DOMINION BUREAU OF STATISTICS CANADA
SEVENTH CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931
VOLUME XII O3
MONOGRAPHS
-^THE" CANADIAN FAMILY > , .
-FERTILITY OF THE POPULATION OF CANADA^. ^^ HOUSING IN CANADA
ILLITERACY AND SCHOOL ATTENDANCE
THE AGE DISTRIBUTION OF THE . CANADIAN PEOPLE
CANADIAN LIFE TABLES
Published by the Authority of The Hon. JAMES A. MacKINNON, M.P., Minister of Trade and Commerce
OTTAWA
EDMOND CLOUTIElt
1'IUNTEK TO THE KING'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY
1942
Price, $1.00
REPORT ON THE SEVENTH CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931
To His Excellency the-Right Honourable the Earl of Athlone, K.O., P.C., O.C.B., G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O., D.S.O., Governor General and Commander-in-Chief of the Dominion of Canada:
May It Please Your Excellency:
I have the honour to lay before Your Excellency the twelfth volume of the Report of the Seventh Census of Canada taken as of date June 1, 1931. This volume contains the monographs dealing with families, fertility, housing, illiteracy and school attendance, age distribution and life tables and is based on the census with occasional use of supplementary data.
I have the honour to be, Your Excellency's most obedient servant.
JAMES A. MACKINNON,
Minister of Trade and Commerce..
Ottawa, January 15, 1942.
36755— A J
PREFACE
.Volume XII of the Seventh Census, of Canada brings ...under- one cover the 1931 Census , monographs dealing with families,- fertility, housing, illiteracy and. school attendance, .age dis- tribution and life tables. These studies, already published as separates, are based on the census ' with occasional use of supplementary data. They were prepared under the general direction of the late Mr. M. C Mae Loan and have been arranged in this volume by Mr. A'. L. Ncal, Chief, Social Analysis Branch.
The remainder of the monographs — those dealing with unemployment, dependency of youth, rural and urban distribution and racial origins and nativity — will bo found in Volume
XIII. - • "-.-."
The Canadian Family. — This monograph is a statistical survey of the Canadian family, past and piesent, through the medium of data available from censuses since 1666. The family attribute most capable of measurement is size, i.e., the number of persons living at home at. the
' time of the census. The household includes all the inmates of the home, while the ■private family includes only the immediate dependents of the. head. While no marked trend in average house- hold size is evident prior to 1871, the period since then has witnessed a steady decline in every
• region except rural Quebec.
The size of the private family is determined by two factors: (1) the size of the completed biological family, and (2) the proportion of the completed family at home. The latter is dependent on the ages of the heads, duration of marriage, and the age to which children remain at home. Consequently, fluctuations in average family size must not be interpreted solely on the basis of fertility: There can be little doubt, however, that the decline in the average size of the Canadian family since Confederation is due principally to declining fertility caused by concentration of population in cities, the trend towards indoor, non-manual and wage-earning occupations, and the commercialization of farming. The decline in the size of the rural family has been con- comitant with the development of railway and highway transportation which has been instru- mental in urbanizing the social outlook and economic life of the rural population. To some extent these are phases of increasing population density. Regional variation in average family size is closely associated with race and religion.
The monograph was the work of Messrs. A. .1. Pelletier, F. D. Thompson and A. Rnchon. The manuscript was edited by Miss E..M. Carmichael and the graphs were drawn by Mr.. .].. W. Delisje.
Fertility of the Population of Canada. — ©wing -to -the 'short period of observation covered by the data on Vital Statistics for Canada as a whole, this study is intended to be funda- mental to future studies .rather. than a moans of arriving at conclusions about the trend, and incidences of fertility. Consequently, the great part of it is a collection, arrangement and sum- mary of facts covering this period that have not yet appeared in print. . It was found necessary to draw some conclusions tentatively at least. These will be found in the Summary, page 217.
. The monograph is divided into two parts. Part I dealing with the general trend of fertility and Part II with differential fertility as incidental to racial, birthplace and regional distributions.
Owing to the death of Mr. W-. R. Tracey, Chapter VII and parts of the other chapters were written by the late Mr. M. C. MacLean, M.A., the general director of these monographs and by Miss M. E. Fleming, B.A., and Miss M. MacGillivray who also assisted Mr. Tracey ■throughout. Chapter I on completeness of birth registrations was written by Mr. N. Kcyfitz. The material was prepared for press by Miss B. J. Stewart, and the charts wore drawn by Mr. .1. W. Dclisle.
.Housing in Canada. — Although this monograph is one of a series based primarily upon 1931 Census statistics; census data have been supplemented to a considerable extent by other materials, some primary and some secondary in character. The introductory historical sections have been prepared mainly from secondary sources. The entire lack .of any comprehensive treatment of Canadian housing from an historical viewpoint seemed sufficient justification for
vi CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931
this brief review. The subsequent analysis, which is purely quantitative, has not tho precision and completeness which can be obtained only from intensive surveys of housing. It is believed, however, that the comparisons and measurements which are offered should serve as a useful background for the results of more exhaustive surveys in small areas. Perspective may be obtained for problems related to such broad headings as crowding, tenure and types of dwellings.
The monograph has been planned and prepared by Mr. H. F. Greenway, M.A. Miss Marion Richards, B.A., and Mr. R. E. Moffat, B.A., have contributed materially to the preparation of the statistical analysis, and Mr. Roland Lavoie gave invaluable aid in locating much of the historical information presented. The monograph was edited by Miss B. J. Stewart, and the charts were drawn by Mr. J. W. Delisle.
Illiteracy and School Attendance. — The present study of illiteracy and school attendance is, as far as possible, supplementary to an earlier study published in connection with Census of 1921, i.e., it covers new ground in all respects except in so far as it verifies and brings up to date the findings of the earlier study. The main difference between the two is that the 1921 mono- graph portrayed illiteracy and school attendance from the point of view of the educationist as a technologist, the present monograph from his point of view as a sociologist. The two studies, then, are in most respects two parts of one study.
The conclusions of the present monograph are that census data on illiteracy and school attendance, while valuable as descriptive of and measuring the conditions and progress of these attributes as such, are still more valuable as measures of symptoms of social phenomena which are not directly measurable. In other words they measure the population conditions which deter- mine the status of illiteracy and school non-attendance but which also determine other statuses, ■a more important matter than measuring the influence of illiteracy and school attendance upon the population. The two attributes are symptomatic of a class different in several respects from the class possessing the opposite attributes. The attendant evils of illiteracy are not removed by the removal of illiteracy. Its cause must also be eradicated, and this cause has many anti- social effects in addition to illiteracy.
The study is divided into two parts, the first (Chapters I-V) dealing with illiteracy and the second (Chapters Vi-X) with school attendance. Part III is devoted to basic tabular material to which the reader is referred throughout the text. The summary of the whole coming before these parts is consistent with the general plan of the series of monographs and will be found useful to the reader who is more interested in the findings than in the arguments on which they are based. The study was carried out under the direction of the late Mr. M. C. MacLean by the staff of the Social Analysis Branch of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Miss E. M. Carmi- chael of that Branch directing the preparation for press. . . ,
. The Age Distribution of the Canadian People. — This study deals first, in Chapter I, •with the evolution of the Canadian age distribution from 1881 to 1931. By a method of fitting •dealt with in the Appendix, it is found that the age distribution progresses in such a way that 'higher and higher degrees become important when the different years are fitted with complex •exponential curves. '
A classification is then made, in Chapter II, of the 220 counties and census divisions of Canada in 1931. For the purpose a threefold age index is used. This index defines the age structure by means of the percentages under 25 years of age and 65 years of age and- over and a quantity called "standard age." In Chapter III, functional aspects of age distribution, the most important of which are taken to be percentage born in province of residence, age of settle- ment and resident death rates, are discussed and their relation to the previous classification by age structure is shown.
In Chapter IV, the study considers the age structure of cities of 5,000 population and over. Eight of these are selected and subjected to a special analysis for the decades 1911-21 and 1921-31, in order to determine the effect on age structure in urban centres of movement as opposed to that of death and ageing.
The monograph was written by the late Mr. M. C. MacLean, M.A. The charts were drawn fcy Mr. J. W. Delisle and the manuscript was prepared for press by Miss B. J. Stewart.
CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931 vii
Canadian Life Tables. — In this volume are published the first Canadian Life Tables issued under official imprimatur. The Registration Area of Canada was extended to include the nine provinces only in 1926; previous to the 1931 Census, therefore, no national Life Table could be constructed, using, as is now the almost universal practice, deaths of the three years about the census date.
As the figures of deaths for the Yukon and the Northwest Territories are not on the same comprehensive basis as those of the nine provinces, they were not included for the purpose of these tables.
Life tables are popularly associated with life assurance, but this is only one of their many uses by statisticians, sociologists, medical health officers and the population at large. Age structure and mortality contain so many different elements which are important in themselves that a single average such as mean age or a single mortality rate (even when standardized) is inadequate for purposes of description or investigation, the attributes of each year of age in relation to the other years being essential.' The most suitable vehicle for the presentation of the mortality attributes of age is the life table.
The tables that follow are discussed in a general way in the accompanying text. Among points referred to are (1) the considerable differences in mortality between the sexes; (2) the differences between Canada's regional divisions, which exist most markedly at the middle ages of life; (3) differences between Canada on the one hand and England and Wales and the United States on the other, Canada showing on the whole a considerably lower mortality; (4) a com- parison of mortality in the Registration Area of 1921 (i.e., Canada excluding Quebec) with mortality for the same area in 1931, showing a definite decline in mortality rates at all but senile ages. The last point seems to indicate that the improvement in mortality is not by way of lengthening in old age the bridge of life referred to in the vision of Mirzah, but rather of making safer the march along its span.
The tables have been prepared by Mr. N. Keyfitz, B.Sc, Mr. P. F. Keyes and Mr. C. E. Kraemer assisted in the numerical computation, and Miss E. M. Carmichael edited the manu- script.
R. H. COATS,
Dominion Statistician. January 15, 1942.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGIS
Synopsis xi
The Canadian Family ' 1
Fertility of the Population of Canada 215
Housing in Canada 411
Illiteracy and School Attendance 579
The Age Distribution of the Canadian People 743
Canadian Life Tables: / 835
SYNOPSIS
THE CANADIAN FAMILY
Page Summary 3
PART I
Introduction
Purpose of Analysis ......" 15
Definitions ■ 15
Scope of Analysis 16
Chapter I — Early History of the Canadian Family
Birth of the Family in Canada ' 17
Statement I — Maximum population in Quebec and related data, 1608-1631 18
Birth of the Family in Acadia 19
Colonization ."...... 20
Colonists 22
Life Along the Shores of the St. Lawrence 23
Chapter II— Size of the Canadian Household, 1666-1931
Average Size of the Household 27
Statement II — Average number of persons per household, Canada, 1666-1931 27
Statement III — Average number of persons per household, United States, 1890-1930,
and Canada, 1891-1931 • 29
Factors of Decrease in Average Size of the Household 29
Statement IV — Proportion per 100 of the population, by certain age groups, Canada,
1871-1931 29
Statement V — Number of children under 15 years of age per household, Canada,
1666-1931 29
Statement VI — Percentage increase per decade in population and households, .
Canada, 1861-1931 30
Statement VII — Percentage of the population in the married state, by sex, Canada,
1871-1931 30
Statement VIII — Percentage of the population in the married state, corrected for the
influence of age, by sex, Canada, 1871-1931 .' 30
Average Size of Rural and Urban Household in Eastern Canada 30
Statement IX — Proportion of the population in rural and urban areas, Eastern
Canada, 1667-1931 31
Statement X — Average number of persons per household, rural and urban, Eastern
Canada, 1667-1931..... 31
Statement Xl — Decrease in average size of household, by decades, rural and urban,
Eastern Canada, 1871-1931 32
Chart 1 — Average number of persons per household, rural and urban, Eastern Canada,
1667-1931 33
Average Size of Rural and Urban Household in the Provinces of Eastern Canada 33
Statement XII — Average number of persons per household, Eastern Canada and
provinces, 1871-1931 33
Statement XIII — Decrease in average number of persons per household, by decades,
Eastern Canada and provinces, 1871-1931 ' 34
Chart 2 — Average number of persons per household, Eastern Canada, by provinces,
1861-1931 34
Statement XIV — Average number of persons per rural household, Eastern Canada
and provinces, 1871-1931 34
Statement XV — Decrease in average number of persons per rural household, by decades,
Eastern Canada and provinces, 1871-1931 35
Statement XVI — Average number of persons per urban household, Eastern Canada
and provinces, 1871-1931 35
Statement XVII — Average number of persons per household, Montreal, Quebec,
Toronto and Hamilton, 1871-1931 35
xi •
CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931 SYNOPSIS— Con.
THE CANADIAN FAMILY— Con. Chapter II — Size of the Canadian Household, 1666-1931 — Con.
Page
Statement XVIII — Decrease in average number of persons per urban household, by
decades, Eastern Canada and provinces, 1871-1931 36
Statement XIX— Average number of persons per . household, rural, and urban, '
Maritime Provinces, 1871-1931 36
Statement XX — Average number of persons per household, rural and urban, Ontario,
1861-1931, and Quebec, 1667-1931 37
Statement XXI — Amount by which average size of rural household exceeds that of
urban, Eastern Canada and provinces, 1861-1931 37
Chart 3 — Average number of persons per household, rural and urban, for the provinces i
' ' of Quebec and Ontario, 1861-1931 . . 38
Variations in Average Size of the Rural Household, by Counties, in Quebec 38
Statement XXII — Variations in the size of the rural household, by counties, listed
according to the size of their rural household in 1901, Quebec, 1901-1921 39
Statement XXlII — Proportion of the rural population of French origin in the counties ' that (a) gained the largest increase, fb) suffered the largest decrease, in the size of their rural household, Quebec, 1901-1921 40
Statement XXIV— Variations in the size of the rural household for counties with a French rural population of (a) 90 p.c. or more, (b) 60 p.c. or less, in 1901, Quebec, 1901-1921 . . . . ; 41.
Statement XXV — Variations in the size of the rural household according to location of counties and proportion of French population, Quebec, by specified regions, 1901-1921 •. ...,.., 41
Statement XXVI — Average size of the household in counties with a population less
than 50 p.c. French in 1901, Quebec, 1901-1921 . 43
Chapter III — Recurring Large and Small Decreases in Average . Size of Household, Eastern Canada, 1871-1931
Various Movements of Population and Their Influence on Size of Household 44
Statement XXVII — Decrease per decade in average size of household, rural and
urban, Eastern Canada, provinces and cities, 1871-1931 44
Average Size of Household in the Future 47
Chapter IV — The Typical Household, in Montreal, Toronto and Winnipeg
Distribution of Households According to Size. .- 48
Statement XXVIII — Numerical and percentage distribution of households, by size,
giving number of persons and lodgers, Montreal, Toronto and Winnipeg, 1931 ... 48
'The Modal Tendency in Household Size 40
Statement XXlX — Percentage distribution of households, by increasing size intervals
- about the mode, Montreal, Toronto and Winnipeg, 1931 , 49
Statement XXX— Percentage distribution of households according to number of
rooms occupied, Montreal, Toronto and Winnipeg, 1931 ' 49
Statement XXXl— Size of household as measured by different statistics, Montreal,
Toronto and Winnipeg, 1931 . 50
Comparison of Average Sizes of All Households and of Normal Households 50
Effect on Average Size of Family of the Very Large Families 50
Chart 4 — Percentage of total ordinary households with given number of persons,
Toronto, Montreal and Winnipeg, 1931 51
Gravitation of Households to Typical Size. 52
Family Size and Housing Accommodation . . . 52
Overcrowding in Large Households 53
Statement XXXII — Mean, dispersions and skew for persons per ordinary household,
by number of rooms occupied, Toronto, 1931 ' . 53
Statement XXXIII — Summary data for households of each size, Toronto, 1931 54
Statement XXXIV — Partition of households and household population according, to
rooms per person, Toronto, 1931 54
Chapter V — Lodgers
Part A — The Distribution and Composition of the Lodging Population 56
Statement XXXV — Percentage of population lodgers, and distribution of lodgers by
number per household, rural and urban, Canada, 1931 56
CENSUS OR CANADA, 1931 xiii
SYNOPSIS— Con...
THE CANADIAN FAMILY— Con.
Chapter V—Lodgers— Con..
Page
Rural and Urban Distribution by Provinces 56
. Statement XXXVI — Percentage of rural population lodgers, and distribution of rural
lodgers by number per household, Canada, by provinces, 1931 ■ . . . . 57
Statement XXXVII — Percentage of urban population lodgers, and distribution of
urban lodgers by number per household, Canada, by provinces, 1931 57
Lodgers in Cities of 30,000 and over : 57
Statement XXXVIII — Median lodgers per household with lodgers, and percentage
distribution of lodgers by number per household, cities of 30,000 and over, 1931. 58 Statement XXXIX — Median lodgers per household, and relevant population, attri- butes, cities of 30,000 and over, 1931 -..-.: 58
Comparison of the Canadian and United States Lodging Populations . 59
Statement XL — Number of lodgers living in ordinary households having 1-8 lodgers;
United States, 1930 59
Statement XLI — Percentage distribution of lodgers living in ordinary households
having 1-8 lodgers, Canada, 1931, and United States, 1930 60
Statement XLII — Median lodgers per household having 1-8 lodgers, Canada, 1931,
and United States, 1930 ■ 60
Part B — Characteristics of the Ordinary Household with Lodgers 61
Statement XL11I — Percentages of households taking in lodgers and percentages of those taking in lodgers with more than one, by tenure; rural and urban, Canada,
1931 01
Statement XLIV — Comparison of households studied with all ordinary households,
urbain Canada, 1 931 . [ .r 62
Correlations 62
Statement XLV^-Summary of correlations between household attributes 62
Summary ,.■.■ • 64
Chapter VI — The Heads' of Private Families '
Ages of Family Heads .- 65
Median and Sextije Ages of the Heads of the Various Classes of Private Families : . . 65
Statement XLVI — Median ages of heads of private families, rural iind urban by size
groups, Canada, 1931 65
Statement XLVII — Sextile ages of heads of private families, Canada, 1931 66
Concentration of Ages about the Median ; 66
Statement XLVI1T — Sextile ages of heads of normal families, rural and urban, Canada,
1931 ■.■ : • 66
Life History of the Average Family Head 66
Statement XLIX — Percentage distribution of males 20 years of age and over, by
conjugal condition and age group, Canada, 1931 ; 67
Statement L — Married males showing percentage distribution of those hot living
with their wives, by broad birthplace groups, Canada, 1931 67
Statement LI— Persons and children per family of two or more persons, by age of head, compared with average earnings and weeks employed per male wage- earner, by age group, Canada, 1931 67
An Age Index for Married Males 68
Statement LII — Age index for married males, Canada and provinces, 1931 69
Population Growth and the Age Distribution of Married Males 69
Statement LIII — Age index, 1931, and population increase, 1921-1931, cities of
30,000 and ovc4r 69
The Influence of Floating Population on Family Size 70
Statement LIV — Average size of families with heads 35-54 years of age and floating
population, cities of 30,000 and over, 1931 70
Statement LV — Average size of families with heads 35-54 years of age and 'floating
population, rural and urban, Canada, by provinces, 1931 • 71
The Multiple Correlation of Family Size with Floating Population and Age Index of
Married Males '. 71
Children per Family by Ago of Head 72
Statement LVI — Scatter diagram showing frequency distribution of 175 rural-urban groups according to intervals of average family size (families of two or more persons) in relation to age of family head, Canada, 1931 72
xiv CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931
SYNOPSIS— Con. THE CANADIAN FAMILY— Con.
Chapter VI— The Heads of Private Families— Con.
