal. When not contracted it is much longer. It is re- markable that it is hollow throughout its entire length, and that this tube opens directly and widely into the spaces of the visceral cavity. I have verified this fact by following the canal in its en- tire length either by cutting it open or by injection, when the spaces of the visceral mass became filled, and I also thought I could perceive traces of injected vessels. This result will not appear surprising if we call to mind the observations which M. Milne Edwards and I have communicated to the Academy on the circulation in Mollusca, and on the large communications ex- isting between the visceral cavity and the sanguiniferous vessels of the Acephala. But there is a new fact here deserving of especial attention, from its importance for the physiology of Mol- lusca; it is, that the imner cavities containing the blood are placed by means of the canal of the foot in Lucina in free com- munication with the surrounding element. The heart and the other viscera which I was able to observe of these animals, pre- served in spirit, did not appear to offer anything remarkable.
[It is to be regretted that M. Valenciennes has not accompanied his notice of the single gill on each side of the Lucina with some account of its structure: from the statement that it is large, thick, and formed of pectinated and anastomosing lamella, it may agree essen- tially with the apparently single gill in the genera Pholadomyu and Anatina, described by Prof. Owen in his ‘ Lectures on the Inver- tebrata,’ 1843, p. 283, where the exception to the ordinary struc- ture and number of the gills in the Lamellibranchiate Acephala is distinctly pointed out as follows :—
«« The two branchial lamelle of one side are usually connected with those of the opposite side by their posterior extremities only; but
Bibliographical Notices. 45
sometimes the union is more extensive. In a few genera, as Anatina and Pholadomya, the two lamelle of the same side are so united as to appear like a single gill. In the Pholadomya it forms a thick oblong mass, finely plicated transversely, attenuated at both extremities, slightly bifid at the posterior one. A line traverses longitudinally the middle of the external surface, which has no other trace of division. The branchiz on each side adhere to the mantle by the whole of their dorsal margin, and are united together where they extend beyond the visceral mass, being separated, by the interposition of that mass, along their anterior two-thirds. A narrow groove extends along the free anterior margins of each gill. When the inner side of this appa- rently simple gill is examined, it is seen to be divided into three longi- tudinal channels, by two ridges, containing the vascular trunks and nerves of the gills. A style passed from the excretory siphon, behind the conjoined extremities of the branchiz, enters the dorsal channel, from which the excretory respiratory currents are discharged: the middle channel is characterized by an orifice which conducts into the cavity of the gill, where the ova are hatched : the third channel forms the inner or mesial surface of the gill, which is not otherwise divided.” —Ep. Ann. Nat. Hist.]
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.
The Genera of Birds. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S., illustrated by D. W. Mitchell, B.A., F.L.S. Imperial 4to. Parts 1—14.
Ir is now nearly twenty years since any naturalist has attempted to give a complete synopsis of the species of birds. The accessions to our knowledge during the interval have been very great, and the progress which has been made in elucidating the characters and im- proving the classification of the species previously known, is no less remarkable. The facts thus elicited were however scattered through rare and costly publications, many of which, especially the volumi- nous Transactions of foreign Societies, are almost inaccessible to the working naturalist, who will therefore hail with gratitude the work before us, which supplies him with a ready index to the whole sub- ject of ornithology. Mr. Gray’s position in the British Museum has given him peculiar facilities for perfecting his laborious undertaking, which requires a constant and ready access to books and specimens. The classification which he has adopted is for the most part con- sistent with natural affinities, though some of the groups, Pachyce- phaline for instance, consist of rather incongruous materials. Really natural groups are generally confined within certain geographical limits, and when we see an assemblage either of species or of genera from remote parts of the world: brought together to form:a superior group, there is often reason to suspect that their supposed affinities are apparent rather than real.
The definition of families and genera is one of the most difficult duties of the naturalist, and he is often unable so to generalize the characters of groups as to satisfy the logician. We frequently seea species connected by the closest affinity to others, yet differing from them in the very points in which the latter mutually agree, so that
46 Bibliographical Notices.
it is impossible to draw up a definition which shall embrace the whole, without qualifying it with such terms as “ generally,” ‘‘ more or less,” “except,” &c. Mr. Gray has overcome these difficulties by care and judgement, and has given us very full generalizations of generic cha- racters, though these would have been more useful if the diagnostic portion of them were printed in a different type, or otherwise sepa- rated from the general mass. Another important feature in the work is the condensation of superfluous genera, which are daily manu- factured by scores on trivial or imaginary characters, and which Mr. Gray has used a sound discretion in reducing within reasonable limits. - In regard to species, the author has only been able to give a full list of them under each genus, accompanied by their chief synonyms and references to the principal works where they are figured or de- scribed. To have annexed their specific characters would have ex- tended the work fourfold and consumed years of valuable time. The localities might however have been mentioned with advantage, and the specific characters of the new species which are occasionally in- troduced ought to have been added. In other respects the student is-guided at once to the best sources of information, while the rigid impartiality with which the rule of priority is enforced supplies him with a nomenclature which seems likely to be permanent.
In the illustrative plates the essential characters of every genus are admirably displayed, and in each subfamily a coloured plate of some new or unfigured species is introduced. This portion of the work is beautifully executed by. Mr. Mitchell, who has entered fully into the spirit of that improved style of delineation first introduced into or- nithology by Mr.and Mrs. Gould’s unrivalled pencils. Mr. Mitchell has been the first to apply the art of lithotint to the illustration of zoological subjects, and in representing that wonderfully organized structure, the plumage of birds, we are inclined to prefer it to any other method, as attaining the happy medium between the hardness of line-engraving and the indistinctness of common lithography. Indeed in respect both of drawing and colouring, it would be scarcely possible to produce more perfect copies of nature than some of these plates exhibit. The only defect which we have noticed is the occa- sionally too abrupt transition of the leg into the body in some of the figures, that of Hsacus and Syrrhaptes for instance.
. It will be evident to the practical zoologist that this beautiful and elaborate work will tend greatly to advance our knowledge of orni- thology, and that no’ public or private museum can be scientifically arranged without its aid.
Descriptiones Animalium que in itinere ad Maris Australis terras per - annos 1772-74 suscepto collegit J. R. Forster, nunc demum edite curante H. Lichtenstein. 8vo. Berlin, 1844. Pp. 424.
Professor Lichtenstein has conferred a boon on literature and sci- ence by rescuing from oblivion these original observations of a pro- found and learned naturalist. John Reinhold Forster is well-known as the companion of Cook in his second voyage round the world, but by various mischances these memoranda of the valuable additions which he made to natural history have remained in MS. for seventy
Bibliographical Notices. 47
years, and only obscure and imperfect notices of his. zoological dis- coveries have hitherto seen the light. The drawings of animals made by his son George have met with nearly the same neglect as the text to which they refer; having remained unpublished. to the present time in the archives of the British Museum. Schneider in- deed, in his edition of Bloch’s Fishes, introduced some of the mate- rials of Forster’s MSS., and Latham founded many of bis species of birds on the specimens and drawings brought home by the two Forsters. The descriptions of Latham were however generally vague and insufficient, so that it is often difficult to determine. the precise species or even genus to which they refer, and the exact descriptions and measurements now furnished us by this work of Forster’s will therefore be of the utmost use in identifying many obscure species, especially those of the little-known islands of the Pacific. It is in- deed much to be regretted that the work before us was not published at the time that it was written, as it would then have supplied the com- pilations of Gmelin and Latham with materials of the highest value, while Forster would have had the credit due to his labours, and the scientific. names which he proposed would have been generally adopted. But by publishing the work at the present time, nearly all Forster’s specific names have lost their right of priority and must take their rank as synonyms. Yet in spite of this imconvenience, the work comes “‘ better late than never ;” it will remain a monument of Forster’s accuracy of observation and high attainments as a natu- ralist ; and though the majority of the animals described were pre- viously known from other works, yet some, especially of the Inver- tebrata, appear to be now first described, while the most important additional light is thrown upon others.
This volume is in fact the Zoological Appendix to ‘ Cook’s Second Voyage,’ and is also a valuable accompaniment to the ‘ Observations made during a Voyage round the World,’ which Forster published in 1778, and to the ‘ Journal of the Voyage’ which his son edited. Some portions of it are in the form of a diary, narrating the events of the expedition, but the greater part is occupied with minute de- scriptions of the animals collected or observed. Professor Lichten- stein deserves great praise for the strictness with which he has ad- hered to Forster’s text, and for his valuable notes on the synonymy of the species described. In the latter department he has been aided by Erichson, who has identified many of the insects described by Forster.
We may hope that this publication may draw attention to the drawings of the younger Forster, now in the British Museum. It is much to be wished that a selection of such of these drawings as are of the greatest interest to science were engraved and published. Their importance is shown by the fact that foreign zoologists have on several occasions made pilgrimages to London to inspect these designs, and. have quoted them as the authorities on which specific distinctions have been founded. The first step towards this object would be to publish an exact catalogue of Forster’s drawings, distin- guishing under each design the name which has been given to the species by Schneider, Latham, Forster, and the modern zoologists respectively.
48 Zoological Society.
PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES.
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. January 14, 1845.—William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.
Mr. Gould exhibited to the Meeting a number of Birds from China, being the first collection forwarded from Amoy to this country. He described the following new species :—
Corvus pastrnatTor. Cor. plumis ptilose saturate purpurascente- nigris ; caudd virescenti ; scapulariis tectricibusque caude maculd semilunari nigrd ad apices ornatis ; rostro tarsisque nigris.
‘The entire plumage deep shining purplish black or plum-colour, glossed with a greenish hue on the tail-feathers ; the scapularies and upper tail-coverts with an obscure crescent-shaped mark of black at the tip; bill and feet shining black.