Page Statement LVII — Persons per private family of two or more persons, by age of head,
rural and urban, Canada, 1931 73
Statement LVIII — -Average number of children per family of two or more persons,
by age of head, rural and urban, Canada, 1931 73
Statement LIX — Average number of children in families with heads 55 years of age and over as percentage of average for families with heads 35-44 years of age,
Canada and provinces, 1931 73
One-Person Families. 74
Statement LX — Comparison of sextile ages for heads of one-person private families with sextile ages of heads of all types of private families, rural and urban by size
groups, Canada, 1931 74
Statement LXI— Percentage distribution of private families of one person, rural and
urban by size groups, Canada, 1931 '. . 74
Bachelor Families. 75
One-Person Households 75
Statement LXII — -Percentages of one-person families comprised of persons living
alone, rural and urban by size groups, Canada and provinces, 1931 75
Illiteracy 76
Chapter VII— Guardianship Children and Adult Dependents
Composition of Average Family 77
Statement LXIII — Average number of wives living with their husbands per private
family of two or more persons, rural and urban by size groups, Canada, 1931 .... 77
Statement LXIV — Average number of wives living with their husbands per private
family of two or more persons, by age and nativity of head, Canada, 1931 77
Variation in Averages for Own Children, Guardianship Children and Adult Dependents. . 78
Statement LXV — Dispersion in averages per family of two or more persons for own children, guardianship children and adult dependents, between age groups of
heads and between provinces, Canada, 1931 78
Lodgers, Guardianship Children and Adult Dependents as Substitutes for Own Children. . 79
Statement LXVI — -Number per family of two or more persons, of persons, own children, guardianship children and adult dependents, by age of head, Canada, 1931 79
-Statement LXVII — Guardianship children, by type of guardian, Canada, 1931. 79
Statement LXVIII — Scatter diagram showing variation in average number of guard- ianship children per private family of two or more persons with age of head, between the rural and urban-by-size-group parts of the provinces, Canada, 1931 . . 81
Statement LXIX — Guardianship children per family of two or more persons, by age
and nativity of head, Canada, 1931 81
Statement LXX — Scatter diagram showing variation in average number of adult dependents per private family of two or more persons with age of head, between
the rural and urban-by-size-group parts of the provinces, Canada, 1931 82
Bearing of Industrial Status of Family Head on Presence of Dependents 83
Statement LXXI — Average numbers of guardianship children and adult dependents in normal private families classified according to industrial status of head, rural
and urban, Canada, 1931 83
Dependents per Family and Earnings of Head 83
Statement LXXII — Number of persons, own children, guardianship children and adult dependents per normal family with wage-earner head, by earnings class of head, Canada, 1931 84
Statement LXXIII — Guardianship children per normal family with wage-earner head,
by earnings class of head, Canada, by provinces, 1931 , 84
Statement LXXIV — Scatter diagram showing variation in average number of guard- ianship children per normal family with wage-earner head with earnings of head, Canada, by provinces, 1931 85
Statement LXXV — -Weighted averages and unweighted mean of averages of number
of guardianship children per family, by earnings class of head, Canada, 1931 .... 86
Statement LXXVI — Guardianship children per normal family with wage-earner head,
by earnings class of head, Montreal, Toronto, Winnipeg and Vancouver. 1931 ... 86
Chart 5 — Histogram showing guardianship children and adult dependents in normal
families with wage-earner heads, by earnings class of head, Canada, 1931 87
Summary 88
Statement LXXVII— Percentages of private families with and without own children,
having other dependents, by conjugal condition of head, Canada, 1931 88
CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931 xv
SYNOPSIS— Con.
THE CANADIAN FAMILY— Con. Chapter VIII— The Census Family and the Completed Family
Introduction go
Statement LXXVIII — Percentage distribution of heads of normal private families
and average number of children per family, by age group, Canada, 1931 89
Estimate of Sizes of Completed Families : 89
Statement LXXIX — Births per million women according to order of birth, by ace
group, Canada, 1931 ..'..: 90
Statement LXXX— Estimated births per million women at exact age 15, during subsequent five-year intervals of child-bearing period, based on births in Canada,
1931 ' gj
Statement LXXXI — Differences in births of successive orders, Canada, 1931 91
Graduation ... oi
Statement LXXXII— Graduation of numbers of families of large sizes for (a) women at exact age 15, (b) all women living through the child-bearing period, Canada, •
1931 ' 92
Childless Women. g2
1931 as a Representative Year ; 93
Statement LXXXIII — Rates of first births' and marriages per 1,666 population
Canada and Quebec, 1927-1932 ............ 93
Corrections 03
The Proportion of All Women Bearing Children g3
Statement LXXXIV— First births per 10,000 women, by age group, Canada, 1931 . . 94
Sterility in England and the United States • 94
Distribution of Women According to Number of Children Borne 95
Statement LXXXV — Estimated distribution of completed families per 10,000 women hving through the child-bearing period and marrying before its close, number of children and cumulative number per 10,000, by number of children per completed
family, Canada, 1931 ; : •. .... 95
Comparison of Sizes of Census Families and Completed Families 96
Statement LXXXVI— Distribution per 10,000 completed families and census families
according to number of children per family, Canada, 1931 96
Statement LXXXVII— Median age of children in census families, by size, Canada,
1931 Q7
Statement LXXXVIII — Estimated cross-classification of 10,000 census families*and
completed families according to size, Canada, 1931 98
Concluding Remarks ' 98
Chapter IX — Occupations and Earnings of Family Heads
Introduction go
Family Earnings 99
Statement LXXXIX — Distribution of earnings of members of families of wage- earners according to classes of members, Canada, year ended June 1, 1931 99
Earnings of Heads of Families '. IOq
Statement XC— Earnings of heads of families, by marital status and sex of head,
Canada, year ended June 1, 1931 100
Statement XCI— Heads of families, by sex, conjugal condition and class of family.
Canada, 1931 100
Earnings of Heads of Normal Families 10!
Statement XCII — Male family heads, number and percentage married and living with their wives and total earnings, by earnings class of head, Canada, year ended June 1, 1931 101
Statement XCIII— Percentage distribution of heads of normal families and distri- bution of total earnings, by earnings class of head, Canada, year ended June 1,
1931 : 102
Variation in Family Size and Composition with Earnings of Heads 102
Statement XCIV— Size and composition of normal families with wage-earner heads, number of wives and children gainfully occupied and average earnings of wives and children, by earnings class of head, Canada, 1931 103
xvi CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931
SYNOPSIS— Con.
THE CANADIAN FAMILY— Con.
Chapter IX — Occupations and Earnings of Family Heads — Gon:
Page
Children's Contributions to Family Earnings 104
Statement XCV — Ratio of gainfullyoeeupicd children per family to children 15 years of age and over, and earnings of children as percentage of earnings of heads, for normal families, by earnings class of head, Canada, year ended June 1, 1931. . . . 104 Statement XCVI — Percentage distribution of members of families, by earnings class
of head, Canada, 1931 .'..'......'....' 104
Statement XCVII — Percentage distribution of members of families with earnings of
heads less than and more than given amounts, Canada, 1931 105
Occupational Classification 105
Statement XCVIII — Number of families, persons per family and relevant data for
135 occupations, Canada, 1931 106
Type of Occupation 108
Statement XCIX — Scatter diagram showing frequency distribution of 133 occupations according to average number of persons per family in relation to type of occupa- tion of family head, Canada, 1931 110
Con-elation between Average Family Size and Average Earnings of Heads 110
■ Statement C — Scatter diagram showing frequency distribution of 135 occupations according to intervals of average earnings of heads of families in relation to average
number of persons per family, Canada, 1931 Ill
Statement CI — Mean of average persons per household and standard deviation in averages for nine groups of 15 occupations each, arranged in order of descending
earnings, Canada, 1931 '. . . 112
Correlation between Average Family Size and Urbanization of Occupation 113
Correlation between Average Family Size and Percentage of Gainfully •Occupied of British
Racial Origin 113
Effect of Delayed Earnings on Family Size 113
Average Family Size and Age Distribution of Family Heads 113
. Statement CII — Simple correlations between pairs of variables for 135 occupations,
Canada, 1931 114
Chart 6-^Variance in average sizes of families of wage-earners associated with five
attributes of occupational classes, Canada, 1931 ,. 114
Analysis of Variance in Family Size between Occupations and Rural and Urban Groups
for Ontario 115
Statement CHI — -Average number of own children per family with head in selected
occupations, rural and urban by size groups, Ontario, 1931 115
Statement CIV — Analysis of variance in number of own children per family, Ontario,
1931 ' ' no
Statement CV — Family size, rural and urban by size groups, Ontario, 1931 117
Comparison of Census and Vital Statistics Data on Family Size by Occupation of Head ... 118 Statement CVI — Comparison of average number of dependents per census family and
average birth order for 52 occupations, Canada, 1931 1 19
Family Size by Occupation of Head, by Provinces 1.20
Statement CVII — Average size of normal families with wage-earner heads for 42
selected occupations of head, ranked according to decreasing size of means of
averages, Canada and provinces, 1931 ■ • ■ • 121
Statement CVIII — Rank of provinces according to family size for 42 occupations,
1931 .- 122
Statements CIX — Rank correlations between variables, for 42 occupations, year
ended June 1, 1931 123
Concluding Remarks 124
Statement CX — Family size and related data, by broad grouping of occupation of
head of family, Canada, 1931 '. 125
Chapter X — The Farm Household
Farm Population 1 26
Statement CXI — Rural and urban population, Canada, 1901-1931 126
Sizes of Farms • ■ • 127
Statement CXII — Numerical and percentage distribution of farms according to size,'
. Canada and provinces, 1931 127
-Statement CXIII— Number of farm workers, Canada, 1930, by size. of farm; 1931 ... 128
CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931;. jcvik
SYNOPSIS— Con.
THE CANADIAN FAMILY— Con.
Chapter X— The Farm Household— Con.
Family Self-Sufficiency on Farms 128
Statement CXIV— Farms reporting cows in milk or in calf, Canada and provinces,
' 1931 ; 128
Statement CXV— Distribution of farms reporting cows in milk or in calf, according to
■ number reported, Canada and provinces, 1931 129
Statement CXVI— Percentages of all occupied farms reporting various classes of live
stock, Canada and provinces, 1931 129
Average Size of Farm Household 129
Statement CXVII — Average persons per farm household and per rurai household,-
Canada and provinces, 1931 - 130
Farm Operators 130
Statement CXVIII — Number and percentage born in Canada and in province oif
residence, of farm operators reporting birthplace, Canada and provinces, 1931 ... 130 Statement CXIX — Age distribution of farm operators, Canada and provinces, 1931 . . 130 Statement CXX — Percentage distribution of farm operators, by number of years on
present farm, Canada and provinces, 1931 131
Average Size of Farm Household in the Counties and Census Divisions 131
Statement CXXI— Scatter diagram showing frequency distribution of 218 counties and census divisions according to average size of farm household and provinces, Canada, 1931 .....;........ 132
Quebec —
Size of Farm Household. 133
Statement CXXII — Average size of farm household and birth rates, 1930-1932,
Quebec, by counties, 1931 133
Statement CXXIII — Percentage of population of French racial origin, selected
counties, Quebec, 1931 134
Correlation of Household Size and Birth Rate 135
Correlation of Household Size with Increase in Rural Population and Density ofSettlement 135
Map 1 — Average persons per farm household in 56 counties, Quebec, 1931 136
Statement CXXI V— Actual and calculated size of .farm household, and percentage of
land area occupied, 1931, and rural population, Quebec, 1931 and 1921 137
Household Size and Type of Farming 138
• Statement CXXV — Scatter diagram showing frequency distribution of 56 counties in Quebec, 1931, according to intervals of value of stock slaughtered as percentage of
• value of stock sold alive in relation to average size of farm household 139
Statement CXXVI — Value of stock slaughtered and stock sold alive, Quebec, 1930. . 139
Household Size and Farm Operation 140
Statement CXXVII— Summary data descriptive of farm operation, 56 counties,
Quebec, 1930-1931 ^ 140
Statement CXXVIII — Scatter diagrams showing frequency distribution of 56 counties in Quebec, 1931, according to average number of farm labourers per occupied
farm, 1930 in relation to family size, 1931 141
Statement CXXIX — Scatter diagram showing frequency distribution of 56 counties in Quebec, 1931, according to average acreage per occupied farm in relation to
average size of farm household 143
Statement. CXXX — Scatter diagram showing frequency distribution of 56 counties in Quebec, 1931, according to average value per occupied farm of (a) farm implements and machinery, (b) farm products, in relation to average size of farm household 144
Size of Household in Ninety-One Sample Parishes 145
Statement CXXXI— Scatter diagram showing frequency distribution of the 91
sample townshipsin Quebec, 1931, according to (a) average acreage; (b) average
improved acreage per occupied farm, in relation to average size of farm household 145
Statement CXXXII — Scatter diagram showing frequency distribution of the 91
sample townships in Quebec, 1931, according to rural population density in
relation to average size of farm household 147
Summary 148
Prince Edward Island —
Statement CXXXIII — Average size of farm household and birth rates, Prince
Edward Island, by counties, 1930-1931 148
36755— B '
xviii CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931
SYNOPSIS— Con.
THE CANADIAN FAMILY— Con.
Chapter X — The Farm Household — Con.
Nova Scotia — Page
Size of Farm Household 148
Statement CXXXIV — Average size of farm household and relevant data, Nova
Scotia, by counties, 1930-1931 149
The Acadian Families , 149
Household Size by Counties 150
New Brunswick —
Statement CXXXV — Average size of farm household and relevant data, New Bruns- wick, by. counties, 1930-1931 -. 150
Ontario —
Farm Facilities 151
Statement CXXXVI — Farm acreage, farm produce and farm facilities, Canada and
provinces, 1930-1931 ' 151
Birth Rate and Productivity of Farms 151
Statement CXXXVII — Scatter diagram showing frequency distribution of the 55 counties in Ontario, 1931, according to intervals of standardized birth rate
(1930-1932) in relation to value of farm produce, 1930 152
Household Size by Counties 152
Household Size in Northern Ontario : 153
Statement CXXXVIII — Average size of farm household and relevant data, Ontario,
by counties, 1930-1931 153
Statement CXXXIX — Average size of farm household and relevant data, Northern
Ontario, by counties, 1930-1931 154
Economic Factors Affecting "Average Household Size 155
Statement CXL- — Average size of farm household as compared with size predicted
from birth rate and hired labour per farm, Ontario, by counties, 1931 and 1921 . . 155 Statement CXLI — Scatter diagram showing frequency distribution of the 55 counties in Ontario according to intervals of difference between actual and calculated average size of farm household, 1931, in relation to value of farm produce per farm, 1930 156
The Prairie Provinces —
Statement CXLII — One-person households, Prairie Provinces, 1931 157
Statement CXLIII — Average size of farm household as adjusted for disproportionate
numbers of one-person households, Prairie Provinces, 1931 157
Population Movement in the Prairie Provinces, 1921-1931 '. 158
Statement CXLIV — Increase per 1,000 in rural population, occupied farms and
immigration, Prairie Provinces, 1921-1931 158
Average Size of Farm Household by Census Divisions 159
Statement CXLV — Average persons per farm household, 1931, rural population, number of occupied farms and standardized birth rate, Prairie Provinces, by census divisions, 1931 and 1921 159
Statement CXL VI— Scatter diagrams showing frequency distribution of the census divisions of the Prairie Provinces according to intervals of average size of farm
household, 1931, in relation to standardized birth rate, 1930-1932 160
Population Movements, 1931-1936 161
Statement CXL VII — Actual increase and estimated natural increase in farm popu- lation and increase in number of occupied farms, Prairie Provinces, 1931-1936. . . 161
Statement CXLVIII — Immigrants reporting farming as intended occupation, by
age and sex, Prairie Provinces, 1931-1935 161
Statement CXLlX — Movement of population between farm and city, Prairie
Provinces, 1931-1936 ' 161
Statement CL — Average size of farm household and percentage increases in farm
population and number Of occupied farms, Prairie Provinces, 1931 and 1936 162
Statement CLI — Persons per farm household, farm population and number of occupied
farms, Prairie Provinces, 1931 and 1936 162
Statement CLII— Scatter diagram showing frequency distribution of the 51 census divisions in the Prairie Provinces according to change in average size of farm
household, 1931-1936, in relation to average size of farm household, 1931 163
Average Household Size in Drought Areas " 164
Statement CLIII — Household size in census divisions suffering from drought, 1931
and 1936 164
CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931 xix
SYNOPSIS— Con.
THE CANADIAN FAMILY— Con.
Chapter X — The Farm Household — Con.
Page
Household Size and Type of Farming 164
Statement CLIV — Farm population, number of farms reporting male population and
persons per farm household, by type of farm, Prairie Provinces, 1936 164.
Statement CLV — Aggregate farm population, number of farms reporting male population and average persons per farm household, by type of farm, Prairie
Provinces, 1936 • 165
Statement CLVI — Scatter diagram showing frequency distribution of the 51 census divisions in the Prairie Provinces, 1936, according to average size of farm house- hold in' relation to percentages of farms of large-family types 165
British Columbia- Statement CLVII — Average size of farm household and relevant data, British
Columbia, by census divisions, 1931 166
Summary '. 166
Chapter XI — Regional Differences in Family Size
Statement CLVIII — Children per normal family and rank of provinces in decreasing order of magnitude of family size, rural and urban by size groups, Canada and
provinces, 1931 167
Distribution of Normal Families According to Number of Children ] 68
Statement CLIX — Percentage distribution of normal families according to number of
children, rural and urban by size groups, Canada and provinces, 1931 168
Statement CLX — Frequencies of families of each size indexed on Canada base, rural
and urban by size groups, Canada and provinces, 1931 169
Statement CLXI — Frequencies of families of each size, Canada and provinces, 1931. . 171 Incidence of Age Distribution of Family Heads on Family Size 172
Statement CLXII — Average number of children per family of two or more persons, crude and adjusted for age distribution of heads, and rank of provinces in decreas- ing order of family size, rural and urban by size groups, Canada and provinces, 1931. . . . : 173
Incidence of Race on Family Size 173
Statement CLXIII — Crude and adjusted average number of children per family of two or more persons showing contribution by each racial group, rural and urban by '
size groups, Canada and provinces, 1931 174
Statement CLXlV — Rank of provinces in decreasing order of family size according
to crude and adjusted averages and for the three racial groups, Canada, 1931 .... 175 . Statement CLXV — Rankings of racial groups in descending order of family size in
the 35 rural-urban groups, Canada and provinces, 1931 , 176 .
Incidence of Religion ,on Family Size 176
Statement CLXVI — Average number of children per family, by racial origin of head, and percentage of the population Roman Catholic, by racial origin, cities of
30,000 population and over, 1931 176
Standardization of Average Family Size for Provinces 177
v Statement CLXVII — Standardization of family size of families having heads (a)
British, (b) French, (c) of other racial origins, Canada and provinces, 1931 177
Statement CLXVIII — Comparison of standardized and crude average number of children per family of two or more persons, with rank of the provinces in decreasing
order of magnitude of family size, Canada, by provinces, 1931 178
Summary 178 •
. Chapter XII — Conclusion
Major Causes of Our Declining Birth Rate 179
The Maintenance of Natural Increase 181
• i
PART II
Tables
Table 1 — Rural population, households and number of persons per household, Quebec,
by counties, 1901 and 1921 185
Table 2 — Average number of persons per rural household, and number and percentage of — rural population of French racial origin, Quebec, by counties, 1901 and 1921 . . . 186
30755— Bi
xx CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931
SYNOPSIS— Con.
THE CANADIAN FAMILY^Con.
Tables— Con.
Page
Table 3 — Ordinary households occupying stated number of rooms, by number of persons
in household, City of Montreal, 1931 187
Table 4— Ordinary households occupying stated number of rooms, by number of persons
in household, City of Toronto, 1931 187
■ Table 5 — Ordinary households occupying stated number of rooms, by number of persons
in household, City of Winnipeg, 1931 187
Table 6 — Ordinary households classified according to average number of rooms per
person and number of persons, City of Toronto, 1931 .' 188
Table 7 — Data used in the correlation between average number of lodgers per household and related factors for urban households of one family, with wage-earner heads, consisting of husband and wife or more persons living in.rented homes, by rental groups, cities of 30,000 population and over and urban by size groups, Canada, by provinces, 1931 '. 189
Table 8 — Private families of two or more persons, showing average number per family of persons, own children, guardianship children and other dependents, by age of head, rural and urban by size groups, Canada and provinces, 1931 192
Table 9 — Private families of two or more persons, showing average number per family of persons, own children, guardianship children and other dependents, by
nativity and age of head, rural and urban by size groups, Canada, 1931 194
^J Table 10— Number of families of two or more persons and number of own children living <" at home, by racial origin of head, rural and urban by size groups, Canada and
provinces, 1931 195
Table 11 — Average earnings of heads of families, average number of children earning per family and average earnings per child, by selected occupations of heads, Canada, by provinces, 1931 196
Table 12— Occupations ranked according to earnings of heads of families, size of family,
earnings of children, percentage of children 15 years of age and over at school / and children gainfully occupied, Quebec, 1930-1931 198
Table 13 — Occupations ranked according to earnings of heads of families, size of family, earnings of children, percentage of children 15 years of age.and over at school and children gainfully occupied, Ontario, 1930-1931 199
Table 14 — Order of birth of legitimate children born in 1931 (including stillborn children),
by age of mother, Canada and provinces, 1931 200
APPENDICES
Appendix 1 — Schedule Form 1, Seventh Census of Canada, 1931 205
Instructions to Enumerators relating to families and homes, 1931 Census. . . 206 Appendix 2 — Methods of Analysis 211
CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931 xxi
SYNOPSIS— Con.
FERTILITY OF THE POPULATION OF CANADA
Summary ." . . . : ,217
PART I General Statement of Rates and Trend in Fertility
Chapter I— Completeness of Birth Registration •
Page
Comparison of Vital Statistics and Census in the Aggregate 223
Statement I — Ratio of three times the number of persons reporting age x to the
total number reporting ages x — 1, x and x + 1, by sex, Canada, 1931 223
Statement II— Life table and actual population, males and females, Canada, 1931 224
Statement III — Births, birth rates and deaths under one year of age, Canada, . >
1920-1931 " 224
Statement IV — Comparison of the census population aged 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, with the number calculated as alive at the census date at the same ages from
birth registrations by methods 1 and 2, Canada and regional divisions, 1931 : 226 Statement V — Comparison of the census population aged 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, with the number calculated as alive at the census date at the same ages from birth registrations by method 1, 1931 and 1936, and of ages 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 1931,
. Prairie Provinces 227
Chart 1 — Ratio of census population 0-4, 1931, and 0-9, 1936, to number calcu- lated from birth registrations as alive at census dates, Prairie Provinces. . . . 229
The Effect of Migration on the Foregoing Comparisons 230
Statement VI — Children 0-4 years of age showing number born in province
■ and percentage not born in province, Canada, by provinces, 1931 : . . . 230
Statement VII— Ratio of number 0-4 years of age born in province but living elsewhere in Canada to the number 0-4 years of age living in the province,
• Canada, by provinces, 1931 : ; . : 230
Search from the Census to Birth Registrations 231
Prince Edward Island 231
Nova Scotia 231
New Brunswick /. 231
Quebec ' 231
Ontario 232
Manitoba 232
Saskatchewan 233
• Alberta 233
British Columbia 233
' Omissions from the Census 234
Estimation of Non-Measurable Factors Affecting Sample Investigation. 234
Continuation of Canadian Life Tables, 1931, Back to Age Zero 235
Statement VIII — Relationship between the assumption of a deficiency in birth regis- trations and the values of- the expectation of life and the number living, Life
Table for Canada, males, 1930-1932. 236
Chapter II — The Trend of the Canadian Birth Rate in the Post- War Period
Introduction '. . 237
World Trend , • 237
Statement IX — Birth rates in various countries, 1921-1936 238
Organization of Vital Statistics in Canada 238
Summary of Trend in Births, Deaths and Natural Increase in Canada 239
• Live Births 239
Statement X — Number of live births, Canada, provinces and the Registration
Area, 1921-1936 ; 239
Provincial Birth Rates 240
Statement XI — Crude birth rates, Canada, provinces and the Registration Area,
1921-1936 240
Synchronization of Death and Birth Trends 241
Statement XII — Death rates, Canada, provinces and the Registration Area,
1921-1936 241
Trends in Natural Increase 242
Statement XIII — Rates of natural increase, Canada, provinces and the Regis- tration Area, 1921-1936 242
xxii CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931
SYNOPSIS— Con. FERTILITY OF THE POPULATION OF CANADA— Con.
Chapter II — The Trend of the Canadian Birth Rate in the Post- War Period — Con.
Page
Specific Fertility Rates ' 243
Specific Fertility Rates of All Women 15-49 Years of Age for Census and Adjacent
Years 243
Statement XIV — Specific fertility rates of women 15-49 years of age (all conjugal
conditions), by age group, Registration Area, 1921-1922 and 1930-1932. . . . 243 Specific Fertility Rates of All Women for the Average of 1921-1922 and of 1931-1932 244 Statement XV — Specific fertility rates of women 15-49 years of age (all conjugal conditions), by age group, Registration Area and provinces, for the average of 1921-1922 and of 1931-1932 .' 244
Birth Rates Standardized for Age 246
Method of Standardization 246
Statement XVI — Standardized birth rates, Canada, provinces and the Regis- tration Area, 1921-1936 247
Comparison of Standardized with Crude Rates : 247
Statement XVII — Total immigrant arrivals destined to Prairie Provinces, 1921
and 1923-1937 247
Chart 2 — Crude and standardized birth rates, Canada and provinces, 1921-1936. . 248
Trends in Fertility as Affected by Conjugal Condition 250
Specific Fertility Rates of Married Women for Census and Adjacent Years 250
Statement XVIII — Specific fertility rates of married women 15-49 years of age,
by age group, Registration Area, 1921-1922 and 1930-1932 250
Specific Fertility Rates of Married Women for the Average of 1921-1922 and of 1931-
1932 4 250
Statement XIX — Specific fertility rates of married women 15-49 years of age, by age group, Registration Area and provinces, for the average of 1921-1922
and of 1931-1932 251
Chart 3 — Specific fertility rates of married women 15-49 years of age, Regis- tration Area as of 1921, for the average of 1921-1922 and 1931-1932 251
Statement XX — Specific fertility rates of married women 15-49 years of age, by age group, expressed as percentages of the rate of the 20-24 year group, Registration Area and provinces, for the average of 1921-1922 and of 1931- 1932 252
Chart 4 — Average of 1931-1932 specific fertility rates of married women 15-49 years of age given as a percentage of the corresponding rates for the average
of 1921-1922, Registration Area 253
Fertility of Unmarried Women : 253
Statement XXI — Percentage illegitimate births form of total live births, Canada,
provinces and the Registration Area, 1921-1936 •. . 253
Statement XXII — Specific fertility rates of unmarried women 15-49 years of age, by age group, Registration area and provinces, for the average of 1921- 1922 and of 1931-1932 254
Other Factors Affecting Trend in Fertility 254
Proportion of Women of Child-Bearing Ages to the Total Population 254
Statement XXIII — Percentage proportion of women 15-49 years of age to total
population in various countries' at recent censuses 255
Statement XXIV — Percentage proportion of women 15-49 years of age to total
population, Registration Area, Canada and provinces, 1921 and 1931 255
Chart 5 — Proportion of women 15-49 years of age to the total population in
1921. and 1931 256
Proportion of Women of Child-Bearing Ages Who Were Married 257
Statement XXV — Percentage of married women 15-49 years of age to all women,
by age group, Registration Area, 1911; 1921 and 1931 257
Chart 6 — Percentage of women married in each child-bearing age group, Regis- tration Area as of 1921, for the years 1921 and 1931 257
Statement XXVI — Percentage of married women 15-49 years of age to all
women, by age group, Registration Area and provinces, 1921 and 1931 258
Statement XXVlT- — Actual number of married women in the Registration Area,
1891, 1901, 1911 and 1931, by quinquennial age groups, compared with the
number expected from the proportion married in each age group, 1921 .... 258 Statement XXVIII — Percentage distribution of married women 15-49 years of
age, byage group, Registration Area and provinces, 1921 and 1931 259
Chart 7 — Proportionate distribution of married women 15-49 years of age,
Registration Area as of 1921, for the years 1921 and 1931 260
CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931 xxiii
SYNOPSIS— Con.
FERTILITY OF THE POPULATION OF CANADA— Con.
Chapter II — The Trend of the Canadian Birth Rate in the Post- War Period — Con.
Page
Summary of Factors Affecting the Canadian Birth Bate 260
Statement XXIX — Total fertility rates for the child-bearing ages, 1921 and 1931, based on (a) fertility rates of 1921-1922 and (b) fertility rates of 1931-1932,
Begistration Area and provinces 261
Individual and Joint Effects of the Factors 261
Statement XXX — Analysis of percentage change in crude birth rates between
1921-1922 and 1931-1932, Begistration Area and provinces 261
" Chapter III— Order of Birth
Introductory and Explanatory 263
Statement XXXI — Percentages of all women 15-49 years of age who were (a) married, (b) represented by the legitimate births, by quinquennial age
' groups, Canada, 1931 263
Chart 8 — Proportion of all women 15-49 years (a) who were married, 1931,
(b) who were represented by the legitimate births of 1931 264
Births during the Period of Observation of Order of Birth 265
Statement XXXII — Numerical distribution of legitimate children according to
order of birth, Canada, 1927-1936 265
Trend in Order of Birth during the Period 265
Belation of Increase or Decrease in Marriages to Order of Birth 265
Statement XXXIII — Increase or decrease in marriages, by year of marriage and corresponding increase or decrease in births, by year and order of birth, Canada, by single years, April, 1927-March, 1936 266
Statement XXXIV — Number of brides, 15-49 years of age, by age group, Canada,
1927-1936 267
Statement XXXV — Average age of brides, 15-49 years of age, by age group,
Canada, 1927-1936 267
Differential Trend in Order of Birth 267
First Births 267
Statement XXXVI — Percentage distribution of legitimate children according to order of birth, not adjusted for differences in age distribution of mothers,
Canada, 1927-1936 267
Second Births ; 268
Third and Higher Orders 268
Summary 268
Statement XXXVII — Percentage distribution of legitimate children according to order of birth, Canada, 1936, not adjusted for differences in age distri- bution of mothers, expressed as an index of that of 1927 268
Influence of Age of Mother 269
Importance of Adjustment : •. 269
Method of Adjustment 269
Statement XXXVIII — Percentage distribution of married mothers, by age
group, Canada, averaged for 1930-1932 ' 269
Age Data Used in Adjustment 269
Statement XXXIX — Percentage distribution of married mothers, by age group,
Canada, 1927-1936 269
Chart 9 — Percentage distribution, by age groups, of married mothers, for years
1927 and 1936 270
Order of Birth Adjusted for Age of Mother 271
Statement XL — Numerical distribution of legitimate children according to order of birth, adjusted for differences in age distribution of mothers, Canada, 1927-1936 271
Statement XLI — Percentage distribution of legitimate children according to order of birth, adjusted for differences in age distribution of mothers, Canada, 1927-1936 271
Chart 10— Order of birth of legitimate children born in Canada, 1927-1936 272
'xxiv CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931
SYNOPSIS— Con. FERTILITY OF THE POPULATION OF CANADA— Con.
Chapter III— Order of Birth — Con. .:■; •- : Page
Trend in. Accumulated Orders of Birth 273
Total at and over Each Order 273
. Statement XLII — Percentages of married mothers having more than a given
number of children, adjusted for differences in age distribution of mothers,
.... Canada, 19.27-1936 273
Trendin Age Distribution of Married Mothers, Registration Area, 1921-1936 ■. 273
Statement XLIII — Percentage distribution of married mothers, by age group,
Begistration Area, 1921-1936 274
Type of Mother as Indicated by Order of Birth 275
Average Age of Married Mothers in the Different Orders of Birth 275
Statement XLIV; — Average age of married mothers according to order of birth of
children, .Canada, 1927-1936 275
Statement XLV — Average age of married mothers, by order of birth, Canada,
1927-1936.....; 275
Chart 11 — Average age of married mothers in each order of birth over the 10-year
period, 1927-1936 . 276
Average Orderof Birth in Different Age Groups of Mothers 277
' Statement XLVI — Average order of birth to married mothers, by age group,
• Canada, 1927-1936 277
Total Potential Number of Children Bepresented by Disappearing Types of Mothers . . 278 i Statement XLVII — Total and average number of children born to families
represented by legitimate births, Canada, 1927-1936 278
Misleading Features of the Mean Ages and Orders . '. 278
• Modal Orders and Ages 279
Statement XLVIII — Births occurring at usual and unusual ages with the index
of each set using 1927 as base, by single years, Canada, 1927-1936 279
Statement XLIX — Percentages which births at usual ages form of the total
number of births of stated orders, by single years, Canada, 1927-1936 280
Concepts Suggested by the Modes 280
.General' Summary' of Order of Birth 281
' Statement L — Average annual increase or decline in proportion falling in each
order of birth, Canada, 1927-1936 281
Chart 12 — Average annual increase or decline in proportion of total births falling
in each order of birth, 1927-1936. . . : 282
Statement LI— Percentage of total births of (a) lower order than third, (b) third to ninth orders and (c) tenth order and over, Canada and provinces, 1921, 1930, 1933 and 1936 283
Chapter IV — Gross and Net Reproduction Rates
Introduction 284
Gross Reproduction Rates 284
Trend in Gross Reproduction Rates, 1921-1931 285
Statement LII — Gross reproduction rates, 1921-1922 and 1931-1932 and percentage
decline over decade, Registration Area and provinces 285
Trend in Gross Reproduction Rates in the Prairie Provinces, 1921-1936 285
Statement LIII — Total fertility and gross reproduction, showing rate and percentage
. each year forms of 1921, Prairie Provinces, 1921, 1926, 1931 and 1936 285
Net Reproduction Rates 286
Trend in Net Reproduction Rates 286
Statement LIV — Gross and net reproduction rates, Canada, regional divisions and
provinces, 1930-1932 287
Mean Length of One Generation 287
PART II
Differential Fertility
Introduction
Limitations of Introduction of Differential Fertility in Study of Post-War Trend 291
Statement LV — Percentage births in institutions form of total births, Canada, 1926-
1936 I 291
CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931 ixv'
SYNOPSIS— Con.
FERTILITY OF THE POPULATION OF CANADA— Con.
Chapter V — Racial Differences in Fertility
" \ Pa<3E
Births and Birth Rates by Racial Origin 292
Trend in the Registration Area 292
Statement LVI — Number and index (based on 1921) of live births, by specified, racial origin, Registration Area, 1921-1936, with crude rates for the average
of 1921-1922 and of 1931-1932 293
Trend in Canada as a Whole 295
Statement LVII — Number and index (based on 1926) of live births, by specified racial origin, Canada (nine provinces), 1926-1936, with crude rates for the
average of 1931-1932 .v 296
Trend in Quebec 297
Statement LVIII — Number and index (based on 1926) of live births, by specified racial origin, Quebec, 1926-1936, with crude rates for the average of 1931- 1932 298
Order of Birth by Racial Origin '. \ 299
Statement LIX — Average number of children (1) born alive, (2) now living, (3) born
dead and (4) born alive or dead, by racial origin of mother, Canada, 1930 299
Statement LX — Average number of children (1) born alive, (2) now living, (3) born dead and (4) born alive or dead, adjusted for differences in age distribution of mothers, by racial origin of mother, Canada, 1930 300 .
Accumulated Births by Racial Origin over the Period of Records 300
Statement LXI — Numerical and . percentage distribution of children born over the
period 1926-1936 with the probable number alive in 1936, by racial origin, Canada 301,
Trend in Intermingling of Races as Shown by Births 301
Statement LXII — Total births, births to parents of the same racial origin and number and percentage births to parents of different racial origins form of total births,
Registration Area, 1931-1936, Canada and Quebec, 1926-1936 302 ■;
Statement .LXIII— Births to mothers of stated origin and to parents of the same
stated origin, by specified racial origin, Canada, 1926-1936 303
Fertility Rates by Racial Origin 303
Specific Rates of AVomen of All Conjugal Conditions, 1930-1932 303 '
Statement LXIV — Specific fertility rates of women 15-49 years of age of all con- ,
jiigal'eonditions, by age and racial origin of mother, with total fertility rates,
by racial origin of mother, Canada, 1930-1932 304
Total Fertility Rates 304
Fertility Rates within Marriage 305 '
Statement LXV — Total fertility rates for the child-bearing ages, by racial origin of mother, based on standard population of married females, Canada, 1930-1932 305
Specific Fertility in the Prairie Provinces, 1926, 1931 and 1936 305
Statement LXVI — Total fertility rates of women of all conjugal conditions, by
racittl origin of mother, Prairie Provinces, 1926, 1931 and 1936 306
Miscellaneous Phases of Racial Fertility 306
Conclusions 307
Chapter VI — Differences in Fertility According to Birthplace of Parents
Introduction ; 308
Statement LXVII — Total children born in province and yearly births in Canada and provinces to mothers born in province, by birthplace of father, Prairie Provinces, 1926-1936 -309
Trend in Births by Birthplace of Mother, Registration Area, 1921-1936, and Crude Rates,
1921-1922 and 1931-1932 310
Statement LXVIII — Percentage distribution of mothers, by birthplace, Registration
Area, 1921-1936, and Canada and Quebec, 1926-1936 310
Statement LXIX — Number and index (based on 1921) of live births, by birthplace of mother, Registration Area, 1921-1936, with crude birth rates for the average of
1921-1922 and of 1931-1932 :...'. 311
Statement LXX — Percentage females 15-49 years of age form of all females, by birth-
', place, Registration Area, Canada and Quebec, 1931 313
36755— C
xxvi CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931
SYNOPSIS— Con.
FERTILITY OF THE POPULATION OF CANADA— Con.
Chapter VI — Differences in Fertility According to Birthplace of Parents— Con.