Total length 18 inches ; bill, 23 ; wing, 12; tail, 7; tarsi, 2}; mid- dle toe and claw, 23.
Hab. Chusan.
Remark.—This species is closely allied to the Rook of Europe, but differs from it in the hue of the plumage, which is of a beautiful pur- ple or plum-colour where the European bird is green; the bill is also straighter and the face much less denuded, the fleshy base of the nostrils being the only part destitute of feathers ; the feet and claws are also larger.
MeEreus onIENTALIS. Mer. (Foem.) capite cristd colloque rubi- ginoso-rubris ; mento albo ; corpore superiore, caudd, alis, lateri- busque griseis; primariis ferrugineo-nigris ; secundariis albis ; corpore inferiore pallide cervino ; tectricibus caude albidis.
Female.—Head, neck and crest dark rust-red ; chin white; all the upper surface, wings, tail and flanks grey; primaries brownish black ; secondaries pure white; under surface cream-colour, fading into white on the under tail-coverts.
Total length 23 inches ; bill, 24; wing, 92; tail, 5; tarsi, 2.
Hab. Amoy.
Remark.—Nearly allied to the Goosander of Europe, but smaller in size and more delicate in colour than that bird. I believe a male of this bird is in the British Museum; the female is in my own col- lection, and is the only one I have seen. The specimen in the Mu- seum assimilates as closely to the male of the European bird as the one here described does to the female.
Pica srerica. PP. capite, collo, pectore et tectricibus caude saturate nigris ; tectricibus alarum cinereo-ceruleis, ventre et scapulariis albis ; cauda metallicé nigro-viridi ; rostro et pedibus nigris.
Head, throat, chest, upper part of the back, upper and under tail-
coverts deep black; secondaries and greater wing-coverts shining steel-blue ; spurious wing and edges of the base of the outer webs of the primaries shining deep green ; inner webs of the primaries white ; the tips of the primaries and the margins of the inner webs for a short distance from the tip black; scapularies and belly pure white ; tail greenish black, with bronze reflexions ; bill and feet black.
Zoological Society. 49
Total length about 19 inches; bill, 2; wing, 8; tail about 12; tarsi, 2}.
Hab. Amoy.
Closely allied to the common Magpie, but differs in the wings being blue instead of green, in the rather less extent of the white, and in having a longer bill and much longer tarsi.
Mr. Gould also exhibited to the Meeting a small species of Mam- mal, which he characterized as
Dromicia concinna. Drom. maculd nigrd ante oculos ; corpore superne et parte exteriore crurum pallide brunneis ; crurum parte interiore et corpore subtis distincte albis.
Before the eye a mark of black; all the upper surface, the outer side of the limbs and the tail, pale sandy brown; all the under sur- face and the inner side of the limbs white ; the two colours distinctly separated, or not blending into each other.
Length of the head and body, 33 inches; of the tail, 34; of the ear, 5.
Hab. Western Australia.
Very nearly allied to the Dromicia of Van Diemen’s Land, but distinguished from that animal by its much smaller size, by the di- stinct separation of the colours of the upper and under surface, and by the absence of any enlargement at the base of the tail.
Also a new Grallatorial bird, which he named
Furica austrauis. Jul. capite colloque nigris; superné griseo- nigro, subtis fuliginoso ; iridibus rubris ; rostro cinereo-ceruleo ; vertice viridi-albo ; tarsis pedibusque griseis.
Head and neck black ; all the upper surface greyish black; under surface sooty black ; irides bright red; bill light bluish grey ; crown of the head greenish white ; legs and feet French grey.
Total length 14 inches; bill, 14; wing, 8; tail, 24; tarsi, 2}.
Hab. Western Australia.
** Descriptions of species of Bats collected in the Philippine Islands, and presented to the Society by H. Cuming, Esq.” By G. R. Water- house, Esq. Ps
The following descriptions and notices, added to those given in the ‘Annals,’ vol. xiii. p. 302, include all the species of the order Cheiroptera collected by Mr. Cuming in the Philippine Islands; and it is necessary to state, with regard to the descriptions alluded to, that they are all drawn up from specimens preserved in spirit; and although every care has been taken to ascertain the true colouring of the fur as nearly as possible by repeated examinations of the spe- cimens, mounted as they were in clear spirits of wine, the colours may not prove to be exactly as I have supposed.
The following table displays some of the more prominent charac- ters of the species of Vespertilio (generally so difficult to determine) about to be described :—
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Vol, xvi. KE
50 Zoological Society.
A. Wing-membrane extending to the distal end of tibia, a. Ears moderate, or rather small, rounded ; tragus rather short,
rounded at the apex; heel-cartilage short,
a.1, Nostrils separated by a moderately wide space, and opening sublate- THY 6 yea ey hen ae Caves gee een rite,
a. 2. Nostrils with a narrow space be- tween them (a distinct notch, how- ever, in that space), and opening almost.in front 05 6... s eee ee Se Vesp. Eschscholtzii.
6, Ears large and pointed; tragus long, narrow and pointed ; heel-cartilage long.
6.1. Hind-foot very large.......... 8. Vesp. macrotarsus. 6.2. Hind-foot small.............. 4. Vesp. pellucidus.
B. Wing-membrane extending to base of toes, a, Ears short, rounded at apex; tragus
short, subpointed ............ 5. Vesp. Meyeni, b. Ears large, pointed ; tragus long, at- tenuated and pointed ,......, 6, Vesp. rufo-pictus.
VEsPERTILIO TRIsTIS. Vesp. vellere molli, nigricanti-fuliginoso ; auribus mediocribus, rotundatis ; tragis mediccribus arcuatis, apice rotundatis ; rostro brevi obtuso; alis angustis. —
unc, lin
Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin.... 2 5 ai ie ga a ek aR A BE 9 Ceo et ae Wate Gckce es ease eke eek
OT a BEG Shiai dis, ana i, dag | AYMPOA WIRE ss the ce sete 35 tac 13 0
The fur is dense in this species, but not long; dense fur extends on to the head, and leaves but a small portion of the muzzle, which is covered with shorter hair: the general colour is sooty black, and the hairs appear to be uniform to the root; those on the belly are
slightly tinted with greyish at the point. The incisor teeth are =, The forehead is much arched; the muzzle short and obtusely
rounded, very broad and hairy; the lower lip has a narrow trans- verse naked area at the tip; the nostrils are sublateral, moderately separated, and there is a slight depression between them, The ears are moderate, rounded, but with the upper, or anterior, margin nearly straight; the tragus is curved, and rather obtusely rounded at the point, about 25 lines in length, and 12 line in width, The Wings are rather narrow, and have the membranes black; they ex- tend to the heel of the hind-foot, which has the metatarsus narrow and long, the distance from the heel to the base of the toes exceeding the toes in length; the toes are shortish and equal, the nails are also short and but little curved; the heel-cartilage is short, bent back, and not easily brought in a right angle with the tibia, as in many of the species of the present genus. The hind-legs are rather long ;
Zoological Society. 51
the interfemoral membrane ample, naked above and below, excepting quite at the base; the tail is enclosed to the point in this membrane ; the thumb is moderate,
VesprrtiLio Escuscnourzi. Vesp. vellere longo fusco-nigricante, corpore subtis pilis apicibus cinerascentibus ; artubus fuscis ; au- ribus brevibus ; tragis angustis, ad apicem rotundatis, antice emar-
ginatis, unc. lin. Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin,... 2 0O DOs ea ve eh feces 8 peep pF 2 0 ——— STOO svc isc eV ees oh 4 1” 9 moms AUTES oe eee eee om Me OBE Adarwum amplitudo 5 voces tissieceddrvses 42°.0
Incisor teeth F; the outermost incisor of the upper jaw is smaller than the inner one. The forehead is much arched, and separated, as it were, from the muzzle by a deep transverse depression; on each side of the head is a naked groove, which runs over the eye. ‘The muzzle is short and rounded, naked at the tip only, the other parts moderately well clothed with hairs: the nostrils open almost in front, and are more than usually approximated; their upper boundary is prominent, and there is a deep groove between them. On the inner side of the upper lip are two small fleshy folds, and some com- pressed tubercles situated toward the angle of the mouth; the lower lip has a narrow triangular naked area at the tip. The ears are short, broad and rounded, but have the upper margin subtruncated; on the inner side are two transverse ridges; the lower part of the ear is extended forwards to the angle of the mouth. The tragus is narrow, curved, rounded at the point, indistinctly emarginated on the outer side, and about 22 lines in length. The wings are rather narrow, and extend along the hind-leg to the distal end of the tibia only. The hind-legs are moderate; the metatarsus narrow and long, the distance from the heel to the base of the toes exceeding the toes in length; the toes are rather short and nearly equal. ‘The inter- femoral membrane is ample, naked, excepting at the base; the heel- cartilage is short; the tail enclosed in the interfemoral membrane to the point; the thumb is very small.
Of the species described in this paper, Vespertilio Eschscholtzit approaches most nearly to the V. tristis; it is much smaller, how- ever, than that animal, has the thumb smaller in proportion, and its colouring is less dark. Among the species of M. Temminck’s Mo- nograph our V. tristis most nearly resembles, in the form of its head and ears, the V. blepotis (pl. 53. fig. 2.); the V. Eschscholtzii (of which Mr. Cuming brought home several specimens) is at least one- third smaller.
’ VESPERTILIO MACROTARSUS. Vegsp, supra cinereus, subtis albicans ; auribus longis, angusiis, ad apicem acutis, postice fer? rectis ; trago elongato, atienuato, acuto; alis amplis fuscis, ad basin pal- lidioribus.
E2
52 Zoological Society.
es =)
ne. lin. Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin.... 2 3 ad basin auris .... O 5 cade SE SS pace veces ewes “8 40 — antibrachii...... “cB LERERN PSS the pollicis Se eh i ee IE os bsoe OU 3 auris . Rissa es Shetek he 0 65 pedis postici a calce ad apicem digiti 0 6 Alarum amplitudo eid au's % shay AAS eae ll 0
The fur on the back is apparently eke grey next the skin, and pale ashy grey externally, and on the under parts the hairs are grey
at the base and whitish at the point. The incisors are os ; the
pair of incisors on either side of upper jaw nearly equal. The fore- head is convex, and separated from the muzzle by a transverse de- pression: the muzzle somewhat produced and pointed, the mesial portion above and in front naked, the naked portion above extending about two lines from the tip, and separated from the somewhat swollen cheeks by a longitudinal groove on each side: between the nostrils, which are widely separated and pierced almost laterally, is a shallow grooye. The lips have small scattered hairs, excepting at the tip, where they are naked; on the chin is a naked wart some- what removed from the apex. The ears are largeish and rather nar- row, pointed, and have the hinder margin nearly straight. The tragus is narrowish, attenuated, and pointed at the apex. ‘The wings are ample, and the membranes encroach on the back so as to reduce the portion covered with fur to a narrow strip of about half an inch in width ; they extend along the hind-leg to the heel only ; the thumb is comparatively long; the hind-foot very-large, and having the toes equal, excepting the outer one (according to the natural position of the foot, but the toe corresponding to the inner toe in most other animals), which is rather shorter. The interfemoral membrane is moderately ample, and does not extend quite to the tip of the tail, a portion of about one line in length being free. The heel-cartilage is very long.
In the large size of the hind-foot the present species approaches the V. Hasseletii of Temminck’s Monograph, but it does not appear that that. species has the wings encroaching on the back as in V. ma- crotarsus; the ears are much larger, the thumb also larger, tail longer, &c. The proportions, as compared with those of M. Tem- minck’s V. macrodactylus and V. brachypterus, differ considerably, though both these species have the hind-foot large; the larger ears, longer thumb, and more ample wing will serve to distinguish it.
VESPERTILIO PELLUCIDUS. Vesp. vellere longo, pallide rufo, cor- pore subtis cinerascenti-albo ; alis fuscis, pellucidis ; auribus mag- nis, apice acutis, postice emarginatis ; trago elongato, attenuato ; rostro producto, depresso, subacuto.
unc. lin. Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin.... 1 8 CME OS corners eee ay Gals ake, oe
Zooloyical Society. 53
une. lin. Longitudo antibrachit.......00ceeveecveee he ie ~——— UIIS . 6.6% ie s.¢h Ad RROD pals iad Alarum amplitudo ........++seeeseeeeees 9 6
The fur in this animal is long, of a delicate pale rufous on the upper parts of the body, but slightly tinted with grey next the rian" the
under parts are ashy white. The incisor teeth are as usual 7 ae ; the
two innermost of the upper jaw are widely separated, long-pointed, and resemble‘canine teeth; the outer pair are very small. The forehead is considerably arched ; the muzzle produced, pointed and depressed, and has a slight concavity above; the nostrils are widely separated, pierced laterally, and have a slight depression between them; the tip of the muzzle is naked. ‘The lower lip has a small, hence naked space at the tip. ‘The ears are of a very pale brown colour, large, trans- ‘parent, pointed, and strongly emarginated behind; the tragus is very long and slender (its length being about 42 lines, and width at the base less than 1 line), and decreases gradually in width from the | base to the point; close to its root, externally, is a slightly promi- nent angle. ‘The wings are large and supported by very delicate and slender bones, very transparent, and extend slightly on to the toe of the ltind-foot. ‘The hind-legs are long and slender; the foot small; the metatarsus shorter thau the toes, which are slender and very nearly equal, if we except the one to which the wing is slightly attached, which is distinctly shorter than the rest. The interfemo- ral membrane is ample, and presents a few scattered hairs: the heel- cartilage long. The tail is long, and enclosed in thé membrane to the point ; the fourth vertebra from the base has much flesh about it, which forms a small lump,—perhaps this is accidental. ‘The thumb is slender, but rather long.
This species is remarkable for having long and extremely slender limbs, and for the transparency of its flying-membranes. I could read this writing through the wing-membranes, moistened as they were with the spirit, at a distance of more than a quarter of an inch.
VesPeRTILIO Mryeni. Vesp. intense rufescenti-fuscus, pilis ad basin albescentibus ; corpore subtiis cinereo lavato; brachiis ru- FSescentibus ; rostro brevi, obtuso ; auribus subtriangulis, ad apicem rotundatis, postice emarginatis; tragis arcuatis, angustis, ad apicem
subacutis. ; une. lin. Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin.... 1 7 ne COMA» ss aint aro veh Snare Cokie HewK 0 11 — antibrachii........ Sib pie ote RN gio e ee | ee CUTE Ki ei bay ign et reac 0 2? Alarum amplitudo ............ ba Ha Waite 4s 6 6
This species has the usual number of incisors Ge) ; the inner-
most pair of the upper jaw are larger than the external pair, and bifid at the apex. The forehead is moderately arched; the muzzle is broad and but sparingly clothed with hairs, swollen at the sides ;
(64 Zoological Society.
two longitudinal grooves mark the usual external boundaries of the nasal bones; and these grooves, at first shallow, become deeper be- hind, where they are curved outwards towards the eyes, over which is a small fleshy tubercle; the upper part of the nose (between the two grooves mentioned) is almost naked, but a few minute scattered hairs are observed at the tip, and even in front, and along the edge of the upper lip. The lower lip presents a very small triangular . naked patch at the tip. The nostrils are rather widely separated, and open obliquely outwards. The ears are short, subtriangular, have the extreme point rounded, and the posterior border slightly emarginated; on the inner side are three or four transverse ruge. The tragus is narrow, subpointed, and has a notch in the middle of the external margin. The wings are somewhat narrow, and have the membranes of a very dark brown colour, the limbs being of a dusky purplish red tint; the membrane of the wing extends to the base of the toes. The thumb is small; the hind-legs shortish; the metatarsus short, being about equal in length to the toes, which are very nearly equal, the outer one being but a trifle shorter than the others. ‘The interfemoral membrane is by no means ample, brown above and very pale beneath, where pale scattered hairs are observa- ble, especially near the tail; above, this membrane appears to be naked, excepting at the base. The heel-cartilage is moderate, and on the lower or outer side of this cartilage is an obtusely-angular piece of membrane, about 2 lines in length and 1 line in breadth. The tail has the extreme point free.
I have attached to this and one of the foregoing species the names of two able naturalists who have contributed to our knowledge of the zoological productions of the Philippine Islands.
The V. Meyeni apparently approaches most nearly to the V. trala- titius of Temminck’s Monograph, but has the muzzle broader and more rounded, the ears less pointed, the tail, antibrachium and tibie shorter, the latter considerably so ; the foot is also shorter and broader than represented in M. Temminck’s figure of that species. The co- louring (so far as one may judge from specimens preserved in spirit) also differs.
VESPERTILIO RUFO«PICTUS. Vesp. supra ochraceis, pilis ad basin cinereis ; corpore subtis flavescenti-albo ; alis nigrescentibus, ared magnd ad basin, brachiis, membrandque interfemorali rufis ; auribus longis, angustis, acutis, posticé distincté emarginatis ; tragis at- tenuatis, acutis.
unc. lin. Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin.... 2 3 et COMME 6 EAB ETASE SD Es re (mee tae) @ | antibrachtt’........ enviysaeeccn” FY IT
ht MeL EL EER eee Tee 0 53 Alaruin Mplitudo: péo. on tiikPaieicns alesei 13 6
Fur moderate ; on the upper parts of the body pale grey at the root, and of a delicate yellow colour externally ; on the under parts of the body yellowish white, scarcely tinted with grey at the root. The wing-membranes are black, excepting in the region of the bones of
Zoological Society. 55
the fingers and a large area at the base, at which parts they are of a bright red colour; a straight line drawn obliquely across the wifig from the thumb to the heel would mark the boundary of the red basal portion. ‘The small strip of membrane above the arm is red, clouded with black. The limbs and interfemoral membrane are also red, and the naked tip to the muzzle, as well as the ears, are very pale flesh« colour. Tlie hinder toes are dusky at the tip.
The forehead is but little arched; the muzzle is produced, but somewhat rounded at the tip, which is the only part which is naked, and even here a few minute scattered hairs are observable in the middle. Above the nose are two loigitudinal grooves. The lower lip has a semicifcular naked space at the tip, and a tubercle is ob- served between this point and the throat. ‘The nostrils are lateral, and the space between them is slightly depressed. The eats are long, rather narrow and pointed, and distinctly emarginated behind. The tragus is about 44 lines long, narrow; attenuated and pointed. The wings aie very ample and extend to the base of the toes. The thumb is long; the hind-legs moderately long; the metatarsus shorter than the toes (claws not included), and these are very nearly equal. The interfemoral membrane is moderately ample, well-clothed with hair at the base, arid a few longish scattered hairs are observable on other parts, especially on the upper surface. The heel-cartilage is long, extending to within about four and a half lines of the tail.
This species very much résemibles the Vesperiilio pictus of Pallas, but is much larger, and differs in the form and proportions of its ears.
Tapnozovs pnitippinensis. Tuaph, vellere brevi fuscescente vel
castaneo, corpore subtis pallidiore ; pilis ad basin albescentibus ; auribus mediocribus.