Page Trend in Births, by Birthplace of Mother, Canada, 1926-1936, and Crude Rates, 1931-1932 313 Statement LXXI — Number and index (based on 1926) of live births, by birthplace of . mother, Canada (nine provinces), 1926-1936, with crude birth rates for the average of 1931-1932 314
Canadian-Born Mothers by Province of Birth 315
Statement LXXII — Births to Canadian-born mothers, by province of birth of mother
. Canada, 1926-1936. 315
Statement LXXIII — Number and index (based on 1926) of live births, by birthplace
of mother, Quebec, 1926-1936, with crude birth rates for the average of 1931-1932. 316
Average Order of Birth by Birthplace 315
Statement LXXIV — Average number of children (1) born alive, (2) now living, (3)
born dead, (4) born alive or dead, by birthplace of mother, Canada, 1930 317
Statement LXXV — Average number of children (1) born alive, (2) now living, (3) born dead, (4) born alive or dead, by birthplace of mother adjusted for differences in age distribution of mothers, and showing the proportion of children now living to those born alive and of children born dead to those born alive or dead, Canada, 1930. 318
Accumulated Births ; 319
Statement LXXVI— Total children born, 1926-1936. and probable survivors in 1936,
by birthplace of mother, Canada 320
Trend in Births Associated with Migration 320
Statement LXXVII — Total births, births to parents born in the same province as the child and other births with proportion births to migrating parents form of all births, Registration Area, 1921-1936, Canada' and Quebec, 1926-1936 321
Specific Fertility Rates for Women of All Conjugal Conditions, by Birthplace, 1930-1932.. 321 Statement LXXVIII — Specific fertility rates of women 15-49 years of age of all con- jugal conditions, by age and birthplace of mother, with total fertility rates, by birthplace of mother, Canada, 1930-1932 322
Total Fertility Rates, by Birthplace, 1930-1932.. 322
Conclusions 323
Chapter VII — Regional Differences in Fertility
Introduction 324
Provincial Birth Rates by Size Groups of Urban Municipalities and "Remaining Parts" . . 324
Statement LXXIX — Population, births and crude, expected and standardized birth rates, by size groups of urban municipalities and "remaining parts", Canada and provinces. 1931 325
Effect on Birth Rates of Conjugal Condition of Women at Child-Bearing Ages. .* 326
Statement LXXX — Crude, expected and standardized birth rates, allowing for fertility
within marriage, cities of 30,000 population and over, 1931 326
Statement LXXXI — Proportion of females 15-49 years of age married, by quinquennial age
groups, Canada, Hamilton, Ottawa and Quebec City, 1931 327
Geographical Regions 327
Statement LXXXII — Number in each birth rate class (crude and standardized) of counties taken as a whole, "remaining parts" and cities and towns of 5,000 population and over, 1931, and showing a scale of reference of the countries of the world : 327
Regional Tendencies of Counties as a Whole 328
The Canadian Birth Rate (23-1) as the Regional Average 328
Map I — Map of Canada showing the crude birth rates for counties or census divisions,
1930-1932 328
Map II — Map of Canada showing the crude birth rates for counties or census divisions
exclusive of cities and towns of 5,000 and over, 1930-1932 '. 328
Statement LXXXIII — Percentage accounted for by counties and census divisions in
birth rate class of (1) population of Canada, 1931, and (2) land area of Canada. . 329
CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931 xxvii
SYNOPSIS— Con. FERTILITY OF THE POPULATION OF CANADA— Con.
, Chapter VII — Regional Differences in Fertility — Con.
Page
Regional Tendencies for Rural and Small Urban Centres 329
Statement LXXXIV — Counties whose crude birth rates were affected by the exclusion of cities and towns of 5,000 population and over, showing crude rates for the counties as a whole and for the "remaining parts," 1931 329
Correlation between Regional Birtli Rates and Types of People 329
Map III — Map of Canada showing the regional distribution of crude birth rates for coun-, 'ties or census divisions exclusive of cities and towns of 5,000 and over after eliminating the influences of French and Roman Catholic, 1930-1932 330
Statement LXXXV — Correlation of standardized birth rate with (1) percentage French and (2) percentage Roman Catholic, for size groups of urban municipalities and "remaining parts" - 330'
Statement LXXXVI — Comparative number of counties in birth rate class for Map 3 (crude rates) and Map 4 (rates independent of influence of French and Roman Catholic) 330
Conclusion 331
PART III
Tables
Table 1 — Number and percentage of census schedules and infant death returns matched with birth transcripts for (1) total population exclusive of Indians and (2) Indian population, Canada and provinces, 1931 334
Table 2 — Canadian Life Table, for ages zero to five, males and females, based on popu- lation 193.1, deaths 1930-1932 and births 1926-1932, taking births as published. ..... 335
Table 3 — Life tables for regional divisions of Canada, for ages zero to five, males and females, based on population 1931, deaths 1930-1932 and births 1926-1932, taking births as published 336
Table 4 — Canadian Life Table, for ages zero to five, males and females, based on popula- tion 1931, deaths 1930-1932 and births 1926-1932, adding five p.c. to births as pub- lished to allow for incompleteness of registration 341
Table 5 — Life tables for regional divisions of Canada, for ages zero to five, males and females, based on population 1931, deaths 1930-1932 and births 1926-1932, adding five p.c. to births as published to allow for incompleteness of registration 342
Table 6— Comparison of Canadian Life Table (ages 0-5) with most recent official tables of
England and the United States 347
Table 7 — Recent rates of mortality in various countries (ages 0-5) 347
Table 8— Canadian Life Table (ages 0-5), (1) males, (2) females, 3 p.c. commutation
columns 347
Table 9— Order of birth of legitimate, children (including stillbirths) born in Canada,
1927-1936, by age group of mother 34g
Table 10 — Married mothers by racial origin and ago, and total and average number of
their children born alive, now living, born dead and born alive or dead, Canada, 1930 350
Table 11 — Specific fertility rates of married women 15-49 years of age, by racial origin,
Canada, 1930-1932 . . 355
V Table 12 — Specific fertility rates of women 15-49 years of age (all conjugal conditions),
by racial origin, Prairie Provinces, 1926, 1931 and 1936 358
Table 13 — Married mothers by birthplace and age, and total and average number of their
children born alive, now living, born dead and born alive or dead, Canada, 1930 360
Table 14 — Live births in Canada by residence of mother, and birth rates (crude, expected and standardized) for cities and towns of 5,000 and over, and for the remaining parts of counties or census divisions, 1930-1932 366
Table 15 — Live births by place of occurrence and place of residence of mother, for cities and towns of 5,000 and over, and for the remaining parts of counties or census divisions, Canada, 1930-1932 372
Table 16 — Crude birth rate, population and land area in square miles, for counties and
census divisions of Canada, 1931 386
3G755— CJ
X
xxviii CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931
SYNOPSIS— Con.
FERTILITY OF THE POPULATION OF CANADA— Con.
Tables— Con.
Page
Table 17 — Correlation of standardized birth rates with percentage French and with per- centage Roman Catholic for (1) a sample of the counties or census divisions exclusive of cities and towns of 5,000 and over, (2) cities and towns of 5,000-10,000, (3) cities and towns of 10,000-30,000 and (4) cities of 30,000 and over 388
Table 18 — Correlation of crude birth rates with percentage of population French and percentage of population Roman Catholic, showing the correcting factor for these influences and the crude birth rate independent of them for counties and census divisions of Canada exclusive of cities and towns of 5,000 and over 390
APPENDICES
Appendix 1 — Misstatement of Age in the Canadian Census 394
Appendix 2— Trend of the Birth Rate in the Prairie Provinces, 1921-1936 401
CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931 xxix
SYNOPSIS— Cori.
HOUSING IN CANADA
Chapter Page
Summary 413
PART I
Introduction 421
Historical
I— The First Homes of Canada. ......' 423
Introductory — Essential similarity of pioneer homes in different areas — The homes of New France — Houses in Upper Canada — The first homes of Western Canada.
II — Housing Development in Urban Areas 428
The growth of cities — -Epidemics among immigrants — Speculation in land — Improvements in standards of living accommodation.
Ill — Social Aspects of Urban Housing 434
Effects of high land values — Effects of instability of population in small centres — Organized efforts for improvement.
Statistical Analysis
Definitions 441
Dwelling house — Census family — The home— Single house — Semi-detached house — Apartment house — Row of terrace — Flat house — Room — Rent- Value of the owned home — -Earnings — Median earnings — Quartile earn- ings— Inter-quartile range of earnings. IV — Description of Canadian Homes 443
Size 443
Provincial, rural-urban and owner-tenant comparisons of rooms per house-
- hold— Summary. '
Materials of Construction 445
Factors affecting choice of materials^Regional differences in typical materials.
Types of Dwellings 447
Proportions of various types — Building ratios of apartments to total dwellings — Rooms per dwelling in relation to type — Household composition in relation to type of dwelling.
V — The Adequacy of Canadian Housing Accommodation 454
Trends in rooms per person — Provincial, rural-urban and owner-tenant com- parisons of rooms per person- — Distribution of population in urban homes —
. . Number of children per household as a crowding factor — Crowding in low rental homes — Tenure and household type in relation to crowding — Rooms per person in different types of dwellings — Conclusions.
VI — Urban Earnings and Housing Accommodation 463
Introductory— Average family earnings — The relative purchasing power of earnings — Quartile distribution of family earnings — Distribution of house- holds according to earnings — Average earnings of owner and tenant house- holds— Quartile earnings of owner and tenant households — Size, earnings and rooms per person for tenant families below the first earnings quartile — Distribution of owner and tenant households according to earnings — Supplementary family earnings — Earnings in relation to adequacy of accom- modation— Earnings and rentals — Rooms per person and rent per room at progressive earnings levels — Earnings in relation to the value of owned homes.
VII— Tenure ' 493
Proportions of owners and tenants— Changes in owner-tenant ratios, 1921- 1931 — Characteristics of households related to tenure — Characteristics of owner family heads — The lodging population — Conclusions.
VIII— Rentals 506
Introductory — Rental trends — Factors affecting rental levels — A cross- section of rentals in 1931 — Housing facilities of tenant homes — Summary and Conclusions.
IX— The Value of Urban Owned Homes ' 519
Distribution according to value — Values of homes owned by family heads in different occupational groups — Relationships between rentals of tenants and estimated rental values of owned homes — Analysis of shelter costs in relation to income and buying costs of homes for 473 Civil Service families.
xxx CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931
SYNOPSIS— Con.
HOUSING IN CANADA— Con.
\ Supplementary Studies Chapter Page
X— Urban Wage-Earner Family Housing, 1938 ■ 529
Introduction — Conveniences of owned and rented dwellings of urban wage- earner families — Adequacy of accommodation — Factors affecting tenure — v Rent in relation to family earnings and income.
XI— The Housing of Relief Families, 1936 540
Size of relief families in relation to city average number of persons per family — Evidence of crowding among relief tenant families— Rent levels among relief families.
PART II Tables Rooms per Household'
Table 1 — Percentage distribution of households according to number of rooms occupied, rural and urban, Canada and provinces, and cities of 30,000 population and over, 1931 546
REFERENCES TO OTHER TABLES SHOWING CROSS-ANALYSES BY ROOMS PER HOUSEHOLD
Types of Dwellings Table 7 — Number per household of persons, children
and rooms, and number of rooms per person, by type of dwelling, Canada, provinces and cities of 30,000 population and over, 1931 . . 552
Rural-Urban and Owner-Tenant
Comparisons Table 8 — Number of households, number per household
of persons, children and rooms, and number of rooms per person, by tenure, rural and
urban, Canada and provinces, 1931 553
Table 9 — Number of households, number per household of persons, children and rooms, and number of rooms per person, by tenure, rural and urban, Canada and provinces, 1931 554
Household Composition and Ac- commodation Table 10 — Composition and accommodation of house- holds according to, size, Montreal, Toronto and Winnipeg, 1931 555
Type of Household and Monthly '
Rental Table 24 — Number of persons per household, rooms per
household and rooms per person, by monthly rental paid and type of household, cities of ' 30,000 population and over, 1931 569
Materials of Construction
2 — Number of dwellings and percentage distribution according to material of con- struction, Canada and provinces, 1891-1931 547
Table 3 — Number of dwellings and percentage distribution according to material of con- struction, rural and urban, Canada and provinces, and cities of 30,000 popu- lation and over, 1931 and 1921 '. 548
Types of Dwellings
Page 4 — Numerical distribution of households according to type of dwelling, rural and
urban, Canada and provinces, and cities of 30,000 population and over, 1931. 549 Table 5 — Percentage distribution of households according to type of dwelling, rural and
urban, Canada and provinces, and cities of 30,000 population and over, 1931. 550 6 — Percentage distribution of population in households according to type of dwel- ling, rural and urban, Canada and provinces, and cities of 30,000 population
and over, 1931 551
T able 7 — Number per household of persons, children and rooms, and number of rooms per person, by type of dwelling, Canada, provinces and cities of 30,000 popu- lation and over, 1931 552
CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931
SYNOPSIS— Con.
HOUSING IN CANADA— Con.
Tables— Con. Adequacy of Housing Accommodation
Page
Table 8 — Number of households, number per household of persons, children and rooms, and number of rooms per person, by tenure, rural and urban, Canada and provinces, 1931 > 553
Table 9 — Number of households, number per household of persons, children and rooms, and number of rooms per person, by tenure, cities of 30,000 population and over, 1931 554
Table 10 — Composition and accommodation of households according to size, Montreal,
Toronto and Winnipeg, 1931 555
Table 11 — Numerical and percentage distribution of the population according to number
of rooms per person, Montreal, Toronto and Winnipeg, 1931 556
i REFERENCES TO OTHER TABLES SHOWING CROSS-ANALYSES BY ROOMS PER PERSON
Types of Dwellings Table 7 — Number per household of persons, children
and rooms, and number of rooms per person, by type of dwelling, Canada, provinces and cities of 30,000 population and over, 1931 . . 552
Household Composition and
Tenure Table 14 — Households, persons and children per house- hold, and rooms per person for specified types of households, by tenure, Canada, provinces and cities of 30,000 population and over, 1931 558
Lodging Population and Tenure. Table 20 — Households, private families, persons, lodgers,
persons and children in families of heads of households, persons per household and rooms per person, in hotels, rooming houses, etc., Canada and provinces, 1931 563
Household Composition and
Monthly Rental Table 24 — Number of persons per household, rooms per
household and rooms per person, by monthly rental paid and type of household, cities of 30,000 population and over, 1931 . . 569
Average Monthly Earnings and
Rental Table 25 — Number of rooms and average monthly earn- ings per person in tenant households, by monthly rental paid, cities of 30,000 popu- lation and over, 1931 572
Tenure
Table 12 — Numerical and percentage distribution of households, by tenure, rural and '
urban by size groups, Canada and provinces, 1931 556
Table 13 — Numerical and percentage distribution of households, by tenure, cities of 30,000
population and over, 1931 , 557
Table 14 — Households, persons and children per household, and rooms per person for
specified types of households, by tenure, Canada, provinces and cities of
30,000 population and over, 1931 558
Table 15 — Percentage owners form of each age group and percentage age distribution of
owners, Canada and provinces, rural and urban, 1931 -. 560
Table 16 — Percentage owners form of total urban household heads and percentage owners
form of each occupational group, Canada and provinces, 1931 560
Table 17 — Number of homes and percentage distribution according to occupational status
of head and tenure of home, Canada, provinces and citie3 of 30,000 population
and over, 1931 561
Table 18 — Percentage owners form of family heads, by conjugal condition of head, rural
and urban, Canada and provinces, 1931 562
Table 19 — Percentage owners form of family heads, by birthplace of head, rural and urban,
Canada and provinces, 1931 562
ixxxii ; CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931
SYNOPSIS— Con.
.HOUSING IN CANADA— Con.
.Tables— Con.
- ,■ Tenure — Con.
Page Table 20 — Households, private families, persons, lodgers, persons and children in families .of heads of households, persons per household and rooms per person, in hotels,
rooming houses, etc., Canada and provinces, 1931 563
Table 21— Individual lodgers .and lodging families, by type of household and tenure, rural ; and urban, Canada and provinces, and cities of 30,000 population and over, 1931:.: .' 564
REFERENCES TO OTHER TABLES SHOWING CROSS-ANALYSES BY TENURE
Household Composition and
' Accommodation .'...' Table 8 — Number of households, number per household
of persons, children and rooms, and number of rooms per person, by tenure, rural and
' . ' urban, Canada and provinces, 1931 553
Table 9 — -Number of households, number per household of persons, children and rooms, and number of rooms per person, by tenure, cities of
i" " 30,000 population and over, 1931 554
(See also all tables under headings Rentals and Value of Owned Homes).
Rentals
• Table 22 — Numerical and percentage distribution of urban tenant households, by monthly
rental paid and type of household, Canada and provinces, 1931 566
Table 23— Numerical and percentage distribution of tenant households, by monthly rental
paid and type of household, cities of 30,000 population and over, 1931 567
Table 24— Number of persons per household, rooms per household and rooms per person, by monthly rental paid and type of household, cities of 30,000 population and over, 1931 .......' 567
Table 25 — Number of rooms and average monthly earnings per person in tenant house- holds, by monthly rental paid, cities of 30,000 population and over, 1931 . . . 572
Table 26— Average monthly earnings per tenant household with wage-earner head, by
monthly rental paid, cities of 30,000 population and over, 1931 572
Table 27 — Average number of children per tenant household, by monthly rental paid, cities
of 30,000 population and over, 1931 . : . ." 572
REFERENCES TO OTHER TABLES SHOWING CROSS-ANALYSES BY RENTALS
Urban Owner-Tenant Compari- sons Table 31 — Percentage distribution of urban homes, by
monthly rental and tenure, urban by size groups and cities of 30,000 population and over, 1931 575
Value of Owned Homes
Table 28 — Numerical and percentage distribution of urban owned homes, by intervals of
value, urban by size groups, Canada and provinces, 1931 573
Table 29— Numerical and percentage distribution of owned homes, by intervals of value,
cities of 30,000 population and over, 1931 574
Table 30 — Numerical and percentage distribution of urban owned homes, by value of
home and occupational status of head, 1931 574
Table 31 — Percentage distribution of urban homes, by monthly rental and tenure, urban
by size groups and cities of 30,000 population and over, 1931 : 575
Table 32 — Relation of annual housing costs to income and buying costs for 473 Civil
Service family homes, 1930-31 576
Summary Table 33— Summary of housing statistics, cities of 30,000 population and over, 1931 577
CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931 xxxiii
SYNOPSIS— Con. HOUSING IN CANADA— Con.
LIST OF CHARTS
Size of Household
Page Chart 1 — Percentage distribution of Canadian households according to number of rooms
occupied, 1931 444
Materials of Construction.
Chart 2 — Percentages of dwellings in rural and urban areas according to materials of
construction, 1931 446
Types of Dwellings
Chart 3 — Percentages of households according to type of dwelling occupied, Canada and
provinces, 1931 '• 448
Chart 4 — Average number of rooms per person in different, types of dwellings, Canada and
provinces and cities of 30,000 population and over, 1931 450
Chart 5 — Average number of children per household in different types of dwellings, cities
of 30,000 population and over, 1931 : 452
Rooms per Person
Chart 6 — Average number of rooms per person, Canada and provinces, rural and urban,
and cities of 30,000 population and over, 1931 456
Earnings
Chart 7 — -Annual average earnings per household and annual average earnings per person,
for specified cities, 1931 and 1936 465
Chart 8 — Quartile family earnings values, for specified cities, 1931 and 1936 468
Chart 9 — Percentages' of families at specified earnings levels, for specified cities, 1931 and
1936 469
' Chart 10 — Percentages of owner and tenant families at specified earnings levels, for
specified cities, 1931 : 474
Chart 11 — Percentages of families with more than one wage-earner at progressive earnings
levels, for specified cities, 1931 , 477
Chart 12 — Levels of (1) tenant earnings per person and (2) rent per room, as rooms per
person increase, Three Rivers, Hamilton and Regina, 1931 481
Chart 13 — Rent as a percentage of tenant family earnings at progressive earnings levels,
for specified cities, 1931 and 1936 486
Chart 14 — Family earnings as a percentage of the value of owned homes at progressive
earnings levels, for specified cities, 1931 491
Tenure
Chart 15 — (1) Rural-Urban Owner Comparisons — Percentages of rural and urban house- , holds living in owned homes, Canada and the provinces, 1931; (2) Urban Owner Comparisons, 1921 and 1931 — Percentages of households living in owned homes, cities of 30,000 population and over, 1921 and 1931 494
Chart 16 — Tenant-Owner Comparisons— Percentages of tenant and owner households according to type of household, cities of 30,000 population and over, 1921 and 1931 497
Chart 17 — Rooms per Person — Average number of rooms per person, cities of 30,000 popu- lation and over, 1931, for one-family and multiple-family households, owners and tenants 499
Chart 18 — Children per Family— Average number of children per family in one-family and
multiple-family households, cities of 30,000 population and over, 1931 500
Chart 19 — Attributes of Home Owners and Relationship of Occupational Status to Owner- ship— Percentages of urban families living in owned homes classified accord- ing to (1) specified attributes of family heads, Canada, 1931, and (2) occupa- tional status of head, by provinces, 1931 502
xxxiv CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931
SYNOPSIS— Con. HOUSING IN CANADA— Con.