: une. lin Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin.... 3 14
—caude ..... AMER REALS OR Ben’ 0 8
ab apice rostri ad basin auris .... O 5
— auris ...... eye ere ore 0 6
— ARUOPUORE 6 o's sins bie d ives sy Q 7
ogg tibie i ee oe eer | Ce et se wes e vs ites 0 ll
AlaPaint aimplitudo ig iis as, i nats cr ea «e's 13 6
This species approaches most nearly to the Taphozous saccolaimus, but differs in being considerably smaller, in having the muzzle shorter and more pointed, the ears larger, and the feet considerably smaller ; the colouring moreover is different. It agrees with 7. lon- gimanus in having no throat-pouch or nakedness at that part, but differs in its proportions, &c.
The fur is short and by no means dense, nearly white next the skin both on the upper and under parts of the body; on the upper parts the hairs have the visible portion tipped with reddish brown or chestnut colour, sumetimes brown. ‘The under parts are always of a paler hue than the upper, and sometimes almost white, merely suffused with pale chestnut-brown : on the throat this colour is usually more intense. ‘The wing-membranes are brown, sometimes dusky ; the interfemoral membrane assumes a paler hue beneath. 7
56 Zoological Society.
The head, viewed from above, presents a triangular figure, of which the tip of the muzzle forms the apex, and is somewhat acute; the nose is slightly prominent; the nostrils terminal, and but slightly separated ; the upper lip terminates in a point ; the under lip is some- what swollen at the extremity, and a largeish transverse swelling or tubercle is observed below the chin. ‘The ears have the anterior part running on to the forehead, but separated by a space of about two lines, which space is occupied by the deep frontal pit; they are of moderate size, perhaps might be called rather large; the lateral and anterior margins meet so as to form nearly a right angle; on the anterior margin, which is thickened, is a series of pointed tubercles ; the lateral or outer margin is very slightly emarginated, and on the inner side numerous transverse small folds or ridges are perceptible ; the point of the ear is narrow, but rounded. ‘The tragus is scarcely 2 lines in length, and about 23 lines in width, rounded at the apex and contracted at the base. ‘The tail is enclosed in the interfemoral membrane rather less than one-third of its length. The interfemoral membrane is about eleven lines in antero-posterior extent, naked beneath, slightly hairy above to the base of the free portion of the tail, which has a few long scattered hairs. ‘The feet are almost naked, having only a few scattered hairs. The limbs are of a pale dirty flesh- colour.
The teeth most nearly resemble those of skull fig. 11. pl. 60. of Temminck’s Monograph, but the incisors are more expanded at the apex than represented in that figure, and very deeply notched. The formulee are the same, viz. incisors, 2; canines, = ; molars, 3 : the first false molar of the upper jaw is small and almost hidden by the gum; the second distinct; both first and second false molars of lower jaw are distinct; the latter is most elevated, but the foremost is the largest. The palate has numerous well-developed transverse ridges, seven in number, if we commence from between the canines, in front of which are two others less distinct; the third, which is between the false molars, is most developed. ‘The tongue is thick, but pointed at the apex, and presents a triangular transverse section, extending in its ordinary position to the incisor teeth, which on the inner side are covered by the gum up to their points.
Besides these, and the Philippine Island Bats noticed or described in the ‘Annals,’ vol. xiii. p. 302, I have to add, as also forming part of Mr. Cuming’s collection, a species of Nycticejus which agrees most closely with the N. borbonicus; this and the Taphozous phi- lippinensis appear to be extremely abundant in the Philippine Islands ; and lastly, a species of Dysopes, which I feel very little doubt is the D. tenuis of Horsfield; it agrees most closely with the detailed de- scription and figure given by Temminck.
January 28.—William Horton Lloyd, Esq., in the Chair.
‘Description of three new species of Shells belonging to the genus Artemis,” by Sylvanus Hanley, Esq.
ARTEMIS SIMPLEX. Art. testd orbiculari-subirigond, solidd, sub-
Zoological Society, 57
inequilaterali, nitidd, eburned, ventricosd, concentrice et subimbri- catim sulcatd; sulcis haud confertis ; margine ventrali arcuato ; dorsali utringue declivi, antic? retuso, postice arcuato ; utrdque extremitate rotundatd ; lunuld haud magnd, impressd ; ared dorsali posticd nulld. Long. 1°63; lat. 1°55 poll,
Index Testaceologicus, sup. t. 15. f, 41.
Hab. Panama, St. Elena. Mus. Cuming, Hanley.
The general outline, owing to the abruptness of its slopes, closely resembles that of excisa; but in that species the sulci (or rather cos- tell) are elevated, the hinder dorsal area is excavated, and the lunule is large and ill-defined, The colour is ivory-white, with usually a zone or two of very pale blue; and, contrary to the other two spe- cies, the greatest length is from the beaks to the lower or ventral margin. .
ARTEMIS suBQqUADRATA. Art. testd suborbiculari, subquadratd, compressa, subpellucidd, valde inequilateralt, intus extusque albidd, concentrice substriatd ; margine ventrali posticé arcuato, antice convexo et sursim acclivi; dorsali antice convexo haudque declivi, postice subrecto et declivi; extremitate postica latissimd, anticd angustd ; lunuld magnd, subobsoletd, Long, 1°62; lat. 1°75 poll.
Ind. Test., sup. t. 15. f. 39.
Hab. St. Elena, West Columbia. Mus. Cuming, Hanley.
The peculiar breadth of the posterior side, whose upper or dorsal angle is horizontal, or even ascending, the freedom from incurvation and abrupt slope of the front dorsal line, and the scarcely defined lunule, concur to render this rare shell strikingly different from any known species in this genus.
ArteMis scuteTa. Art. testd orbiculari-subquadratd, magis mi- nusve ventricosd, solidiusculd, inequilaterali, subnitidd, sordideé albidd aut albido-lutescente (nonnunquam pallid? livido-fuscescente alboque marmoratd), concentricé sulcatd ; striis radiantibus, sulcos confertissimos antice (plerumque etiam posticé) decussantibus ; sulcis medio subimbricatis, ad utramque extremitatem lamellosis ; margine ventralt subarcuato ; dorsali postice convexiusculo vixque declivi, anticé retuso et pauld declivi; lunuld impressd, ovato- cordatd; ared dorsali posticd nulld; natibus haud prominentibus. Long. 1°80; lat. 2 poll.
Ind, Test., sup. t. 15. f. 42.
Hab. Australia? Mus. Hanley, &c.
The radiating lines are not always perceptible on the posterior
side of the adult, and the concentric sulci in that case appear fim- briated. It is allied to subrosea of Gray.
February 11.—William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.
A specimen of Cancer norvegicus, taken by a fishing-boat at the ** Silver Pits,” eighty miles eastward of Scarborough, was presented by Mr. Ingarfield.
A communication was read from James Stark, M.D., F.R.S.E., in which he advocates the hypothesis that the Tetrao medius is neither
58 Zoological Society:
a hybrid nor a distinct species, but merely an immatiire male of the Tetrao Urogallus or Capercailzie, founding his opinion of the ap- pearance of the Tetrao medius immediately after the re-introduction of the Capercailzie into Scotland by the Earl of Breadalbane, and on the fact, that no two species of a genus; however similar they may be in appearance, pair voluntarily while in a state of nature.
February 25.=-R. ©. Griffith, Esq., in the-Chair. * Descriptions of six new spécies of Donaz, in the collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq. (Corr. Memb.),” by Sylvanus Hanley, Esq.
Donax tTicaonicus. Don. testd cuneiformi, converd, nitidissimd, solidd, obliqud, levigatd, maxime inequilaterali, albidd, aut livido- purpurascente, concolore, epidermide flavescente induid ; margine ventrali integro, magis minusve convexo; dorsali, antice declivi et subrecto dit subretuso, postice subrecto et subitd declivi; extre- mitate lateris antici producti, aitenuatd, rotundatd ; latere postico brevissimo, truncato et inferné obtuse angulato ; pube concentrice et profunde rugosd ; natibus acutis, prominentibus ; superficie in- ternd aut violaced aut albidd violaced postice fucatd; dente late- rali antico remoto, postico approwimato. Long. 1*; lat: 1‘50 poll.
Hab. 'Ticao, Philippines (Cuming). -
Remarkable for its obliquity and the abrupt truncation of the pos-
terior side.
Donax cutter. Don. tesid elongatd, angustd, converd, satis inequi- laterali, nitidd, striulis exilibus confertim radiatd, variis coloribus pictd (plerumque purpured, sed etiam flavd linets purpureo-brun- neis radiatd, albidd radtis violaceis aut lividis, aurantid et rosed, sepe radiis albidis ornatd) ; margine ventral crénulato, antice sub- recto, postice convexo; dorsali antice recto et vie paululim de- chivi, postice convexo satisque declivi; latere antico producto, ad extremitatem obtuse rotundato ; postico rotundato-cuneiformi ; lu- nulé ligamentoque angustis ; pube striis simplicibus radiatd ; costd umbonali obtusissimd ; dentibus lateralibus haud remotis:
Var. a. Testa subinequilaterali ; margine ventrali medio subpostice reiuso; dente laterali antico, plerumque magis dpproximato. |
' Var. b. Testd minus elongatd et magis inequilaterali ; margine ven- trali rard retuso ; dente laterali antico plerumque magis remoto.
Long. 0°50; lat. 1°50.
Hab. Var. a. Matzellan, Gulf of California (Cuming).
Var. 6. Acapuleo (Cumiiig),
Rather a common shell, and élosely allied to pulchella:
Donax asreR. Don. testa trigond, ventricosd, solidd, subinequilate- rali, albidd aut carned, antic? nitidiusculd et radiatim striatd, pos- tice impolitd et radiatim costellatd ; striis exilibus et simplicibus; costellts parvis, decissatis, aut subsquamosis aut subgranosis, supra costam umbonalem angulatam confertis ; marginé ventrali crenato, arcuato ; dorsali antico, valde declivi, subrecto ; postico retuso, inermi, subitoqué declivi: extremitate lateris antici longioris, ro- tundatd, posticd angulatd ; natibus valde prominentibus et maxime
Zoological Society. 59
incurvatis ; pube pland ; dentibus lateralibus approximatis. Long. 1°30; lat. 1°60 pol.