List of Charts — Con.
Rentals
Page Chart 20— Index numbers of rentals, value of residential contracts awarded and the
physical volume of business, 1919-1936 508
Chart 21 — Percentages of urban tenant households within specified monthly rental limits,
Canada and the provinces, 1931 510
Chart 22 — Percentages of tenant households within specified monthly rental levels, cities
of 30,000 population and over, 1931 511
Chart 23— Average number of rooms per person according to monthly rental, cities of
30,000 population and over, 1931 514
Chart 24 — Average number of rooms per household according to monthly rental, cities of
30,000 population and over, 1931 515
Value of Owned Homes
Chart 25— (1) Percentages of owned homes according to 1931 value, cities of 30,000 popu- lation and over and (2) provincial totals for urban centres under 30,000 and over 30,000 population 521
Chart 26 — Percentages of urban owned homes according to value, for specified occupa- tional groups, 1931 522
Chart 27 — Estimated rental value of owned homes compared with actual tenant rentals for total urban, urban under 30,000 population and urban 30,000 population and over, 1931 524
Chart 2S — Estimated rental value of owned homes compared with actual tenant rentals
for cities of 30,000 population and over, 1931 525
Chart 29 — (1) Annual cash housing costs of 473 owners, 1931, as a percentage of annual income; (2) annual income of 473 owners, 1931, as a percentage of buying costs of homes; (3) annual cash housing costs of 473 owners as a percentage of buying costs of homes, 1931 527
CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931 xxxv
SYNOPSIS— Con. ILLITERACY AND SCHOOL ATTENDANCE
Summary 581
PART I Illiteracy
Chapter I — Statements on Literacy and Illiteracy in Canada
Page
Introduction 590
Distribution of Illiteracy 591
Segregation of Illiteracy 591
Geographical Distribution and Segregation 592
Age Segregation 594
Racial Segregation 595
Rural Segregation 598
Measurement of the Major Influences Contributing to Illiteracy in Canada 598
Male and Female 600
Rural and Urban 601
Older Ages and Ages 10-14 601
British Races and Other Races : 601
Illiteracy by Provinces ■ 602
Tabular Statements —
Statement I — Number and percentage illiterate of the population 10 years of age
and over, by quinquennial age groups, Canada, 1931 595
Statement II — Number and percentage illiterate of the population 10 years of age
and over, by racial origin, in descending order of illiteracy rate, Canada, 1931 . . . 595 Statement III — Number and percentage illiterate of the population 10 years of age
and over, by quinquennial age groups, Quebec, 1931 597
Statement IV — Illiteracy of other races compared with that of British races under 72 different conditions, assuming a sample of 100 persons being taken from each
condition, Canada, 1931 599
Statement V — Illiteracy of older ages' compared with that of ages 10-14 under 72 different conditions, assuming a sample of 100 persons being taken from each
condition, Canada, 1931 599
Statement VI — Illiteracy of rural compared with that of urban under 317 different conditions, assuming a sample of 100 persons being taken from each condition,
Canada, 1931 600
Statement VII — Illiteracy of males compared with that of females under 318 differ- ent conditions, assuming a sample of 100 persons being taken from each condition,
Canada, 1931 600
Statement VIII — Numerical and percentage comparison of illiteracy of males 70-74 years of age (born before Confederation) and those 10-14 years of age, Canada
and provinces, 1931 .' 602
v7 Statement IX — Illiteracy of the nine provinces standardized for racial, sex, rural and
Is urban and age distribution, Canada, 1931 603
Statement X — Illiteracy of the nine provinces standardized for sex, rural and urban
and age (quinquennial groups) distribution, Canada, 1931 604
Statement XI — Illiteracy of the nine provinces compared after correcting for handi- caps of sex, age, rural distribution and race, Canada, 1931 604
Charts —
Chart 1 — Frequency of illiteracy rates in 222 counties and census divisions of Canada,
1931. . . . 593
Chart 2 — Geographical segregation of illiteracy for Canada (as a whole), 1931 593
Chart 3 — Age segregation of illiteracy for Canada at stated ages (nine provinces), 1931 594
Chart 4 — Racial segregation of illiteracy for Canada (nine provinces), 1931 596
Chart 5 — Age segregation of illiteracy in the province of Quebec, 1931 597
Chart 6— The relative weights of sex, rural residence, age and race in illiteracy,
Canada, 1931 601
Map I — Distribution of the 309,396 illiterate population 10 years of age and over,
among the 222 counties or census divisions of Canada, 1931 592
xxxvi CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931
SYNOPSIS— Con. ILLITERACY AND SCHOOL ATTENDANCE— Con.
Chapter II— Comparison of Illiteracy in Canada with That in Other Countries
Page Introduction , 505
Areas of Least Illiteracy 605
Political Divisions with Population over Half Illiterate 607
Non-Tabular Summary of Latest Available Data on Illiteracy in Different Countries 609
Tabular Statements —
Statement XII — Percentages illiterate of the population 10 years of age and over, by
birthplace, arranged in ascending order of magnitude, Canada, 1931 606
Statement XIII — Comparison of percentages illiterate of various age groups in
Canadian population, 1931, with the illiteracy of different countries 608
Statement XIV— Comparison of percentages illiterate of various age groups in Cana- dian population with percentages illiterate of persons from various countries living in Canada, 1931 : 608
Chapter III — Improvement in the Illiteracy Status of Canada with the Passing Years
Introduction 612
Agencies at Work in Eliminating Illiteracy 612
Improvement among the Different Sections of the Population. 614
Changes in Illiteracy between 1921 and 1931 616
Indications of Improvement or Retrogression after Passing School Age 616
Improvement in Illiteracy in the Different Provinces, 1921-1931 617
Improvement in 1921-1931 among Different Classes of the Population 618
Rural and Urban, Male and Female 618
Canadian, British and Foreign Born 618
Races 619
Population from Various Countries of Birth 619
Nativity of Parents and Illiteracy 620
Improvement by Geographical Areas. . . . : 620
Comparison of Immigrants of Various Years of Arrival: 621
Tabular Statements — -
Statement XV — Percentages illiterate of the population 10 years of age and over and
percentage- improvement in the decade, by broad age groups, Canada, 1931-1921 612 Statement XVI — Percentages illiterate of the population 10 years of age and over, by
quinquennial age groups, and percentage improvement of each group over the
immediately older group, with percentage immigrant in each group, Canada, 1931 613 Statement XVII — Percentage improvement in illiteracy over immediately older age
group, by quinquennial age groups, sex, rural and urban, Canada, 1931 614
Statement XVIII— Population with probable survivors and probable number and
percentage illiterate in 1941, by quinquennial age groups, Canada, 1931 616
Statement XIX — Estimated illiteracy rate, by sex, for the provinces of Canada, 1951,
if the percentage rate of improvement of 1921-1931 continued to obtain 618
Statement XX— Number and percentage of the rural male population 10 years of
age and over and percentages illiterate, by nativity, Canada, 1931 and 1921 619
Statement XXI — Percentages illiterate of the Canadian-born population 10 years of
age and over living in the provinces compared' with the same percentages born
in the provinces, Canada, 1931 • 620
Statement XXII — Percentages illiterate of the rural population 10 years of age and over,
Canada (exclusive of British Columbia), by counties or census divisions, 1931 and
1921 '. 621
Statement XXIII — Number and percentage illiterate of the immigrant population 10
years of age and over, by nativity, year of immigration and sex, Canada, 1931 . . 622
Charts —
Chart 7 — Geographical segregation of illiteracy for rural Canada (exclusive of British
Columbia), 1931-1921 622
Page 624 624
CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931 xxxvn
SYNOPSIS— Con. ILLITERACY AND SCHOOL ATTENDANCE— Con.. Chapter IV— Social and Economic Concomitants of Illiteracy
Introduction
Social Aspects of Illiteracy
■ The Family Composition ' "j*4
Marital Condition of Illiterates 627
Size of Families 628
' Educational Status of Children of Literate and Illiterate Families .- 630
Certain Economic Features of Illiteracy 63*
Tenancy •. ' ' ' '
Employment and Earnings of Wives and Children of Literate and Illiterate Heads. . 632
Illiteracy and Occupational Status 634
Illiteracy and Institutional Cases °35
Mental Institutions 63®
Penal Institutions ■ 638
Tabular Statements —
Statement XXIV— Percentages of families without dependents and family composition for (a) all families and (b) families with children or other dependents, by marital and literacy status of head, Canada, 1931 ; • bzi>
Statement XXV— Number of single female heads of families, number of own. chil- dren and number per 10,000 single female heads, by nativity and literacy ot head, rural and urban by size groups, Canada, 1931 ■ • bM
Statement XXVI— Families, by marital and literacy status of head and number and percentage illiterate, Canada, 1931
Statement XXVII— Percentages of total literate and illiterate heads of families in each marital class, Canada, 1931
Statement XXVIII— Persons living in families, families having no dependents and " average size of family and of family with dependents, Canada, 1931 ozy
Statement XXIX— Average size of family, by marital and literacy status of head,
Canada, 1931 ; • • • • wa
Statement XXX— Percentages of children illiterate arranged in order pf magnitude, by marital and literacy status and sex of head of family and age group of children, Canada, 1931 bdU
Statement XXXI— Number of families in each tenancy class, by marital and literacy
status of head, Canada, 1931 • "dl
Statement XXXII— Tenancy class as percentage of marital class, by literacy status
of head of family, Canada, 1931 M*
Statement XXXIII— Wives and children earning and average yearly earnings, etc.,
in families with two married heads, by literacy of head, Canada, 1931 o<"
Statement XXXIV— Wives and children earning and average yearly earnings, etc.,
in urban families with two married heads, by literacy of head, Canada, 1931. . . dm
Statement XXXV— Number of children, number of children earning and total and average earnings in urban families with one head only, by marital and literacy status of head, Canada, 1931 ; • • bM
Statement XXXVI— Summary of wives and children earning in urban families,
Canada, 1931 • b6*
Statement XXXVII— Fifty occupation groups selected from the nine provinces as having fifty or more illiterates engaged in the occupation, by average yearly earnings and percentages illiterate, arranged in decreasing order of average earnings, Canada, 1931
Statement XXXVIII— Percentages illiterate of inmates of mental institutions, by age on admission and sex, Canada, 1931
Statement XXXIX— Percentages of inmates of mental institutions who are insane or feeble-minded and percentages illiterate of the insane or feeble-minded, by age on admission and sex, Canada, June 1, 1931 ■ • Mb
Statement XL— Percentages illiterate of inmates of mental institutions, by psychosis, ,
Canada, June 1, 1931 • Mt
*xxviii CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931
SYNOPSIS— Con.
ILLITERACY AND SCHOOL ATTENDANCE— Con.
Chapter IV— Social and Economic Concomitants of Illiteracy— Con.
Tabular Statements — Con. p
Statement XLI— Percentages illiterate of inmates of mental institutions, by psychosis ^ ' StntP^lPt ^nTTagTS-fS multl?les of tha* ?f the general population, Canada, 1931 . . 637 statement XLH-Literacy of inmates (all over 15 years of age) of Dominion peni- tentiaries, by sex, Canada, June 1, 1931 p 63S
Statement XLIII— Illiteracy of inmates of penitentiaries compared with that of the general population 15 years of age and over and illiteracy of inmates as multiple of that of population, Canada, June 1, 1931 ... 638
btatement XLIV— Percentages illiterate of adult and juvenile inmates' of corrective
institutions other than penitentiaries, by sex, Canada, June 1, 1931. . . 638
btatement XLV— Average school grade attained by boy delinquents and boys in
ordinary schools, by single years of age, Canada, 1931 639
Chapter V— Literacy and Conjugal Condition
Introduction fi .n
Illiteracy of the Married '.'.'. ^
Children in Families - °*o
Fertility '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. <•«
Intermarriage „£.
Conclusion °™
644
Tabular Statements —
Statement XL VI— Percentages illiterate of the population 15 years of age and over, by WntSUfgYT?m T' certain age groups and sex, with year of birth, Canada, 1931 . . 641 (btatement AX.V 11— females 15 years of age and over, married or widowed, as percent- age of number single, by broad age groups and literacy, with year of birth, Canada,
JLoOl '..... C6S>
Statement XLVIII— Number of married mothers, total own children and children per Canada 1931 Cy coniugal condition of mother and literacy of head,
Statement XLIX— Married males, by literacy and li'teracy'of wives,' Canada,' 193l .' '. 644
PART II School Attendance
Chapter VI— Statement of the Present Status of School Attendance
Introduction „ . .
School Attendance in Canada, 1931.'.' '.'. r!r
Ages at School £46
Regularity of Attendance fjl
Nativity and School Attendance ^ln
School Attendance by Provinces '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 651
Tabular Statements —
Statement L— Indices of percentages at school with age 11 as base and differences
between successive ages, Canada, 1931 and 1921 64g
Statement LI— Percentages in average daily attendance at school according to teachers and census reports, with the difference between the two, Canada! by provinces, 1931 ' ' ' 64g
Statement. LII— Percentages of the school p'o'piua'tion'5-'l'9 ye'a'rs'of age in average
daily attendance, rural and urban, Canada and provinces, 1931 650
btatement LIII— Average number of months at school and percentages attending school of the population 5-19 years of age, by nativity and age group, Canada, iyoi fisi
Statement LIV— Percentages of total population 5-19 years of age, 'percentages 5-19 years of age at school and percentages of the total population at school, Canada and provinces, 1931 f 651
Statement LV— Estimated number of years spent '"'at' school'"' and in "actual attendance by the population 5-24 years of age, with the difference between the two, Canada and provinces, 1931 022
Statement LVI— Number and percentages in Grade's' Vlii-XH (exclusive of the Roman
Catholic schools of Quebec), Canada, 1927, 1931 and 1933. . . 653
CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931 xxxix
SYNOPSIS— Con. ILLITERACY AND SCHOOL ATTENDANCE— Con.
Chapter VII— Extent and Direction of Changes in School Attendance During
the Century
Page
Introduction 654
Age at Which School Life Should Begin 654
Value of Time Spent at School under Age 7 655
Evaluation of Changes in School Attendance 655
Provincial Distribution of Improvement 657
Standing Attained at School 658
School Attendance and Sex 659
Older School Children : 663
Tabular Statements —
Statement LVII— Percentages of the population 5-24 years of age at school and average
number of months spent at school in year, by single years of age, Canada,
1931 '. 655
Statement LVIII— Average number of years "at school", and in actual attendance,
with the difference between the two, by age groups, Canada, 1911-1931 655
Statement LIX— Estimated length of school life and time spent in actual attendance,
with the difference between the two and increase in each during the period,
Canada and provinces, 1931 and 1911 657
Statement LX— Average length of school life at ages 7-14 and increases during the
period, Canada and provinces, 1931 and 1911 • • 658
Statement LXI— Average grade at the age of 14 and. average number of years spent
in school by the age of 14, seven provinces of Canada, 1931 659
. Statement LXII— Percentages of population 5-24 years of age attending school, by
single years of age and sex, and increase in the decade, Canada, 1931-1921 b59
Statement LXIII— Estimated length in years of the school life of the population 5-24
years of age, by age group and sex, and increase in the decade, Canada, 1931-1921 . 661 Statement LXIV— Average number of months spent at school by the population 5-24
years of age, increase in the decade and percentage of population at school, by
single years of age and sex, Canada, 1931-1921 661
Statement LXV— Estimated number of years (nine-month) spent at school by the
population 5-24 years of age, by age group and sex, and increase in the decade,
Canada, 1931-1921 .' bbz
Statement LXVI— Estimated time in years spent in actual attendance at school, by
single years of age and sex, Canada, 1931 and 1921 ,6b2
Statement LXVII— Grade standing of persons attending school over age of 16,
Canada, 1931 664
Statement LXVIII— Grade standing of persons attending school at age of 15, Canada,
1931. 664
Charts —
Chart 8— Percentages at each grade (1-12) of children 14 years of age, seven provinces
of Canada, 1931 and 1924 660
Chapter VIII — Influence of Physical Environment and Population Content upon School Attendance
Introduction 666.
Physical Environment 666
Effects on Regularity of Attendance 666
Effects on Proportions Attending School 668
Population Content— Effects on School Attendance and Relation to Physical Environ-
ment 66^
Correlation of Percentages at School with Various Factors 670
Conclusion
Tabular Statements —
Statement LXIX— Percentages of total ages compared with percentages of total
counties represented in various intervals of school attendance, Canada, 1931 bb7
xl 'CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931
SYNOPSIS— Con. ILLITERACY AND SCHOOL ATTENDANCE— Con.
Chapter VIII— Influence of Physical Environment and Population Content upon School Attendance "
Tabular Statements — Con. — Pace
Statement LXX— Percentages of the population at school at certain ages, Canada and
provinces, 1931 ggg
Statement LXXI— Scatter diagram showing frequency distribution of 220 counties according to percentages attending school of Canadian born, in relation to per- centages attending school of foreign born, Canada, 1931 669
Map II— Distribution of rural school attendance according to the number of months at f h»° of those attending, among the 222 counties or census divisions of Canada, 19o0-19ol fififi
Map III— Distribution of the Canadian-born population 7-14 years of age, according to percentages attending school for any period, among the 222 counties or census divisions of Canada, 1930-1931 ggg
Chapter IX — Influence of Home Environment upon School Attendance
Introduction g*o
Distribution of Children 7-14 ■■■■■■■........................ • 672
Own and Guardianship Children 673
Marital Status and Size of Family ............!... 675
Illiteracy of Parents 676
Nativity Class of Parents 676
Summary of Influence of Illiterate and of One Parent 678
Children of Two Literate Parents Living Together 679
Occupational Distribution of Family Heads 679
Tabular Statements —
Statement LXXII— Distribution of children 7-14 years of age in families, by type of
family and class of children, Canada, 1931 672
Statement LXXIII — Distribution of children 7-14 years of age not at school, by type
of family and class of children, Canada, 1931 672
, Statement LXXIV— Children 7-14 years of age not at school, iiving with and apart
from parents, Canada and provinces, 1931 673
Statement LXXV— Number and percentage of children 7-14 years of age, in families,
not at school, by class of children, Canada, 1931 673
Statement LXXVI— Children 7-14 years of age, in families, not at school, by class of
children and literacy of parent or guardian, Canada, 1931 674
Statement LXXVII— Number and percentage of children 7-14 years of age, in families',
not at school, by class of children and literacy of parent or guardian, Canada, 1931 674
[statement J..XA VIII— Number and percentage of guardianship children 7-14 years of
age not at school, by literacy of guardian, Canada and provinces, 1931 674
btatement LXXIX — Actual and corrected percentages of own children 7-14 years of age not at school and index of figures corrected for size of family, bv class of head, Canada, 1931 g75
Statement LXXX— Number and percentage of own children 7-14 years of age not
at school, by number and literacy of parents, Canada, 1931 676
Statement LXXXI— Percentages of own children 7-14 years of age not at school by
literacy, number and nativity of parents, Canada, 1931 677
Statement LXXXII — Differences in percentages not at school between children 7-14 years of age of literate and illiterate Canadian-born parents, and the differences as multiples of percentages not at school with literate parents, Canada and prov- inces, 1931 g77
Statement LXXXIII — Estimated number and percentage of own children 7-14 years of age, in families with one head only, not at school due to separated parents, by literacy and nativity of head, Canada and provinces, 1931 678
Statement LXXXIV— Estimated number of children 7-14 years of age not at school due to illiteracy of parent or guardian, by kind and nativity of head, Canada and provinces, 1931 679
Statement LXXXV— Percentages of children 7-14 years of age not at school] iii families with male wage-earner head living with wife, by occupation group of head, Canada, 1931 ggg
Statement LXXXVI — Percentages of children 7-14 years of age not at school, in families with wage-earner head living with wife, compared with percentages of parents illiterate, by occupation group of head, Canada, 1931 680
CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931 -xli
SYNOPSIS— Con.
ILLITERACY AND SCHOOL ATTENDANCE— Con.
Chapter X — Years Spent at School by the Population of the Prairie Provinces as Reported in the Census of 1936
Page
Introduction 682
Median Years Spent at School 683
Improvement 683
Dispersion of Years Spent at School 685
The High School and Post-High School Periods 687
Tabular Statements —
Statement LNXXVII — Comparison of median years spent at school by the nge groups
20-24 and 30-34. (representing periods. of maximum attendance in census, years
192G and 1916 respectively), by sex, rural and urban, Prairie Provinces, 1936 . . . 684 Statement LXXXVIII — Comparison of years spent at school by the age group 20-24 • ' with average of groups 10-14 and 15-19, by sex, rural and urban, Prairie Provinces,
1936 685
Statement LXXXIX — Comparison of percentages never attending school, for age
groups 10-14 and 15-19, rural and urban, Prairie Provinces, 1936 686
Statement XC — Comparison of percentages attending school less than five years, for
certain age groups, rural and urban, Prairie Provinces, 1936 687
Statement XCI— Comparison of percentages attending school nine years or more, for
age groups 20-24 and 30-34, rural and urban, Prairie Provinces, 1936 687
PART III Tables
*
Table 1 — Number and percentage illiterate of the population 10 years of age and over,
including and excluding Indians, by sex, rural and urban, Canada and provinces, 1931 690
Table 2 — Number and percentage illiterate of the population 10 years of age and over arranged in descending order of percentage illiterate, Canada, by counties or census
' ■ ' divisions, 1931 692
Table 3 — Percentages illiterate of the population 10 years of age and over, by quinquennial
age groups,sex,rural and urban, Canada and provinces, 1931 695
J Table 4 — Number and percentage illiterate of the population 10 years of age and over, by
r^- bj3jad,racial and age groups, sex, rural and urban, Canada and provinces, 1931 698
Table 5 — Number and percentage illiterate of the population 10 years of age and over, by
birthplace, Canada, 1931. 699
Table 6 — Number and percentage illiterate of the population 10 years of age and over, by age group and sex, Canada',' 1931, compared with' the" United States, 1930 and Bulgaria, 1926 : 699
Table 7 — Number and percentage illiterate of the population 10 years of age and over,
rural and urban, Canada and the United States at latest census dates 700
Table 8 — Scatter diagram showing frequency distribution of 500 cases of percentage illit- eracy arranged in intervals and ascending order of size, by intervals of percentage . improvement in five years from date of occurrence of percentage illiteracy, Canada,
1931 700
Table 9 — Number and percentage illiterate of the population 5 years of age and aver, by
quinquennial age groups, Canada, 1931 and 1921 701
Table 10 — Actual and expected population alive, and number and percentage illiterate, by
quinquennial age groups, Canada, 1931 701
Table 11 — Immigrant population and number arriving between 1921 and 1931, Canada,
1931 701
Table 12 — Number and percentage illiterate of the population 10 years of age and over, by
certain age groups and sex, Canada and provinces, 1931 and 1921 702
Table 13 — Number and percentage illiterate of the population 10 years of age and over, by
nativity, sex, rural and urban, Canada and provinces, 1931 and 1921 705
Table 14 — Number and percentage illiterate of the population 10 years of age and over, by
racial origin, nativity and sex, Canada, 1931 and 1921 , 706
xlii CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931
SYNOPSIS— Con.
ILLITERACY AND SCHOOL ATTENDANCE— Con.
Tables— Con.
Table 15— Number and percentage illiterate of the population 10 years of age and over, by -X birthplace, Canada, 1931 and foreign-born illiterates of corresponding racial origin, ^ Canada, 1931 and 1921 6 . .' 708
Table 16 — Number and percentage illiterate of the population 10 years of age and over,
Canada, by counties or census divisions, 1931 and 1921 709
Table 17 — Number and percentage illiterate of the population 10 years of age and over (a)
Canadian-born, (b) total, by sex, cities of 30,000 and over, 1931 and 1921 712
Table 18 — Immigrant arrivals 10 years of age and over, by quinquennial age groups and
year of immigration, and percentages illiterate, by quinquennial age groups, in the population as a whole, with expected number illiterate in each age group of those
arriving in each year, Canada, 1931 ■ 712
Table 19 — Families with and without children and number, and number per family of
children, by kind and age group, and other dependents, in families with two married
heads, by literacy of heads, Canada, 1931 713
Table 20 — Families with and without dependents and number, and number per family of
children, by kind and age group, and other dependents, in families with one head only,
by marital status, literacy and sex of head, Canada, 1931 713
Table 21 — Number and percentage illiterate of own children, by age groups and marital
status and literacy of head of family, Canada, 1931 : 714
Table 22— Number of families in each tenancy class, by marital status and literacy of heads,
for urban families, Canada, 1931 •. 714 '
Table 23 — Percentage each tenancy class forms of marital class, by literacy status of heads,
for urban families, Canada, 1931 715
Table 24 — Number and percentage illiterate of the married wage-earner heads of families
living with wives, by various occupation groups, and showing average yearly earnings
of heads, arranged in ascending order of percentage illiterate, Canada, 1931 715
Table 25 — Number and percentage illiterate of the married wage-earner heads of families
living with wives, by various occupation groups, and showing average yearly earnings
of heads, Canada, by provinces, 1931 716
Table 26 — Percentages illiterate of the married and single 15 years of age and over, by
certain age groups, provinces and cities of 30,000 and over, 1931 718
Table 27 — Percentages illiterate of the married and single females 15-20 years of age,
Canada and provinces and cities of 30,000 and over, 1931 718
Table 28— Number and percentage of the population 5-24 years of age, at school for any
period, by single years of age and sex, Canada, 1931 and 1921 719
Table 29 — School attendance of the population 5-19 years of age, by months at school, rural
and urban, Canada and provinces, 1931 and 1921 720
Table 30 — School attendance of the population 5-19 years of age, by age groups and nativitv.
Canada, 1931 and 1921 . . . '. ./. 721
Table 31 — Average number of years spent "at school" and average number of years in
actual attendance by the population 5-24 years of age, by certain age groups, Canada
and provinces, 1911-1931 722
Table 32 — School attendance of the population 5-24 years of age, by single years of age,
sex and months at school, Canada, 1931 and 1921 723
Table 33 — Average school grade reached and distribution of improvement between grades,
for all ages and for ages 13 and 14, certain provinces of Canada, 1931 and 1924 724
Table 34 — Percentages leaving school and estimated number of full years spent at school,
at each age over 10, Canada, by provinces, 1931 724
Table 35 — Population, number of persons attending school (all ages) and average number
of months at school during the year in the rural parts of the counties or census divisions
of Canada, 1931 • 725
Table 36 — Number and percentage, of counties according to percentages at school for
Canadian-, British- and foreign-born population 7-14 years of age, Canada, 1931 v 728
Table 37 — Percentages at school of the population 7-14 years of age, density of population per square mile, percentages of total population urban, rural. non-farm and British races, Canada, by counties or census divisions, 1931 729
Table 38 — Own children 7-14 years of age not at school, by nativity and literacy of parent,
Canada and provinces, 1931 732
CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931 xliii
SYNOPSIS— Con. ILLITERACY AND SCHOOL ATTENDANCE— Cone.
Tables— Con.
Page
Table 39— Percentages of own children 7-14 years of age not at school, by nativity and
literacy of parent, Canada and provinces, 1931 733
Table 40— Number and percentage of own children 7-14 years of age not at school, by
marital status of head of family and number of children, Canada, 1931 734
■ Table 41— Number and percentage of own children 7-14 years of age not at school, by
literacy and marital status of head of family, Canada and provinces, 1931 734
Table 42 — Number and percentage of own children 7-14 years of age not at school, in families with wage-earner heads, husband and wife living together, by occupation group, Canada and provinces, 1931 -736
Table 43 — Number of illiterate husbands and wives in families with wage-eamer heads,
husband and wife living together, by occupation group, Canada and provinces, 1931 738
Table 44— Number of own children 7-14 years of age in families with wage-earner head, husband and wife living together, with number and percentage not at school, number of husbands and wives and number and percentage illiterate, by occupation group, Canada, 193i: 738
Table 45— Median years spent at school, by quinquennial age groups and sex, rural and
urban, Prairie Provinces, 1936 «39
Table 46 — Percentages at school for specified number of years, rural and urban, Prairie
Provinces, 1936 740
Table 47 — Years spent at school of the total population, by quinquennial age groups and
sex, averaged in quartiles, Prairie Provinces, 1936 • 741
Table 48 — Percentages of urban population at school for specified number of years, local- ities of 10,000 and over, Prairie Provinces, 1936 741
xliv CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931
. SYNOPSIS— Con.
THE AGE DISTRIBUTION OF THE CANADIAN PEOPLE
Page . Summary 745
PART I Introduction
General Considerations on Age Distribution 749
Chart 1— Male population per 10,000, by quinquennial age groups, Canadian Life
Table, 1931 750
Chart 2 — Population (both sexes) per 10,000, by quinquennial age groups, United
. States.Life Table, 1870 750
Chart 3 — Male population per 10,000, by quinquennial age groups, Canadian Life
Table, 1931, projected 100 years 751
General Shape of Age Distribution ; . . •. 752
Basis of Age Classification of Areas 752
Chapter I — The Evolution of Canada's Age Distribution
Quebec, Males, 1881 ' \ 754
. Canada, Males, 1881 756
Canada, Males. 1891 .-. .■ -. . .-.- 756
Canada, Males, 1901 757
Canada, Males, 1911 757
Canada, Males, 1921 757
Canada, Males, 1931 758
Conclusion 759
Chapter II — Classification of Areas by Age Types
Threefold Index [ 761
Statement I — Age structure of Quebec, males, 1881 and Canada, males, 1881-1931 . . . 761 Statement II — Age-type classes as related to average of threefold index for 220 counties and census divisions of Canada, with number of counties or census divisions falling into each class, Canada, males, 1931 762
Male Types 763
Pure Types 764
Statement III — Age structure of pure types of age classes arrived at by three siftings
of the information contained in Table la, Part II 764
Chart 4 — Age distribution (male) of pure-type counties of the four main age classes,
Canada, 1931 765
Statement IV — Percentage distribution of male population in pure-type counties of
the different age classes, by quinquennial age groups, Canada, 1931 766
Statement V — Pure-type counties of age class IIB, showing age structure, increase in
population, 1921-1931, birth rate and natural increase, Canada, males, 1931 .... 767
Statement VI — Numerical and percentage distribution of male population, by quin- quennial age groups, Inverness, Nova Scotia, 1931 767
Chart 5 — Age distribution (male) of Inverness, Nova Scotia (typical of class IIB),
1931 I . 768
Map I — Age types (male) of the 220 counties and census divisions of Canada, 1931 . . 768
Average Types : 768
Statement VII — Percentage distribution of male population, by quinquennial age
groups, Canada and Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1931 768
Chart 6 — Age distribution (male) of Halifax, Nova Scotia, compared with that of
Canada, 1931 769
Statement VIII — Age structure of counties or census divisions approaching closely
the average in each of the three phases, Canada, 1931 769
Female Types 769
Statement IX — Number of counties and census divisions in each class of age distri- bution, by sex, Canada, 1931 770
Statement X — Number of counties or census divisions, by broad classes of age distri- bution and sex, Canada, 1931 770
CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931: xlv:
SYNOPSIS— Con. THE AGE DISTRIBUTION OF THE CANADIAN PEOPLE— Con.
Chapter II — Classification of Areas by Age Types — Con.
Page
:■ Changes in Age Types in the Prairie Provinces, 1931-1936 771
Statement XI— Census divisions showing age structure and. changes in age class,
males, Prairie Provinces, 1931-1936 771
Statement XII— Scatter diagram showing frequency distribution of the census
divisions of the- Prairie Provinces according to age type, 1931 and 1936, with the
number changed in the five-year period 772
Statement XIII — Percentage distribution of male population, by quinquennial age
groups, Canada, 1931 and Division No. 5, Saskatchewan, 1936 773
Chart 7 — Age distribution (male) of Division No. 5, Saskatchewan, 1936, compared
with that of Canada, 1931 773'
Summary • • • 773
Chapter III— Classification of Areas by Functional Aspects of Age Distribution
Functional Aspects in Relation to Age Class Determined by Threefold Index 774
Statement XIV— Scatter diagram showing frequency distribution of 220 counties
and census divisions of Canada according to percentage born in province of .
residence in relation to age class, Canada, males, 1931 774
Statement XV — Scatter diagram showing frequency distribution of 209 counties and census divisions of Canada according to' age of settlement in relation to age class,
Canada, males, 1931 775
Statement XVI — Scatter diagram showing frequency distribution of 209 counties and ' census divisions of Canada according to death rate in relation to age class, Canada,
males, 1931. . / "75
Correlation of Functional Aspects with Threefold Index 776
Statement XVII— Correlation of indices of age phases with (1) percentage born in province of residence, (2) age of settlement and (3) death rates, Canada, males,
1931 777
Percentage Born in Province of Residence 777
Age of Settlement : 778
Death Rates 778
Inter-relation of Correlations 779
Unusual Types Brought out by Correlations 780
Statement XVIII— Counties with variation between actual and expected percentage born in province of residence (a) three times standard error of fit, (b) twice
standard error of fit, snowing threefold age index and age type, 1931 780
Chart 8 — Age distribution (male) of Hants, Nova Scotia, 1931 781
Conclusion • • • • • 781
Map II — Percentage born in province of residence calculated for males on basis of
age distribution for 220 counties and census divisions of Canada, 1931 780
■ Map III — Age of settlement calculated for males on basis of age distribution for 220
counties and census divisions of Canada, 1931 780
Map IV — Death rates per 1,000 population calculated for males on basis of age dis-'
tribution for 220 counties and census divisions of Canada, 1931 780
Chapter IV— Classification of Urban Localities by Peculiarities in Age Structure
Types of Irregularities 782
' Statement XIX — Frequency distribution of cities of 5,000 population and over accord- ing, to age group containing the mode, for (a) total population, (b) male popu- . ■ lation and (c) female population, 1931 782
Secondary Peaks : 783
Statement XX — Frequency distribution of cities of 5,000 population and over accord- ing to age groups containing the mode and secondary peaks, for (a) total popu- lation, (b) male population and (c) female population, 1931 .' 783
xlvi CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931
SYNOPSIS— Con. THE AGE DISTRIBUTION OF THE CANADIAN PEOPLE— Con.
Chapter IV— Classification of Urban Localities by Peculiarities in Age Structure
—Con.
Page Single-Mode Cities 734
Statement XXI — Cities of 5,000 population and over having a single modal age group, by age group at which this mode occurs, for (a) male population, (b) female population, 1931 784
Statement XXII — Population of single-mode cities of 5,000 population and over arranged in classes according to the age group containing the mode, by quin- quennial age groups, for (a) male population, (b) female population, 1931 784 '
Sample for Analysis 785
Method of Analysis 785
Chart 9— Comparison of actual age distributions, 1921 and 1931, with expected popu- lations, for eight selected cities ; 786
Statement XXIII — Eight selected cities showing total population of each, 1911, 1921
and 1931 and survivors 10 years later of 1911 and 1921 populations 790
Statement XXIV — Sum of second differences between the numbers at successive quinquennial ages of actual populations 1911, 1921 and 1931 and survivors of these populations in 1911 and 1921, and these sums as percentages of population 10 years of age and over 790
Effects on Age Structure of Movement, Death and Ageing ." 791
Statement XXV— Eight selected cities, showing mean age of incomers during the
preceding 10 years, 1931 and 1921 791
Statement XXVI — Eight selected cities, showing mean age of (1) total population, 1911, 1921 and 1931, (2) population 10 years of age and over, 1911, 1921 and 1931 and (3) survivors in 1921 and 1931 of total populations, 1911 and 1921 792
Statement XXVII — Eight selected cities, showing the number of years expected sur- vivors of total populations, 1911 and 1921, aged in 10 years 792
Statement XXVIII — Eight selected cities showing increase in age of the population 10 years of age and over (a) from the original populations, 1911 and 1921, to the survivors 10 years later and (b) from the survivors 10 years later to the actual populations 10 years later 793
PART II
Tables
Table la — Percentages under 25 years of age and 65 years of age and over, with standard
age, 220 counties and census divisions, by age class, Canada, males, 1931 796
Table lb — Percentages under 25 years of age and 65 years of age and over, with standard
age, 220 counties and census divisions, by age class, Canada, females, 1931 . . 799
Table 2a— Age rank of the counties and census divisions of Canada (male population), 1931, as based upon the correlation between age structure and (1) percentage born in the province of residence in 1931, (2) average age of settlement of the area and (3) resident death rate, 1931 803
Table 2b — Age rank of the counties and census divisions of Canada (female population), 1931, as based upon the correlation between age structure and (1) percentage born in the province of residence in 1931, (2) average age of settlement of the area and (3) resident death rate, 1931 806
Table 3 — Cities of 5,000 population and over classified according to the age group con- taining maximum population, and showing secondary peaks, for (a) total population, (b) male population and (c) female population, 1931 810
Table 4 — Eight selected cities showing total population, 1911, 1921 and 1931, survivors 10 years later of 1911 and 1921 populations and accretions from outside in the decades 1911-1921 and 1921-1931, by quinquennial age groups 814
APPENDIX
The Evolution of Canadian Age Distribution • 819
CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931 xlvii
SYNOPSIS— Con.
CANADIAN LIFE TABLES
Page
Introduction 837
LIFE TABLES
Table 1 — Canadian Life Table No. 1, (A) Males, (B) Females, based on population, 1931
and deaths, 1930-32 866
Table 2 — Life Tables for regional divisions of Canada, (A) Males, (B) Females, based
on population, 1931 and deaths, 1930-32 870
Table 3 — Probabilities of dying within one year, (A) Males, (B) Females, for Maritime
and Prairie Provinces, based on population, 1931 and deaths, 1930-32 880
Table 4 — Probabilities of dying within five years, (A) Males, (B) Females, Canada
and regional divisions, based on population, 1931 and deaths, 1930-32 881
Table 5 — Comparison of Canadian Life Table No. 1 with most recent official tables of
England and the United States 882
Table 6 — Recent rates of mortality in various countries 885
Table 7 — Canadian Life Table No. 1, (A) Males, (B) Females, 3% commutation
columns ' 887
Table 8 — Canadian Life Table No. 1, (A) Males, (B) Females, annuity values; single
and annual life assurance premiums 891
Table 9 — Life Tables, (A) Males, (B) Females, based on population and deaths of the
Registration Area of 1921 in each of the years 1921 and 1931 893
Table 10 — Probabilities of dying within one year, (A) Males, (B) Females, based on population and deaths of the Registration Area of 1921 for the decennium 1921 to 1931 897
APPENDIX
Appendix — Population and deaths on which preceding tables are based 899
xlviii
CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931 KEY TO- INDEX MAP
|
' Province |
County |
Number on Map |
Province |
County |
Number on Map |
Province |
County |
Number on Map |
|
Prince Edwarc |
1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 ■ 18 1 . 2 3 4 • ' 5 6 7 ■ ■ ■ 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 IS 1 ' 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 |
Quebec-Con. i |
Chateauguay.... Chicoutimi Deux-Montagnes |
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 ' 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 |
Ontario |
1 • 2 |
||
|
Annapolis... Cape Breton Cumberland Digby |
4 |
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Nova Scotia... |
5 6 7 8 |
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|
Hull |
9 10 |
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|
Huntingdon |
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Guysborough.. . |
Grenville |
12 13 14 15 |
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|
i |
Kamouraska |
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|
Lac-St-Jean Laprairio L'Assomption. . . |
16 17 18 |
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Pictou |
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|
19 20 |
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Shelburne Yarmouth Albert |
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L'Islet Lotbiniere |
21 |
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Kent |
22 |
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|
23 24 |
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Montmorency. . . Montreal Island. |
25 |
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New Brunswick |
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Carleton Gloucester Kent |
27 |
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Norfolk |
28 29 30 31 32 |
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Northumber- |
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Northumber- |
||||||||
|
34 |
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Restigouche St. John Sunbury. . . Westmorland. . . York |
Oxford |
35 |
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Parry Sound Peel |
||||||||
|
Richelieu Shefford St-Hyacinthe. . . |
37 |
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Perth |
38 |
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Peterborough... Prince Edward. Rainy River |
39 40 41 42 43 44 |
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Argenteuil |
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|
45 |
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Sudbury Thunder Bay.. . Timiskaming. . . Welland..: York |
46 |
|||||||
|
Beauharnois..;. Berthier Bonaventure. . . . |
St-Maurice Temiscouata Temiskaming. . . Wolfe |
48 49 50 51 52 53 54 |
||||||
|
55 |
||||||||
|
Districted |
60 |
Note.— The census division numbers of the Prairie Provinces and British Columbia are given on the map.