Hab. Tumbez, Peru (Cuming).
Closely resembling dentiferus, but not provided with the charac- teristic tooth, much stronger and more triangular, and with its ven- tral edge more arcuated, and its front extremity more attenuated. The front dorsal edge appears retuse (which it is not in reality), from the lateral projection of the swollen beaks. The lower margin is stained with violet anteriorly.
Donax Navicuta. Don. testd elongato-trigond, crassd, subventri- cosd, nitidd, subinequilaterali, sublevigatd (striis radiantibus tantum in medio perspicuis), albd, epidermide flavd indutd, prope marginem dorsalem utrinque brunneo-purpurascente strigatd ; mar- gine ventrali in medio ventricoso, intus crenato; dorsali antic? — subrecto et subdeclivi, postic® incurvato et declivi; ared posticd levi, subconcavd ; latere antico longiore, angustato, ad extremitatem rotundato ; postico cuneiformi, ad extremitatem obtuso ; ligamento minimo ; costd umbonali obtusd ; superficie internd albidd, utrinque Superne purpured; dentibus lateralibus maxim? approzimatis. Long. 0°40; lat. 0°90 poll. |
Hab. Gulf of Nicoya, Central America (Cuming).
Allied to californiensis, but more triangular.
Donax Gracitis, Don, testd elongatd, angustd, nitidd, valde in- equilaterali, compressd, sublevigatd, albidd aut pallide violaceo- rufescente, epidermide lutescente indutd ; margine ventrali convexo aut subarcuato, haud flexuoso, intus crenulato ; dorsali magis mi- nusve livido, utrinque subrecto, antic? vie paululim declivi, postice valde declivi; latere antico producto, attenuato, ad extremitatem rotundato, postico acuminato-cuneiformi ; ligamento minimo ; ared posticd levi, obtusissimd ; costd umbonali obtusd ; superficie internd purpurascente ; dentibus lateralibus perspicuis, approximatis.
Var. b. Testa albidd,; radiis paucis livido-rufescentibus ornatd.
Var. c. Testd rufescente aut lividd.
Long. 0°40; lat. 1 poll. :
Hab. Bay of Guayaquil. Var. b. Chiriqui. Var. ¢. Bay of Garac-
cas (Cuming).
Allied to Owenii, but with the margin crenulated.
Donax sornpipus. Don. testid abbreviato-cuneiformi, convexd, niti- diusculd, solidd, valdé inequilaterali, strits exilibus simplicibus confertim radiatd, sordide albidd ; lineis elevatis obliquis subcon- centricis, partem superiorem et levigatam teste postice asperanti- bus ; margine ventrali crenulato, medio arcuato ; dorsali antico, declivi et subrecto ; postico subrecto et valde declivi ; latere antico attenuato ; postico brevi et inferne (in adultis etiam superne) obtuse angulato ; pube fortiter et confertim rugis subdecussatis concentrice exardtd ; costd umbonali subangulaid ; superficie internd albidd, purpureo infectd; dentibus lateralibus approximatis, antico per- magno. Long. 0°70; lat. 1 poll.
Hab. Cape of Good Hope. Mus. Brit., Cuming.
60 Zoological Society.
Intermediate between striata and semisulcata. The raised oblique lines which roughen the posterior side near the beaks where the strie have become entirely obsolete, are a striking character in this rare species.
Mr. Fraser exhibited to the Meeting and characterized three new species of Birds from the Society’s collection, viz :—
PaLtmornis MopEstus. Pal. ptilose viridis; genis pallideé cervinis ; vittd a anes ad oculos viridescenti-nigrd ; mandibulis nigris.
Hab.
This bird is nearly allied to the P. pondicerianus, but differs in
the colour of the cheeks, breast and mandibles; it differs also from
P. malaccensis in the paler colour of the cheeks, and that colour not
extending further back than the ears, in the colour of the beak, &c. ;
it may also be readily distinguished from Mr. Hodgson’s Nepaul spe- cies by the colouring of the cheeks.
Lorius superBus. Lor. capite et tectricibus majoribus inferioribus alarum nigris; genis, lateribus, pectore et uropygio rubris ; nuchd, ventre, femore, et tectricibus caude inferioribus ceruleis ; scapulis, tectricibus alarum inferioribus minoribus, et dimidio ter- minali caude ceruleis ; alis externis viridibus.
Hab.
This bird is about the size and is closely allied to the Lorius Phi-
lippensis, Briss., but differs in having the shoulders and smaller under wing-coverts blue, the larger ones black (in this respect it somewhat resembles the Lorius domicellus, Auct.) ; in the absence of the red band immediately below the black crown ; and in having an entire red band from shoulder to shoulder, whereas in L. Philip- pensis it is only partial.
Larus Bripeesiu. Lar. ptilose griseus; capite et mento pallidé ci- nereis; primartis et secundariis nigris, apicitbus secundariarum albis, fasciam albam trans alas formantibus ; quibusdam primariis apicibus albidis ; vittd nigrd lat. 1 poll. prope apices remigum ; rostro pedibusque nigris.
poll. Tok, Meee isc oe wont se npipetimiane s ree 18 ae aes “ae: ee: 8 | ANE S90 = pins og tthe « wae es ines es eas 5s RI Foc Ve Cea a a © ates « avn. s 24 THERE: bc te de 4s Ce Bs Be Genie tial ele is 2 Digits WON igi sae. > Ge Vanes 8 13
From Valparaiso, Chile. Collected by Mr. ‘Thomas Bridges, Corr. Memb.
This apparently new species of Gull is closely allied to the Larus fuliginosus, Gould, but differs in the beak being much more slender, in the general colour being lighter, in the head and chin being nearly white, in having a white band across the wings, and the black band across the tail being more decided.
Zoological Society. 61 March 11.—Rev. John Barlow, M.A., F.R.S., Sec. R.1., in the Chair.
A paper by Sylvanus Hanley, Esq., was read, containing descrip- tions of two new species of Donax :—
Donax assimiuis. Don. testd cuneiformi, magis minusve crassa, antic? compressa, postice ventricosd, valde inequilaterali, lividd, albo-violascente, aurantid aut flavidd, zonis saturatioribus aut vio- laceis plerumque pictd, radiatim striatd; striis haud confertis, antice simplicibus, postic? elevatis et decussatis ; margine ventral crenulato, haud arcuato, antic? sursum acclinato; dorsali, antic? subdeclivi subrecto aut convexiusculo, postice subrecto et valde de- clivi; latere antico producto, ad extremitatem rotundato et atte- nuato; postico perbrevi et infern? angulato ; costd umbonali sub- angulatd ; pube decussatd, et costelld ad extremitatem dentiferd, sepe radiata ; ligamento prominente et satis magno ; superficie in- ternd in adultis, prope marginem violaced ; dente laterali antico haud remoto, postico subapproximato. Long. 1; lat. 1°55 poll.
Hab. Panama. Mus. Cuming, Hanley, &c.
Very variable in colouring, often with a short purple perpendicular ray upon the umbones; sometimes with three or four pale rays on a darker ground, but usually uniform and only marked when aged, with the rib-like stria projecting at the margin like a tooth. This latter character and the identity of its sculpture render the species liable to be confused with dentiferus, but the greater tenuity and less elon- gated shape of that shell is preserved even in the younger specimens.
Donax tusricus. Don. testa cuneiformi, compressd, solidiusculd, valde inequilaterali, nitidissimd, lividd aut albo-violascente, antice levigatd, posticé striis radiantibus ornatd ; margine ventrali ex- iliter crenulato, convexo aut convewxiusculo ; dorsali, utrinque sub- recto, antic? declivi, postic? valde declivi ; latere antico attenuato, ad extremitatem rotundato; postico perbrevi et inferne obtuse angulato ; vulvd rugis confertis concentricis, stritsque exilibus ra- diantibus, eleganter decussaté ; costd umbonali subobtusd ; natibus acutis ; dentibus lateralibus obsoletis. Long. 0°6; lat.0°8 poll.
Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.
Peculiar for uniting a smooth surface to a crenulated margin.
March 25.-—William Horton Lloyd, Esq., in the Chair.
Mr. Gould exhibited to the Meeting a new species of Trogon, from South America, and seven new Birds from Australia, which he cha- racterized as follows :—
Trogon PuELLA. Trog. loris, plumis auricularibus et guld fusco- nigris ; capite, corpore superiore, et pectore aureo-viridibus ; alis nigris ; tectricibus alarum maculis minimis albis ornatis ; corpore inferiore vivide coccineo, separato a viridi pectore fascid semilunari albd; tribus remigibus exterioribus nigris vittis albis angustis Srequentibus ornatis ; femoribus nigris.
Lores, ear-coverts and throat dull black; head, all the upper sur-
face and chest golden green; wings black ; the coverts very minutely freckled with white, and the primaries with a very narrow line of
62 Zoological Saciety.
white along the basal portion of their outer webs ; all the under sur- face scarlet, separated from the green of the chest by a semilunar mark of white ; two middle tail-feathers golden green ; the two next on each side golden green on their outer webs and black on their inner, the whole six tipped with black; the three outer feathers on each side black, crossed by numerous narrow bars of, and narrowly tipped with, white; thighs black; bill orange ; irides red; feet dark
ey. Total length, 10 inches; bill, 1; wing, 5}; tail, 53; tarsi, 4. Hab, Escuintla, South America.