INDEX MAP
SHOWING
THE COUNTIES AND CENSUS DIVISIONS as or£aniz;ed at the census of 1931
THE CANADIAN FAMILY
by
A. J. Pelletier
F. D. Thompson
A. Rochon
SUMMARY
EARLY HISTORY OF THE CANADIAN FAMILY
From 1608, date of the first successful attempt at colonization, to 1666, date of the first census, the population of Canada progressed very slowly: it numbered 28 souls in 1608, 274 in 1639, and 3,215 in 1666. Fifty years after the arrival, in 1617, of the first Canadian. family, consisting of Louis H<5bert, his wife and their three children, the Census of 1667 registered only 668 families. Except for the period 1665-72, when' Louis XIV became interested in colonization, immigration under the French regime was. practically non-existent.
Acadia, although left to itself, made good progress until 1755, when the expulsion from Nova Scotia took place. From 1755 to 1763, 14,000 persons were deported, of whom a large number perished in their incessant journeys. Not only was the mortality rate very high, but the birth rate in such circumstances was greatly reduced, with the result that in 1787 the Acadian population (in and outside Acadia) numbered only 12,000. It had reached nearly 18,000 in 1755.
The slow growth of population ,in New France, is understandable 'when it is remembered how, neglected the colony was by the mother country, how long and hazardous was the crossing of the immigrants, and how serious were the dangers with which they were surrounded. It took great courage under these conditions to settle in Canada and courageous indeed were the immigrants who took that course, whether their motives were flight from the wars of religion, desire to bring Christianity to- the native, ambition to assure the future of their children, or taste for adventure. .
Two publications, Relations des J&suites and Histoire veritable et nalurelledes.mqeurs et productions de la Nouvelle-France, together with two agencies, the companies and the seigneurs, played a large part in promoting the settlement of New France. The colonists who were induced to come by these means and whose settlement was facilitated can be divided into a small number of families, single men, engages or soldiers, and single young women, filles du roi or peasant girls.
The young Canadian family, as established all along the north shore of the St. Lawrence river by 1667, was practically self-supporting: for its food it could rely on its crop, a few cattle and chickens, hunting and fishing, while home-grown hemp and flax provided the necessary material for Vttofe du pays. The obstacles to expansion were many and serious — the massacres by the Iroquois, the ravages caused by epidemics, and the desertions of the coureurs-de-bois. These, however, could not stop progress, since their effects were opposed by the high birth rate that goes with early marriages in a young and healthy population. The life of the colonists, if it was a rugged one, was by no means dull and gloomy; celebrations were held on many occasions and Canadian social life dates back to the very first days of Canada.
SIZE OF THE CANADIAN HOUSEHOLD, 1666-1931
The period 1666-1931 is divided into two parts, with a large gap intervening, due to the fact that censuses from 1739 to 1851 do not give the number of households. In the first part, the average. household size is above 6 persons from 1681 to 1730. The second part starts with 6-18 persons per average household in 1851, which increases to 6-29 in 1861 (this being the highest average ever attained for the country as a whole) but for 1871 and subsequent censuses continued, though irregular, decreases were reported. These variations are attributed to movements of population, whilst the broad regularity of the trend of the decrease is due to constant factors, such as declining birth rate, ageing of the population, greater proportion married and urbani- zation.
Urbanization in Eastern Canada has been rapid and continuous since 1871. Not only did urban centres grow at the expense of rural areas but the average size of the urban household experienced a smaller drop in these latest sixty years than did the average size of the rural house- hold, which, however, remained higher than the former at each census.
36755— 1J 3 .
4 CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931
Interesting comparisons may be made regarding the average size of the household, rural, urban, and general, in the Eastern Provinces for the last sixty years. Among others may be mentioned: a smaller household size in 1931 than in 1871 is recorded for each of the five provinces; the smallest drop in average household size for the entire sixty years 'is shown by Quebec; the lowest average household size at every census is in Ontario; etc., etc.
The average size of the rural household in the province of Quebec has been increasing since 1901. A study by counties made for the decades 1901-11 and 1911-21 shows that it was really a, general increase and not one due to the influence of a limited number of counties having abnor- mally, large households. Moreover, it shows conclusively that racial origin is an important factor in determining the average size of the household.
RECURRING LARGE AND SMALL DECREASES IN HOUSEHOLD SIZE IN EASTERN CANADA, 1871-1931
The average size of the Canadian household from 1871 to 1931 was influenced by a number of factors. One of them, however, stands out among the others as being responsible for the alternate large and small decreases registered during the last sixty years, viz., the population movement. The points of agreement as well as of disparity in all six decades, when compared , minutely, reveal that the larger decreases in the size of the household are identified with the movement from the older into the newer counties, whereas the smaller decreases are related to the movement to the West and the United States, and especially with the invasion of urban centres by immigration and the movement of native rural population.
These results are quite logical for the following reasons: (a) the movement from thickly populated to newly settled counties was, on the whole, made by members of small families who, because there was no more room for expansion in the old counties, had to look outside for their own maintenance. Now, when young Canadians went West or passed over to the United States, they decreased the size of the household in Eastern Canada, but, when they left for newly settled counties the effect was to decrease it doubly, for, besides reducing the number of large households they also increased the number of small households; (b) the citywards movement created a large increase of population in the urban centres, but did not create a corresponding increase in house- holds, a fact which, naturally, retarded the decrease in the average size of the household. The increase in households did not keep pace with the growth of population because a large proportion of the population, foreign or native, invading the cities was made up of single young men or young women who for the most part took up rooms in private families or in boarding houses; (c) except for very special periods, Canada could absorb but a small fraction of its immigration, and in certain decades only one out of twenty or even one out of thirty-five immigrants remained in Canada. Their emigration, coupled with a movement of native rural population to new rural areas instead of to cities, would produce a large decrease in the average size of the household.
Concluding from past experience one may say that the average size of the Canadian house- hold will, in all probability, go on decreasing, but the decrease should get smaller. with each decade. Perturbing factors which have operated in the past — large immigration, mass settle- ment, too rapid industrialization — are not likely to repeat themselves. The rural household may even increase m size, as it did for Quebec and New Brunswick in 1931, now that the new ' counties have passed the initial stage of settlement. On the other hand, further decreases, although smaller ones than those registered so far, should be expected for the average size of the urban household, for modern city life undoubtedly thwarts the normal expansion of 'families -and households.
THE TYPICAL HOUSEHOLD IN MONTREAL, TORONTO AND WINNIPEG
Since so much of this monograph is devoted to a discussion of average household size, it is necessary to determine with what accuracy the average measures that size. First, does the .average indicate size in such a way that the foreigner, anxious to know something of family structure in Canada, would get a fair picture by a study of the average? Investigation is confined to the cities of Montreal, Toronto and Winnipeg, since the number of households by size has been compiled only for these three cities. In each city the most commonly occurring or modal house- hold consists of 3 persons while the average persons per ordinary household* is 4-60 in Montreal,
•Ordinary households do not include hotels, rooming houses, institutions, camps, tents and similar extraneous types.
census of Canada; 1931 5
4-10 in Toronto and 4-37 in Winnipeg (see'Statement XXVIII, Chapter IV, page 48). Due to their larger size, certain groups of households above the modal size, viz., those with 5 persons in Montreal and those with 4 persons in Toronto and Winnipeg, contain the greatest number of people. Now it will be noted that these sizes are the integers nearest to the average persons per household in each city. Apparently, the average, instead of indicating the size of the modal household, indicates the size of the household containing the most people. It does, however, provide a useful measure of standard household size.
Secondly, to what population phenomena is average household size most sensitive? This is a very important point since, in the analysis of material available from past censuses and from the present census for small subdivisions of'the population, it is necessary to draw conclusions concerning family size-and composition from averages without the knowledge of other numerical indices. Average household size is considerably larger in Montreal than in Toronto but investi- gation reveals that the difference is almost entirely due to differences in the proportions of house- holds with 6 or more persons. ' Since only one-fifth of the Montreal households are of such sizes,' it is clear that a small group of large families has a pronounced effect in determining average persons per household. The difference between the average persons per household in Montreal and Toronto is considerably smaller than'the difference in the average sizes of normal households of one family with husband and wife living together as heads, the reason being that there are more households with two or more families in Toronto. Factors other than children per family, therefore, have an important weight in determining average household size and for this reason it is not a reliable measure of fertility. This must be borne in mind when studying average household size as derived from earlier censuses where the households were of 'very hetero- geneous types, some, for example, being penitentiaries with several hundreds of inmates.
A consideration of the size distribution of households raises the question as to how size of house varies with size of family. Since the correlations between persons per household and rooms per household are very low in each city, it is apparent that the housing question is largely a problem of distributing the available accommodation and not of providing more. Overcrowding results to a pronounced degree from large families living in small houses while the smaller families are occupying the large houses, and the building of a- large number of new houses would do little to decrease overcrowding unless the new accommodation went to those most in need of it. Differences of opinion as to when a household is overcrowded most certainly arise but in studying census data an overcrowded household may be best defined as one where there are fewer rooms than persons. Cn the- basis of this- definition most of the households in Toronto consisting of -7 or more persons were overcrowded. - It is'most' significant that approximately one-half the overcrowded households, containing two-thirds of the people living under crowded conditions, had 7 or more members (see Statement. XXXIII, page 54, Chapter IV). Consequently, the provision of adequate room for large families can scarcely be accomplished by building small low-cost houses,- although it is -true that conditions in large households in Toronto in 1931 were aggravated by the fact that very often more than one family was living in the household and lack of privacy was very keenly felt. It might be that a considerable proportion of these households would split up if it were possible for the constituent' families to obtain small cheap dwellings but it must not be assumed that they would do so. The head of a large family of children earns no more than the head of a small family and he obviously cannot afford the larger house which he needs. His position can be remedied, not by subsidizing the construction of small houses, but only by subsidizing his income in proportion to the size of his family. Then he can rent; heat and furnish the large house which he requires and which is available at present. Many parents may avoid overcrowding by limiting the size of their families. In this connection it is significant that wage-earners have smaller families than employers and "own accounts" which may be attributed to complete lack of flexibility of their incomes with size of family. Limitation in family size for many people is the only alternative to poverty- and misery.
LODGERS
There were 555,606 lodgers in Canada in 1931 of whom 89-29 p.c. lodged in ordinary house- holds and the remainder in hotels, rooming houses, institutions and camps. The high proportion of lodgers living in rural parts of Canada who lodged in households where they were the sole lodgers (61-9 p.c.) is readily explainable since, being scattered, they had to lodge apart,-but it
6 CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931
is most significant that 38-4 p.c. of the urban lodgers lived in households where there was only one lodger (see Statement XXXV, page 56, Chapter V). Adding the percentages of urban lodgers living in one-lodger and two-lodger households it is found that 58-2 p.c. lived in households where there were not more than two lodgers. This tendency for lodgers to live in small house- holds where they may enjoy maximum home privileges would seem to indicate that Canadians are a home-loving race, especially in view of the fact that comparison with United States figures reveals a lesser tendency there. The rooming-house population is largely composed of floating elements of foreign races, particularly the Chinese and Japanese, while the typical Canadian lodger seeks a private home.
Since so many lodgers are found in private homes, it is interesting to determine the types in which they most frequently are found. Examination reveals that tenants take in lodgers more frequently than do home-owners (see Statement XLIII, page 61, Chapter V). Since data relating to households with lodgers were very meagre it has been necessary to resort to correlation analysis. . The households dealt with in the analysis are a homogeneous group, viz., those of one family with tenant wage-earner married male head living with his wife and paying at least ten dollars and less than sixty dollars for monthly rent. The average number of lodgers per house- hold has been correlated with four factors, viz., rent per room, children per household, persons per room and earnings per person (see Statement XLV, page 62, Chapter V). From these correlations the following inferences may be drawn: lodgers prefer rooms of good quality as measured by the rent paid for the houses in which they lodge; they avoid overcrowded households; they avoid children only in so far as the children monopolize the available accommodation and they are more common in families whose earnings are above average than in families with low earnings, since the former families can provide the most suitable accommodation. The keeping of lodgers, therefore, can seldom be resorted to as an amelioration for poverty.
THE HEADS OF PRIVATE FAMILIES
Since the household does not coincide with the popular concept, of family, most of the tables compiled from the 1931 Census are "private family" classifications. The private family includes the head and his dependents but excludes servants and lodgers. Often a household may be subdivided into two or more families, an example being the household where a married son and his wife live with his parents. It should be remarked that, with the exception of a few compila- tions of the 1921 data, private family compilations are not available from previous censuses. Of all private families, 86 p.c. show husband and wife living together and these have been defined as normal private families. The average Canadian family hestd first assumes family responsi- bilities at the age of 26 • 7 years after which his family responsibilities steadily increase until he is above 45. Although the wage-earner's earnings increase concurrently, they do not keep pace with his dependents which proves an incentive for limiting the size of his family. The ages 35-54 may be termed the ages of maximum family responsibility and of maximum economic fitness. The earnings of the average wage-earner decrease after the age of 55 but his children have then become self-supporting so that it is probably the most comfortable period of his life. It is apparent that the age distribution of the heads of a group of families will have a very important bearing on the family attributes, size, composition, earnings, etc., of the group. Un- fortunately there is a conspicuous lack of essential data relating to the ages of heads in the family tables of the 1931 Census. An index has been devised to measure the concentration of married males in the middle ages in different parts of Canada (see page 68, Chapter VI). In almost every region the concentration is greater than it would be for a stationary population (i.e., one increasing neither by natural increase nor by immigration) but it is greatest in the cities of 30,000 and over and least in the country villages and in the rural parts of the Maritime Provinces. Consequently, the favourableness of the age distribution of the married population of Canada to a high birth rate is offset considerably by the fact that it is largely confined to regions in which economic pressure and the mode of living tend to restrict births. Concentration in the large cities results from the importation of workers at the fittest ages from the small towns and rural districts and from outside Canada. As soon as these cities cease to grow, concentration may 'be expected to decrease. At present, a city population is very much a working population but, unless the workers leave the city when their working days are over, this will not always be the case. In the future there will be a higher proportion of aged family heads to be supported V>v pensions payable from taxation borne by a smaller proportion of persons at working ages.
CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931 7
CONTRIBUTION OF ADULT DEPENDENTS AND GUARDIANSHIP CHILDREN TO FAMILY SIZE
Because they seek lodging in private homes with adequate accommodation, it is probable that lodgers tend to lessen the dispersion in household size by enlarging small families. Do undersized families likewise take in guardianship children and adult dependents more frequently than those of average or large size so that the dispersion in household size is again made smaller? The average number of guardianship children is largest in families with heads under 25 and over 55 years of age, i.e., when own children are least numerous (see Statement LXVI, page 79, Chapter VII). This results from the fact that many guardians are grandparents, uncles or aunts and brothers or sisters. The families of all these types of guardians, exclusive of their wards, would probably be quite small so that guardianship children probably do lessen variation in family size. Dealing with guardianship children, it is interesting that there are 4-33 living in private families to every 1 living in an institution. Since 71-06 p.c. of those living in private families are related to the head and 21 • 14 p.c. are adopted, it would appear that the family func- tions quite efficiently in the care of orphaned and neglected children.
Middle-aged heads of families most frequently support adult dependents. This is probably because they are financially most able to do so since adult dependents, as a rule, contribute no money. This is only true, however, if the family is small, since otherwise the earnings of the head will not be sufficient for the whole family and the inclusion of an extra dependent will overtax the already limited accommodation in the home. Therefore, adult dependents probably help to bring small families closer to the average size. It must be noted, however, that dependents sometimes create small extraneous families with unmarried heads.
The number of guardianship children per normal family with wage-earner head decreases with increasing earnings while the number of adult dependents increases (see Statement LXXII, page 84, Chapter VII). Poor wage-earners evidently do not hesitate to shelter orphaned children of their own kin even though it entails real hardship. The high average number of guardianship children in families with heads in the low earnings class is partly due to the fact that so many guardians are grandparents who have passed the age of maximum earning power.
Both guardianship children and adult dependents are more numerous in the Maritime Provinces than in the rest of Canada. In addition, they are not very common to the large cities so that it would seem that they are characteristic of an indigenous population.
THE CENSUS FAMILY AND THE COMPLETED FAMILY
The census measures only the number of children living at home at the time so that the average census family is much smaller than the average completed family. By asking each married woman the number of children born during her present marriage, the ages of completed families of women who have passed the child-bearing age have been determined by enumeration in censuses conducted in many countries. This question has never been inserted in the Canadian census schedules for several good reasons which will not be discussed here. It is the sizes of completed families of the active women (15-45) which are of immediate interest and these can only be predicted. The method used in this monograph has been to base an estimate on the order of births for 1931 given in the Annual Report on Vital Statistics for the year. The order of a birth gives the number of children the mother has borne. The method is reviewed in detail in Chapter VIII. The average number of children to be borne by women now 15-50 who will both live through the child-bearing period and marry before its close is estimated at 4 • 01. Some of these women, however, are separated from their husbands prematurely by divorce, separation, or death. Large families make a much greater contribution to the population than is generally realized. Although families of 10 or more children form only 10-5 p.c. of the total number of families they contain nearly one-third of the children. It should be remarked that stillbirths are included in estimating the size of the completed family and, although they represent a small percentage of the total births, they may increase the sizes of a considerable proportion. of the large families. Our entire natural increase in population is made possible by. the families of 9 or more children which constitute 13-9 p.c. of the total number of families. This is because the smaller families only make up for the ground lost by the sterile couples, those producing but 1 or 2 children, and the people who do not marry or who do not live to reproduce themselves. The
$ CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931
large family is apparently essential if we are to have a natural increase in population and its disappearance can result only in cessation of papulation growth or even retrogression.
A table was drawn, up crossrdassifying completed families and census families according to size (see. Statement LXXXVIII, page 98, Chapter VIII). This enables one to visualize the correlation between the sizes of families at the time of the census and their completed sizes.
OCCUPATIONS AND EARNINGS OF FAMILY HEADS
Stated earnings of Canadian wage-earners for the period June 1, 1930, to June 1, 1931, totalled $2,100,552,700 of which $1,340,546,400 or 63-82 p.c. was earned by heads of families and $11,426,350 or 0-54 p.c. by wives living with their husbands. Consequently, the great bulk of wages are earned by heads of families while their wives earn only an insignificant fraction. Total earnings of female heads of families were three times the total earnings of wives living with their husbands while total earnings of children living at home were nineteen times the total earnings of wives (see Statement LXXXIX, page 99, Chapter IX). Little significance can be attached to the average earnings of heads of other than normal families since they cover very heterogeneous groups. Considering the extra services which a woman is able to provide her family it would seem that female heads looked after. their dependents as well as did unmarried male heads.