Remark,—Nearly allied to Trogon collaris, Vieill,
Cucunus opratus. Cuc, corpore superiore ceruleo-griseo ; pogo- niis internis primariarum fasciis latis albis ornatis ; remigibus sa- turate violaceo-brunneis ; apicibus subalbidis, serie macularum ob- longarum albarum alternatim ordinatd ; corpore subtis albo, fasciis nigris,
The onal of the upper surface slaty grey ; inner webs of the pri- maries broadly barred with white; tail-feathers dark violet-brown, with a row of oblong spots of white placed alternately on either side of the stem, and slightly tipped with white; the lateral feathers have also a row of white spots on the margin of their inner webs; chin and breast light grey; all the under surface buffy white, crossed by bands of black; irides, bill and feet orange.
Total length, 13 inches; bill, 1}; wing, 73; tail, 6}; tarsi, 3.
Hab. Port Essington, Australia. .
Remark.—Closely allied to the Common Cuckoo of Europe.
Cucutus ryspuratus. Cuc, capite, guld, et corpore superiore ca- ruleo-griseis ; alis, dorsogue nitide viridescentibus ; caudd brunneo- viridi singuld plumd apice albo, et marginibus pogoniorum inte- riorum ordine macularum albarum triangularium ornatis ; parte subscapulari tectricibus caude inferioribus, crissogue rufis ; corpore subtis rufo-tineto-griseo,
Head, throat and all the upper surface dark slate-grey; back and wings glossed with green; tail glossy brownish green, each feather tipped with white, and with a row of triangular-shaped white marks on the margins of the inner webs; primaries and secondaries with a patch of white on their inner webs near the base; edge of the shoulder white; under surface of the shoulder, vent and under tail-coverts rufous; the remainder of the under surface grey, washed with rufous ; bill black; feet olive. —
Total length, 94 inches; bill, 1; wing, 67; tail, 5; tarsi, 2.
Hab. New South Wales.
Remark,—Nearly allied to C. cineraceus of Vigors and Horsfield.
CucuLtus pumMErornuM. Cuc. eapite, uropygio, collogue saturate eeruleo-griseis ; alis, caudd dorsoque metallic? brunneis ; apicibus remigum leviter albis ; pogoniis interioribus serie macularum tri- angularium parvarum ornatis ; pectore griseo, rufo-tincto.
Head, neck and rump dark slate-grey ; back, wings and tail bronzy
brown ; tail-feathers slightly tipped with white and with a row of
_ Zoological Society. 63
small triangular-shaped spots on the margins of their inner webs ; breast grey, washed with rufous; under surface of the shoulder, flanks, vent and under tail-coverts deep rufous; irides brown,
Total length, 85 inches; bill, ; wing, 5; tail, 43; tarsi, 4,
Hab. Port Essington, Australia,
Remark.—Nearly allied to Cuculus insperatus.
SpHena@acus eramingus, Sphen. vittd supra oculos albd ; yi superne brunneo; medid plumarum saturate brunned ; subtis griseo ; lateribus crissoque cervinis ; medida parte singule plume pectoris lined minimd saturate brunned ornatd,
Stripe over the eye white; all the upper surface brown, the cen- tres of the feathers being dark brown; secondaries brownish black, margined with buff; tail pale reddish brown, with dark brown shafts ; under surface grey, passing into buff on the flanks and vent; each feather of the breast with a very minute line of dark brown down the centre ; bill and tarsi fleshy brown.
Total length, 54 inches; bill, $; wing, 24; tail, 24; tarsi, 3,
Hab. Van Diemen’s Land and the southern coast of Australia.
PacHYcEPHALA @LAucURA. Pach. capite, loris, spatio infra oculos, et latd maculd semilunari trans pectus saturate nigris ; guld, intra maculam nigram, albd ; nuchd posteriore, lined angustd apud latera pectoris pone semilunam nigram, et corpore inferiore flavis ; caudd grised ; tectricibus caude inferioribus albis vel subflavis.
Head, lores, space beneath the eye and a broad crescent-shaped mark from the latter across the breast deep black ; throat within the black, white ; back of the neck, a narrow line down each side of the chest, behind the black crescent, and the under surface yellow; back and wing-coverts yellowish olive; wings dark slate-colour, margined with grey; tail entirely grey; under tail-coverts white, or ve slightly washed with yellow; irides reddish brown; bill black ; feet dark brown.
Total length, 7 inches; bill, $; wing, 4; tail, 3%; tarsi, 1.
Hab. Van Diemen’s Land. ;
Nearly allied to Pachycephala gutturalis, but distinguished by a shorter bill and by the colouring of the tail, which is entirely grey.
CystTicoLa CAMPEsTRIS, Cyst. capite ferruginea-rubro, dorso tec- tricibusgue alarum brunneo-griseis ; singulis plumis corporis supe- rioris fascid longitudinali saturate bruaned ornatis; caudd rufo- brunned, plumis duabus mediis latd maculd nigrd juata apices ; corpore subtis pallidé cervino,
Head rusty red; back and wing-coyerts brownish grey, all the feathers of the upper surface with a broad stripe of dark brown dawn the centre; wings blackish brown, the primaries margined externally with rusty red, and the secondaries edged all round with brownish grey; tail reddish brown, all but the two centre feathers with a large spot of black near the tip; all the under surface pale buff,
Total length, 53 inches; bill, $; wing, 28; tail, 23; tarsi, .
Hab. Australia.
Remark.—For the loan of this new species I am indebted to the kindness of H, E, Strickland, Esq,
64 Microscopical Society.
CALAMOHERPE LONGIROstTRIS. Cal. vittd pallidd, supra oculos cer- vind; corpore supern? rufo, subtis saturate cervino; mento albido.
Faint line’ over the eye fawn-colour ; all the upper surface reddish brown, becoming more rufous on the upper tail-coverts; primaries © and tail dark brown, fringed with rufous ; chin whitish ; all the under surface deep fawn-colour ; irides yellowish brown.
Total length, 64 inches; bill, +4; wing, 3; tail, 3; tarsi, 1.
Hab. Western Australia. ;
MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY. June 18, 1845.—Thomas Bell, Esq., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
A paper by George Shadbolt, jun., Esq., “Ona British species of Izvodes found upon Cattle,” was read.
The insects forming the subject of the present paper were found on some cows belonging to’ a farmer residing at Chingford, Essex, on the borders of Epping Forest. ‘They are known to the country people by the name of the ‘“ Tick,” but they are aware that they differ from the insects of that name which infest sheep and goats. They are found upon cattle, attacking all parts indiscriminately, and causing much irritation and annoyance to them. ‘They have been found in the number of several hundreds on a single cow, and have also been known to attack even human subjects, but this is not com- mon, and although it is probable that they infest other animals, the author has seen them only on cows. ‘They do not appear to breed on the animals infested, but are produced in the forest into which the cattle are sent to graze, and which appear to become infested with them by their crawling up their legs while feeding. After having attached themselves by means of a very curious apparatus with which they are furnished, they gorge themselves with blood, and the abdomen increases in size from about the jth of an inch until they become as large as a small bean; when fully gorged they fall off, and the author was not able to ascertain their further progress. The form of this insect is oval: it has eight legs, in which particular it differs from the Brazilian species described by Mr. Busk in a former paper read to the Society, these last having but six. These legs are attached to the anterior half of the trunk, and consist of seven joints, the tarsi being terminated by a species of webbed foot, capable of being folded together and furnished with two recurved claws. The oral apparatus by which it attaches itself is exceedingly interesting ; it consists of two palpi serving as a kind of sheath to the other parts when inactive, two jointed mandibles, and a barbed or hooked labium. Specimens of this and other species were afterwards exhibited.
Also a paper by H. Deane, Esq., “On the Existence of Fossil Xanthidia in the Chalk,” was read.
After mentioning that the occurrence of Xanthidia in a fossil state had not hitherto been observed in any other situation than in the flint-nodules of the chalk, and consequently that great doubt existed whether these fossils were really independent animal existences or ‘only parts of some other creature, Mr. Deane stated that there is a grayish kind of chalk having no flints, but containing quantities of
Entomological Society. 65
nodules of iron pyrites, which juts: into the sea between Dover and Folkstone, forming the beach for some distance, Upon exposing a portion of this to the action of hydrochloric acid, and examining microscopically the insoluble sediment, bodies similar to, if not iden- tical with, the Xanthidia in flints were exposed to view ; several spe- cies were clearly to be recognised, together with casts of Polythalamia and other bodies frequently found in flints.
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
July 3rd, 1843.—George Newport, Esq., President, in the Chair.
Mr. Samuel Stevens brought for exhibition a box of insects from Dorking, in which were specimens of Claviger foveolatus taken from the nest of Formica flaya; also Molorchus minor, Micronyx Junger- mannie, Tychius lineatulus, &c.; also a box from Charlton and Plum- stead, in which were Acalles Ptinoides, A. roboris, Pecilus lepidus, &c.; also the following moths from the Hammersmith marshes : Leucania straminea, reared from the larve exhibited at the last meeting, Leucania obsoleta, Sensia sericea, Nudaria senex, Chilo phrag- mitellus and gigantellus, the latter being most probably the female of the preceding insect.
Mr. Walton exhibited specimens of Hrirhinus Chamomille, and Mr. Rich, a female Goliathus, apparently identical with G. regius, Klug. _ A paper was read by Mr. Westwood on the Indian genera Trigo- nophorus and Rhongorkina, published in vol. iv. part 1. of the Trans- actions.
August 7th.—George Newport, Esq., President, in the Chair.
Mr. Westwood exhibited a male specimen of Tengyra Sanvitali, taken duriny the last month by sweeping in hedge-rows near Ascot heath.
Mr. Saunders exhibited a specimen of the Australian genus Cilibe, which had been captured alive in a garden near London. Alsosome pupe of a small Homopterous insect which had proved very injurious in the oak plantations throughout extensive districts in Scotland, by raising blisters upon the leaves. Also specimens of a small Di- pterous insect (Phytomyza lateralis), which attacks the petals of the pansy by puncturing them, as was stated, with the ovipositor, and then sucking out the colouring matter with the haustellum.
Mr. Marshall exhibited a remarkable specimen of Hipparchia Ga- lathea of a white colour with the ordinary markings obliterated, and Mr. Evans a specimen of Lamia Textor, taken near Canterbury in July.
The following memoirs were read :—
On the Insects residing in Bramble-sticks. By Mr. F. Smith. (Published in the first part of the fourth volume of the Transactions of the Society.)
Description of a new species of Ceria. By Mr. W. W. Saunders. (Published in the first part of the fourth volume of the Transactions of the Society.)
On some new exotic species of Aphodiide. By Mr. Westwood. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Vol. xvi.
66 Miscellaneous.
September 4th.—Edward Doubleday, Esq., V.P., in the Chair:
Dr. Becker of Wiesbaden exhibited a new species of Papilio from South America, and also a specimen of the very rare P. Protodamas.
Mr. S. Stevens exhibited specimens of Sibinia arenaria, Mononychus Pseudacori, Cicindela germanica, Micronyx pygmea, &c., recently captured in the Isle of Wight; also of Apion Schénherri, Choragus Sheppardi, Mecinus circulatus, and various Lepidoptera, the latter captured by daubing sugar upon the trunks of trees in the neigh- bourhood of Arundel.
Mr. F. Smith exhibited specimens of Platypeza subfasciata? (a Dipterous insect varying greatly in the two sexes,) reared from fungi from Birch wood; also Pissodes Pini from Weybridge.
Mr. Evans exhibited specimens illustrating the natural history of Mamestra Brassice and Euthalia impluviata ; also a specimen of Mar-
garitia diversalis, taken by himself either in Yorkshire or at Darenth wood in June last. 3
_ The following papers were read :—
Notice of a Gynandromorphous specimen of Smerinthus Popult. By George A. Thrupp, Esq.
Description of an ancient Irish Amulet made in the form of and used as a charm against the Murrian Caterpillar. Communicated by W. F. Evans, Esq.
Descriptions of some new species of Exotic Spiders, and two species of Peciloptera. By A. White, Esq., by whom some additional ob- servations were made on the study of arachnology, and upon the struc- ture of the nests of two British species of spiders. He likewise read an extract from Abbott’s MSS. in the British Museum, on the habits of one of the fossorial Hymenoptera which collects spiders for the provisioning of its nest.
MISCELLANEOUS.
. Observations on the group Schizopetaleze of the family of Crucifere. By J. Marius Barngoup*.
In 1822 Mr. Francis Place, on his return from a voyage to Chili, intro- duced into England a charming plant having four elegantly pinnate petals, and furnished with an embryo with four yellowish cotyledons rolled in a spiral. These extraordinary characters did not prevent Sir William Hooker from placing this plant in the family of the Crucifere ; he formed of it the genus Schizopetalon, of which he pub- lished an excellent description and a very detailed figure in the ‘ Exotic Flora,’ vol. i. p. 74, by the name of Schizopetalon Walcheri. A new coloured figure, but without analysis, appeared somewhat later in the ‘ Botanical Magazine,’ tab. 2379.
Mr. Robert Brown, on his part, had adopted in the ‘ Botanical Register,’ no. 752, precisely the determination and classification of Sir W. Hooker. Nevertheless these two botanists, struck with the remarkable forms which the embryo of this genus presented, had not neglected to state, that it ought to serve as type of a new tribe ‘of Crucifere ; they differed solely on one point: Mr. R. Brown con-
* From the Annales des Sciences Naturelles for March 1845.
Miscellaneous. 67
sidered the embryo as consisting of four entirely distinct cotyledons ; Sir W. Hooker, on the contrary, stated that there were only two semicylindrical cotyledons, each one divided into two very deep lobes. But this interesting question, from the simply descriptive na- ture of this note, will be examined subsequently in a more general manner ; at all events, up to the present day the Schizopetalon Wal- cheri continued the sole representative of a very curious group of plants well deserving the attention of botanists.
Aug. Pyrame DeCandolle, after having established in his beautiful memoir on the Crucifere the bases of an embryonal classification, subsequently applied them in his ‘ Prodromus,’ and adopted thein more or less successfully to the new species ; but he had the prudent reserve to place the Schizopetalon Walcheri at the extremity of the series and among the genera Incerte sedis. Moreover the species, then somewhat rare, was not well known to him, and he did well to follow in this case the wise principles laid down by Jussieu. ‘The rich collections of plants brought from Chili by our indefatigable traveller Claude Gay have furnished us with numerous materials on the subject ; and since the true position of Schizopetalon can no longer be called in question, we shall be able to show, that although science owes its most beautiful and most profound investigations on the Crucifere to the genius of DeCandolle, there may nevertheless be objected to his embryonal classification, its frequently artificial side, owing to the starting from one single organ. Nature appears to have created the group of the Schizopetalee to prove how little stable are frequently the majority of those sections or subdivisions of family which are not founded upon a totality of characters of affinity, as the true natural method requires.
In the herbarium from Chili we find six species of Schizopetalon, of which five are new. If we study these plants with care before dissecting the seed, we are led to arrange them all in the same genus; all have a perfect similitude in the various organs of the flower, the same aspect, and nearly the same habit; in a word, we find an al- most uniform plan of generic structure. The anatomy of the seed then demonstrates a considerable difference between several of the species. We find, on the one hand, very minute globular seeds pre- senting an embryo with four linear and spiral cotyledons, with curved radicle, evidently belonging to the Spirolobee of DeCandolle ; and on the other, oval seeds larger than the preceding, their embryo with two incumbent spathulate cotyledons, and with an almost straight dorsal radicle, evidently belonging to the section Notorhizee. ‘This is the most striking character of the new genus Perreymondia*.
Now it is quite plain that it is impossible to separate, without violating the laws of natural affinity, in a methodical distribution of the Cruciferous plants, these two genera (Schizopetalon and Perrey- mondia), so nearly related, and solely distinct as respects the embryo, as it would be necessary to do according to the classification of De- Candolle.
The anatomical structure of the seed of the Schizopetalee is com-
* In honour of Perreymond, a distinguished botanist of Provence.
F2
68 Miscellaneous.
posed——1. of an extremely thin, transparent, cellular external enve- lope, coated with papille; 2. of a brown, somewhat thick, central coating; and 3. of an internal membrane surrounding the embryo, and performing the functions of a kind of perisperm. Iodide of potassium shows the presence of numerous grains of starch in it.
The following is a brief monographic sketch of this tribe of the Crucifere hitherto so little known :—
Scuizorrrates, R. Br., Botan. Reg. No. 752.
Petala pinnatifida, longe unguiculata zestivatione involuta. Sta- mina 6 tetradynama subequalia. Glandule 4 hypogyne. Siliqua longa, polysperma. Semina globosa vel ovata subalbuminosa. Em- bryonis cotyledones 4 spirales, vel 2 crasso-spathulate. Folia ele- ganter pinnatifida vel dentata. Pili omnes ramosi. Flores albt.—Herbe andicole vel maritime in regno Chilensi.
ScuizopetTaton, Hooker, Exot. Flor. i. p. 74.
Calyx 4-phyllus, apice clausus, erectus. Petala 4 pinnatifida longe unguiculata. Stamina 6 subzequalia. Siliqua pilosa. Stigma basi hastatum subsessile. Semina globosa, minima, papilloso-rugulosa. Embryonis cotyledones 4, lineares, equales, spiraliter convolutee. Radicula curvata.
1. Schizopetalon Walcheri, Hook. in Bot. Mag. tab. 2379.
2. Schizopetalon maritimum (nobis). Caule subsimplici, foliis an- gustis pinnatifidis pilosis, spica laxissima, siliqua nervosa glabrius- cula, embryone albo. ©
PERREYMONDIA, Noy. gen.
Calycis foliola 4, eequalia, erecta, obtusa, clausa. Corolla petala 4, hypogyna, longe unguiculata, lamina ovata, eleganter pinnatifida, laciniis linearibus obtusis estivatione involutis. Stamina 6, hypo- gyna, tetradynama. /i/amenta libera, edentula. Anthere sagittato- lineares. Glandule hypogyne 4, lineares, erectz, obtusz, petalis suboppositee. Ovarium 2-loculare, pubescens. Stylus brevis vel nullus. Stigma hastatum, apice subacuminatum. Siliqua bivalvis, dehiscens, et seepe ad maturitatem pendula, polysperma, anguste linearis, et pilis ramosis vestita. Septum membranaceum stomatibus destitutum. Semina ovata, fulva, subrugulosa, subalbuminosa. Hm- bryonis albi cotyledones 2, incumbentes, spathulate, apice crassz. Radicula dorsalis recta.—In regno Chilensi. Flores albi.
1. Perreymondia dentata (nobis). Pubescens; caule macilento, foliis oblongis ineequaliter dentatis; spica pauciflora, laxissima; florum pedicellis pilosis. ©
2. Perreymondia rupestris (nobis). Canescens ; caule folioso, ramoso, foliis cano-pinnatifidis, carnosulis; spica laxa; floribus pilosis ; siliqua vermiculata, tomentosa. ©
3. Perreymondia multifida (nobis). Caule ramoso hispidulo, foliis angustis inciso-subbipinnatifidis albicantibus ; floribus pilosis; si- liqua gracili; stigmate subsessili. ©
4, Perreymondia Brongniartii (nobis). Caule erecto, ramosissimo, pa- tulo, foliis dentato-pinnatifidis, canescentibus, crassiusculis; spica longa multiflora; siliqua vermiculata; stigmate sessili. ©
Miscellaneous. 69
On the Microscopic Constituents of the Ash of Fossil Coal. By Professor EnrENBERG.
At the meeting of the Berlin Academy of the 25th of October, Prof. Ehrenberg communicated an observation of Dr. Franz Schulz of Eldena, which the latter had addressed to M. v. Humboldt in a letter, in which he describes his method of separating the silica contained in coal so chemically pure as to enable us to recognise the microsco- pical siliceous organisms. ‘The usual method of burning the coal,” Dr. Schulz states, ‘‘is attended with an unavoidable vitrifi- cation of the mineral constituents, even when conducted in the slowest. and most cautious manner, owing to which their cellular structure is lost. After many fruitless experiments I succeeded in hitting upon a method of incineration, which leaves the silica con- tained in the coal perfectly unaltered. Very instructive preparations are readily obtained (from the already known structural relations of siliceous earth in plants) on moistening grass-halms, ears of grain, Equisetum, Spanish cane, &c., with nitric acid, and afterwards burn- ing them on platinum foil. The nitric acid not only facilitates the combustion of the organic substance, but also prevents the potash combined with the vegetable acid from being converted into carbo- nate of potash before the silica has been heated to such a degree as to be less liable to be acted upon. ‘The greater degree of heat required for the perfect combustion of the coal no longer destroys the cellular form of the silica after nitric acid has prevented the production of carbonate of potash on the first application of heat. An excess of nitric acid has the effect of destroying the connexion of the siliceous cells and acts too powerfully upon them, and should therefore be avoided.
‘Encouraged by the success of these experiments, I turned my at- tention to coal, it being exceedingly desirable to be enabled to detect remains of organic structure init. ‘The large quantity of siliceous earth contained in all varieties of coal led me to infer that a judi- cious method of incineration would be attended with good results ; your excellency will be enabled to judge from the preparation at- tached in how far I have succeeded. A piece of coal of about two equare inches was broken into twelve pieces of nearly the same size, and then treated with nitric acid ina platinum vessel. The nitric acid being evaporated at a moderate heat, I ignited the residue until no further empyreumatic vapours were given off, treated the resi- due again with nitric acid and repeated the ignition. Thus prepared, the coal was placed in a platinum crucible with a lid perforated in the centre, and air was blown from a gasometer through the aper- ture in the lid, whilst the crucible was kept at a red heat over a spirit-lamp, so that the coal was necessarily slowly consumed. The ash thus obtained had not coked, but formed a brownish powder, Some white splinters occur among this, which appear.on microsco- pical examination to be aggregated siliceous cells arranged in regular succession, of the structure of the prosenchymatous cells of wood.”
Prof. Ehrenberg added, that the importance of a method for ob- taining the organized siliceous parts from the lower strata of the earth with their forms preserved for microscopical observation is ma
70 Miscellaneous.
nifest, and requires no recommendation, to judge from the results which have already ensued. His own efforts with respect to coal had never been attended with success, and he therefore considers this method as a most useful and important discovery. He further stated that the clearness of the specimens (which were, it was to be re- gretted, not numerous) communicated by M. Schulz had astonished him, and, as might have been expected, had immediately been at- tended with a result. Prof. Ehrenberg had during many years brought before the Academy descriptions of the parts of plants (con- taining silica) which are found in marshy soils of all zones and in the infusorial deposits, and had likewise alluded to their origin from re- cent plants. This group, called Phytolitharia, had been as it were classified by him into eleven genera. Of these eleven genera only one is found in several forms in the purified siliceous ash of the coal forwarded by M. Schulz, namely the genus Lithostylidium, which contains regular siliceous nuclei of cells of plants. Lithodontia, or marginal teeth of grasses, Lithodermatia, or epidermis of plants (Equisetacea, Arundinacea), could not be distinctly recognised, al- though the presence of the latter may be presumed. Other nega- tive results were also particularly remarkable, namely the absence of all Lithasterisci, Lithosphere, Spongolites, &c. &c., otherwise so frequent. Finally, no trace of infusoria possessing a siliceous shell -was found, notwithstanding the most careful investigation.
He concluded by expressing a conviction that a rapid development of our knowledge on this subject would, now that a method had been discovered, undoubtedly take place, and a wish that this may be the commencement of its study.
On the Tendrils of the Cucurbitaceee. By M. J. Payer.
In organographical researches it is sometimes necessary to examine comparatively the same organ, not merely in plants of the same fa- mily, but likewise in the same plant at various periods of its exist- ence, and, if necessary, to have recourse to anatomy. It is from having neglected these two modes of investigation that all botanists who have studied the nature of the tendrils of the Cucurbitacee have either been completely mistaken, or have perceived the truth but in a very indistinct manner, and without being able to demonstrate it.
There are many plants in which fibro-vascular bundles are de- tached at three different points of the circumference of the cylinder constituting the medullary sheath, generally at one and the same height and at a little distance from the origin of a leaf: these bun- dles traverse the herbaceous envelope and pass into the pulvinus (coussinet) of that leaf. There, sometimes aJl three enter the pe- tiole, sometimes only one of them,—the central one, the two lateral ones continuing the nervation of the two lateral stipules. Now, if the lower leaves of the cultivated melon be examined, no tendril will be found to exist at their side*; it will be seen that the three fibro-
* This fact may be generalized, for it results from a large number of ob- servations which I have made, that plants with tendrils, of whatever kind, yever present tendrils at their lower extremity.
Meteorological Observations. — 71
vascular bundles which separate from the medullary sheath ascend all three into the petiole, and that the bud formed at their axil, and always placed between the intermediary bundle and the stem, is de- cidedly at the middle of the base of the leaf. If, on the contrary, the stem-leaves which have a lateral tendril are considered, we observe that of the three fibro-vascular bundles, only two, the central and one of the lateral ones, enter the petiole, and that the other pene- trates into the tendril. In this case, the bud, from its constant position between the intermediary bundle and the stem, is no longer, like this intermediary bundle, at the centre of the base of the petiole, but on the side, and appears to be almost between the leaf and the tendril. Lastly, we frequently meet in botanical gardens with the upper leaves each accompanied by two lateral tendrils. The anatomy then indicates that a single bundle, the central one, traverses the petiole, and that the two lateral ones pass each one into a tendril. With respect to the bud, it necessarily is situated between the middle of the base of the petiole and the stem.—Ann. des Sci. Nat., March.
METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR MAY 1845,
Chiswick.—May 1,2. Very fine. 3. Fine, with clouds. 4, Cloudy and cool. 5. Fine: dense clouds: clear, 6. Cloudy: rain. 7. Cloudy: showers. 8. Rain, 9. Cloudy: clear. 10. Foggy: cloudy: clear at night. 11. Cloudy. 12. Rain: showery. 13. Cloudy and fine. 14, Fine. 15. Overcast: fine. 16. Cloudy. 17. Overcast: slight frost at night. 18. Cloudy: showery. 19. Cloudy and cold. 20. Cloudy: rain. 21. Heavy rain. 22. Cloudy: veryclear. 23. Over- cast: fine: heavy rain, 24. Hazy clouds: heavy rain at night. 25. Rain, 26. Overcast: heavy rain. 27. Very fine. 28. Hazy anddamp. 29. Thick haze: rain. 30. Fine. $1. Very fine; cloudless: overcast at night.—-Mean temperature of the month 5°3 below the average.
Boston.—May 1. Fine. 2. Fine: thunder and lightning p.m., with rain. 3. Cloudy: thunder and lightning r.m., with rain, 4. Fine: rain earlya.m. 5. Fine: rain early a.M.: raine.mM. 6. Rain. 7. Cloudy: rain early a.m.: rain p.m. 8. Fine: rain a.m. 9. Cloudy: rain early a.m. 10. Rain, 11. Cloudy. 12. Fine: rain A.M. and p.m. 13, Fine: rainem, 14,15, Fine. 16. Cloudy. 17. Cloudy: rain a.M. 18. Windy. 19. Fine: rain early am. 20. Fine: rainem. 21. Cloudy, 22, Fine. 23, Cloudy:rainem, 24, 25. Cloudy: rain early a.m. 26. Cloudy: rain early a.m.: raine.m. 27. Fine. 28. Fine: rain early a.m. : raine.M. 29, Cloudy: rainr.m, 30, $1. Fine.
Sandwick Manse, Orkney.—May 1. Drops: showers, 2. Showers. 3. Showers: sleet. 4. Bright: showers. 5—7. Clear. 8. Rain: showers. 9, 10. Showers. 11. Bright: cloudy. 12,13. Clear. 14. Drops: clear. 15. Fog: drizzle. 16. Showers: drizzle. 17. Bright: clear, 18. Cloudy: clear. 19. Clear. 20. Cloudy. 21. Bright: cloudy. 22,23. Cloudy: damp. 24, 25. Cloudy. 26. Bright: cloudy. 27. Cloudy. 28, 29, Bright: clear, 30, Cloudy: fine. 31. Bright : fine.
Applegarth Manse, Dumfries-shire-—-May 1. Heavy showers. 2, 3. Heavy showers, with hail. 4, Sunshine and showers. 5. Fine. 6. Moist: light drops. 7—9. Slight showers. 10, Fine. 11. Rain p.m. : hoar-frost a.m. 12. Showers, 13, Fair and fine. 14, Rain nearly all day. 15—17. Fair: fine: bracing air. 18, Fair, but threatening. 19, Fair, but threatening: fine, 20, 21. Fair, but threatening: droughty, 22—24, Fair, but threatening. 25. Fair, but threaten- ing: few drops of rain. © 26. Fair, but threatening: very droughty. 27—30. Fair, but threatening. 31, Fine: warm,
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