The average earnings of heads of normal families was $1,211 for 1930-31. This average has a. particular significance in that it gives the wages that would accrue to each head if total wages were equally distributed. Obviously they would not enable him to maintain a very high standard of living especially if his family were large, although he could avoid extreme poverty. The average gives a fair measure of typical wages. The class "$950 and less than $1,450" is the modal wage-earning class and includes 26 p.c. of all heads of normal families earning 25 p.c. of the total wages of heads of normal families. Those who advocate an equable distribution of income for all must regard this class as their ideal. 'Of the married heads of families, 44 p.c. earned less than $950 in 1930-31 while 29 p.c. earned $1,450 or more. However, many of those in the former group may have other sources of income, such' as a free house, or they may be part- time wage-earners, such as farm labourers and fishermen, who, when not working for hire, cultivate their own small farms.
There is no marked variation in average size of family with earnings of the head since; although heads of families in the low earnings classes have slightly larger families than heads in the better earnings classes, the trend is irregular (see Statement XCI V, page 103, Chapter IX). Children under*7 years- of age are-most numerous in -families- with heads in-the low earnings classes, approximately one-half of the young children of wage-earners belonging in families where the Head earned less than $950. This is obviously because the heads with young children have not yet 'reached the peak of their earning power and would be most liable to' unemployment in 1930-31, a year of extreme depression. On the other hand, children 15 years of age and over per family steadily increase with increasing earnings of heads, indicating that the heads in the earnings classes are older and also that they are able to keep their children at home. Children old enough to work who are living in poor families generally do so while those living in families with heads in the higher earnings classes do not.' Evidently the latter only work when they can secure highly remunerative employment since their average earnings are much higher than the average earnings of the former. Similar observations may" be made with regard to the proportions gainfully occupied and the average earnings of wives. It is quite clear that the poor families are a source of supply of cheap adolescent and female labour. Earnings of children living in families with heads in the low earnings classes were almost one-half the earnings of the heads so that they represented a large share of the family income. Evidently the family can cope with the crisis of unemployment better than the individual since the burden can be shared by the several members. It is the family with young children that would appear to suffer most when the head is unemployed. Day nurseries in the large cities are useful in that they relieve the wife of the unemployed man of her maternal duties in order that she may earn.
Occupation serves as a useful measure of social class since it is our best criterion of the individual's training, education, social background and environment. Data relating family size and composition to occupation of head are available for the normal families of wage-earners. For 135 of the occupations (all those with 1,000 or more family heads), average persons per family
CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931 9
has been related to five attributes of the occupation. The first is average earnings of family heads, 1930-31; the second, percentage of families living in cities of 100,000 and over, a measure of urbanization; the third, percentage of gainfully occupied of British racial origin, a measure of racial content; the fourth, average earnings of wage-earners 25-34 years of age as a percentage of average earnings of those 45-54, an index of delayed earnings; and the fifth, percentage of wage-earners 34-54 years of age, a measure of age distribution of family heads.
The standard deviation in the averages for the 135 occupations was 0 • 35 persons per family indicating that average family size varies considerably with. occupation of head. The occupations were grouped in seven types according to nature of work, viz., A, outdoor— heavy manual; B, indoor— heavy manual; C, outdoor— light manual and supervisory; D, indoor— light manual and supervisory; E, officials, managers, salesmen; F, professional and clerical; G, personal service.
Family size is very closely associated with type of work, outdoor and manual workers having much larger families than white-collar men. This is further proof-that man tends to reproduce less and less as his environment becomes more artificial. Occupation measures environment and mode of living. These differ for the white-collar man and the outdoor worker and, in addition, the outdoor occupations are largely confined to the rural districts and the indoor occu- pations to the large cities.
The multiple correlation between average family size and the five occupational attributes mentioned above was -75 indicating that 56 p.c. of the variance. in the averages is associated with these, five factors; 25-4 p.c. is associated with urbanization; 13-9 p.c.with.average earnings of heads of families;, 10-2 p.c. with racial content; 5-5 p.c. with. age distribution and 0-5 p.c. with delayed earnings. Urbanization is, therefore, the most important factor, causing variance in family size between occupations.. On the whole it would appear to, be a much more important factor in determining family size than occupation itself. An. analysis of the variance in the averages for children per .family for forty-six occupations and five rural and urban groups in the province of Ontario reveals that mean variance between rural and urban groups is twice that between occupations. Urbanization evidently has a more important bearing on family size than social class as measured by occupation. It would appear that, for each occupation, the average sizes of city, town and rural families differ, but in each case the cityfamily is smallest and the rural family largest. The centralization of industry in large cities and the movement out of small towns is evidently an important cause of declining family size. From a population view- point it is not the existence of vast industrial organizations which is to be deplored but their concentration in a few large cities. It cannot be said that people who fail to reproduce them- selves are living under satisfactory conditions. The fear of unemployment, the struggle to "keep up with the Joneses," lack of fresh air and freedom of movement and insufficient housing accommodation all tend to inhibit the reproductive instincts of city dwellers.
A special tabulation has been made of the vital statistics data giving the average number of living children born to the mothers of 1931 by occupation of father. The correlation between these averages for fifty-two occupations and the averages for dependents per census family with heads in the same occupation was -82. Considering the various reasons why the vital statistics data are not strictly comparable with the census data, it is surprising that the correlation is so high. It points to the reliability of vital statistics data as a source of information for studies of differential fertility and also indicates that the differences in census family size from occupation to occupation result largely from differential fertility.
It is for only a limited number of occupations that there are sufficient families in each province to render averages significant. In. a study of the ranking, according to average family size, of forty-two of the largest and most homogeneous groups by provinces it is found that some maintain a similar ranking in each province while for others the ranking varies. Railway section- men and fishermen have relatively large families in every province while compositors and printers, professional engineers, salesmen, accountants and auditors and clerks have relatively small families. On.the other hand, the rankings of miners, cooks and clergymen differ widely between provinces. Since the gradation in family size from province to province is similar for the majority of occupations it would appear that occupational content does little to account for dispersion in family size between provinces. For example, the small family in British Columbia cannot be accounted for on the basis of occupational content since, for thirty-four of the forty -two occupa- tions, families are smaller in British Columbia than in any other province.
30755—2
10 CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931
v. The correlations between average earnings of heads and average earnings of children living at home for the forty-two occupations are higher in the Eastern Provinces than in the Western. This might be taken as evidence that Canadians are being progressively regimented into an occupational caste system as the nation becomesmore developed and economic growth slows up. From a consideration of family size for broad occupational groups, it is found that rate 'of increase varies widely between occupations. Family heads engaged in trade, finance and insur- ance, professional and personal service and clerical occupations are scarcely reproducing them- selves. These groups would appear to include the best and poorest elements of the population. ,As the population grows they must draw on other occupations for their recruits so that there is a tendency for.the increase of those elements. of the population of greatest- and least economic and social fitness to be cutoff. Since it is the average man who is most prolific, the national stock is improving when the greater increase comes from the classes slightly above the average and deteriorating when it comes from those slightly below. In studies of differential fertility it is possible that too much attention is often directed to the extreme classes.' A high rate of in- crease among imbeciles and idiots may create a problem in that their progeny will tax the accom- modation of asylums. It does not necessarily follow that it results in racial degeneration of serious import.
i THE FARM HOUSEHOLD
Agriculture is the only major industry in which the household has remained the producing unit during the past years of economic change. There has been, however, a continuous decrease in farm self-sufficiency with the result that the farm family has become dependent on outside ■sources for a growing proportion of its living requirements. It has, therefore, become more susceptible to the vicissitudes and uncertainties of world commerce and this hashad an important effect on its size and composition. In those countries of Eastern Europe where, although life may be hard and living standards low; the farm family is self-contained, producing almost all its own needs and selling only the surplus, large families are still very popular. Children present little additional burden to the farmer and almost from infancy are valuable for the work they do. To the modern farmer, however, children are a definite liability since he must buy clothing, school books and even some food for them while they are of little assistance in the specialized production of farm products. This is particularly true of the grain farms in Western Canada.
Farm population as distinct from the rural population was counted fbr'the first time in 1931, but the steady drop in the average size of the Canadian rural household since 1871 and other reliable indicators point to a continual decline in the size of the farm household. Changing types of farming in the East and the emphasis placed on production for sale from the very first in the West are the' underlying causes of this decline. It might be added that the changes have been greatly facilitated by the development of railway and highway transportation.
The farm family is still self-sufficient in many respects, however, since milch cows, poultry and swine are found on the' great majority 'of farms throughout Canada (see' Statement CXVI, 'page 129, Chapter XI). It is significant that 51-8 p.c. of the Canadian farmers keeping milch cows have only from one to four in milk or in calf. On the basis of percentages of farmers keeping milch cows, sheep, swine, poultry and bees, Quebec and Prince Edward Island farms are the most self-sufficient, and British Columbia farms the least so.
Quebec presents an extremely interesting field for a study 'of ' variation in average family size between counties since in fifty-six of the sixty-six counties the population is homogeneous in race, religion and culture: In other provinces the incidence of such factors tends to obscure the importance of economic and physical factors in determining family size. In Quebec, density of population and farming practices differ from county to county, which evidently accounts for the variation in average size of farm household. Considering only the fifty-six homogeneous counties, the average varies from 7-80 persons per household in Chicoutimi to 5-14 in St-Jean. Farm households are largest in the counties north' east of Quebec city and bordering the St. Lawrence River below it and smallest in- those south of Montreal (see Map I, page, 136 Chapter X). This shading off in average household size as one passes from district to district is closely associated with growth of rural population and population density. In those counties where the averages are large the population has been growing steadily, due to the absorption of a large natural increase, while in the counties where they are small, the natural increase has been smaller and has emigrated. Increasing density of population acts to make the average smaller since
CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931 11
the birth rate decreases, children tend to leave home earlier and eventually the middle-aged population is depleted, leaving a large proportion of old heads with small families.
Population depends on the number of families and their average size. It would appear that as the population in a county approaches an optimum the average size of the families becomes smaller so that population growth ceases. At the same time, the average family may be small in sparsely settled counties. For example, in Abitibi county density of population is low and the rural population is rapidly increasing but the average size of the farm household is com- paratively small. The explanation, of course, is obvious; the population increase is due to coloni- zation by outsiders with the result that most of the families are new and small, many of the heads being unmarried. Since the birth rate is very high the average size of the household will probably increase as families become completed.
The farms in the counties with large households are more self-contained than those in counties with smaller households. Permanent and temporary hired labourers are less common on the large-family farms since the farmer can draw on his family for help in the busy seasons. Stock slaughtered on the farm are generally intended for home or local consumption while stock sold alive are for outside sale. Consequently, the ratio of total stock slaughtered to total stock sold alive provides an index for measuring the farmer's concern with production for home use as opposed to production for -sale, i.e., for measuring the degree to which farms are self-contained. It is interesting that average size of farm household correlates with this index.
In Nova Scotia the average farm household is largest in Inverness, Halifax and Cape Breton counties which surround the cities of Sydney and Halifax. In all of the Eastern Provinces the average farm households are generally comparatively large in the counties in the vicinity of the large cities! Due to the ready "market for produce, the farm can support more people in these counties. Obviously, increase in farm population in a district often depends on increase in urban population.
Interesting features of the rural population of Nova Scotia are the two blocs of Acadian French, one in Inverness county and one in Yarmouth and Digby counties. There is also an Acadian bloc in Gloucester, Kent, and Westmorland counties in New Brunswick. The average Acadian farm household is smaller than the French-Canadian farm household in Quebec but the difference would appear to result from economic causes. Farms occupied by Acadians in many cases are so small that large families cannot be supported.
The average farm household is smaller in Ontario than in any of the Eastern Provinces due to the religious and racial content of its population and also to the continual movement of workers to the cities resulting in a depletion of. the middle-aged population. Of the farm operators in Ontario in 1931, 26 p.c. were 60 years of age or over. The average farm household is largest in Nipissing county and smallest in Kenora county, both of which are in Northern Ontario. Nipis- sing showed a moderate increase in rural population during the decade 1921-31 which probably resulted from absorption of the natural increase while Kenora showed a much larger percentage gain, obviously the result of immigration from outside the county. The very small average house- hold in Kenora (3-74) reflects the presence of many small new families. It is an example of the newly settled locality where families are small since they are nearly all incomplete and there are many bachelors. The birth fate is high, however, responding to the room for population growth and the average can be expected to go from low to high during the next twenty years. Nipissing was probably at this stage in 1931. After reaching a maximum the average will decrease as the heads age and families break up.
While the birth rate is high in those counties of Ontario where average farm income is low, children stay at home longest in counties where income is high. In the latter counties the average size of the farm household is increased somewhat by the. presence of farm employees. • ■
In 1931 the farm household was larger in Manitoba than in Saskatchewan and Alberta and the difference was quite general since in six of the sixteen census divisions in Manitoba the household is larger than in any i county in Alberta while in fourteen of the seventeen census divisions in Alberta it was smaller than in any census division in Manitoba. This does not result from a higher birth rate in Manitoba since the birth rate was higher in both Alberta and Saskatchewan. Manitoba was at the stage of settlement when average household size reached a maximum while Alberta and Saskatchewan had not yet arrived at this stage. The average size of the farm household in the Prairie Provinces in 1936 is available from the quinquennial census and our contention is borne out by the fact that the Manitoba average commenced to 36755— 2}
12 CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931
decrease during the five-year period 1931-36 while the Saskatchewan average remained practically constant and the Alberta average increased. The drought did not have any marked effect on the. averages in the census divisions most affected, indicating that the exodus was one of families rather than of individuals. It is very interesting that there is no correlation between standardized birth rate and average persons per farm household for the census divisions of Saskatchewan and Alberta.. Population movements had such an important bearing on average household size as to obscure the incidence of fertility. In the census divisions where average household size was above that for the Prairie Provinces as a whole in 1931 there was usually a decrease during 1931-36 while in those where average household size, was below the general average in 1931 there was usually an increase during the subsequent five-year period. Consequently, average house- hold size appears to fluctuate about a general mean. One might expect the type of farming most typical of a census division to have a considerable bearing on the average size of its farm house- holds since some types support larger families than others. However, this does not appear to be the case.
Two factors contribute towards the small average size of the rural household in British Columbia — only 32. p. c. of the households are on farms and the average farm household itself is.much smaller than in any of the other provinces; . The small farm household is typical of nine of the- ten census divisions. It is smallest in the northern divisions but, since they contain only a small population, they do not have much effect on the, weighted mean for the province.- It is the small average size of the farm household, in the vicinity of Vancouver and Victoria where one-half of the farms are found that makes the provincial average small.
REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN FAMILY SIZE
In Chapter XI variation in the number of children per family is reviewed for thirty-five regions of Canada, viz., the rural and urban divisions of the nine provinces. The proportion of large families is highest in the rural parts which tends to considerably increase the average children per family while cities of 30,000 and over have very few large families with the result that the average is small.' The distribution of families according to the number of children for the urban 1,000-30,000 group most closely resembles the distribution for all groups, although large families are not so frequent as in the total distribution. The urban-under-1,000 group is featured by a high proportion of childless families and relatively small proportions of families of medium or standard size, a result of the age distribution of the heads. These observations are made after consideration of the data for all Canada but they hold for most of the individual provinces as well. It is obvious, therefore, that the rural and urban distribution of the population has an important bearing on the size distribution and average sizes of families for the whole province.
The age distribution of heads reduces average family size in the Eastern Provinces and increases it in the Western Provinces. The effects of age distribution of heads on average family size are easily apparent but they are small.
Race and religion are also important factors determining average family size. Probably most of the variation in the averages between provinces results from differential racial and religious population content, and so important are these influences that they entirely obscure the incidence of less potent factors.
Population movements, where they have existed to any considerable extent during recent years, affect average family size. An indigenous population has larger families than a moving population. This is because- the man who moves into a district to settle often lives alone and does not marry until he is in a position to do so. Since he marries late his family, is small even when completed. The small average size of the British Columbia family is associated with the large proportion of the population born outside the province.
Generally, the incidence of population density on family size is obscured by the operation of the above factors. In Chapter X it was observed that population density was instrumental in causing variation in family size in fifty-six Quebec counties in all of which the population was nf the same race, religion, and culture.
PART I
INTRODUCTION
Purpose of Analysis. — This monograph is devoted to a review and analysis of . census statistics relating to families and households. Census monographs are designed to make readily available the most pertinent information disclosed by specialized analysis of the masses of data found in the purely tabular census volumes, and to make suggestions for the treatment of unsatis- factory conditions revealed. They also recount the progress of investigational work carried on at the Bureau of Statistics to determine the potentialities of the census for the collection of data for research in the social sciences. The earlier censuses merely compiled totals which served to indicate the growth of population and were necessary for certain administrative purposes, such as the determination of electoral districts. Of recent years such technical progress has been made in .the field of census compilation that a vast amount of analytical data can be obtained at a small additional cost. It is highly important that these developments should be utilized to the fullest extent.
The compilation, tabulation and interpretation of census returns is a tedious process and it is obvious that attention must be directed to studies of permanent rather than temporary .' interest. Most of the 1931 Census monographs deal with relatively specific questions, such as fertility, housing, dependency, unemployment, etc. The scope of this particular monograph, however; is very broad, for it touches on every one of the subjects mentioned above, although it is not the main purpose to correlate the findings of other monographs since this would be an extremely difficult task. The narrower the field, the easier it is to apply statistical measurements,, but it would seem that the development of the humanities as exact sciences must, depend on the statistician's ability to perfect a technique by which the interplay of diverse social and economic movements and their ultimate effect on human welfare can be measured. It is doubtful if much can be accomplished by planned economy before causal relationships can be definitely established on an empirical basis in economics and sociology.
Chapters I-III of the monograph trace the history of the Canadian, family to its birth,, study briefly the circumstances of this birth and follow its growth up to 1931. Although the material available limited the study to the size of the household, its variations and their causes, nevertheless this review through the censuses does bring out a good deal of information hitherto unknown and permits interesting comparisons between vastly different periods.
Chapters IV-XII are devoted to the interpretation of the extensive family statistics tables in Volume V of the 1931 Census. In addition to those relating to family size for minute sub- t divisions of the population, much data concerning other aspects of family structure was available, r Particular attention, however, is paid to the incidence of various factors on family size so that : the central theme of the monograph is the social and economic background of fertility. .The., principal causes of our declining birth rate are isolated and methods are suggested by which the. decline may be retarded. En passant, attention is directed to many other interesting charac- teristics of family life in Canada. While the treatment of these is necessarily brief, it is hoped that enough has been done to cast fresh light on the repercussions of many social problems.
Definitions. — There are many interpretations of what constitutes a family. For various reasons it has been necessary to employ several definitions in this monograph and it is important that the reader should grasp the exact meaning of each. The definition of a "census family," as given in Instructions to Commissioners and Enumerators for the 1931 Census (see Appendix 2, page 275) connotes a group of people living in the same housekeeping unit. Such families are referred to throughout this monograph as households. It is to this household that the family data of past censuses apply.
There are many varieties of households which are quite different from the small family group living in the typical home. For example, a penitentiary is a household though it may contain hundreds of inmates. In previous censuses quasi-family groups, such as hotels, rooming houses, and institutions and camps, were not separated from ordinary households with the result
15
16 CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931
that it was always dangerous to attach much significance to the average size of the household in any one locality. In Chapters I and II light is thrown upon the influence such institutions have had, from time to time, upon the changing sizes of the household. In compiling household data for the 1931 Census, it was decided to isolate certain extraneous types in order that the remaining households might be a homogeneous group. Data for hotels, rooming houses, in- stitutions, camps, shanties and similar households we're compiled separately and published in special tables. Consequently, it has been possible to confine the analysis of the 1931 data to ordinary households as distinct from the classes mentioned above. The advantages of this are most apparent when the number of persons per household are related to the number of rooms occupied. Such data for' hotels and institutions are not only very difficult to interpret, but, if not separated out, adversely affect the analysis.
Even the brdiriary household does not' coincide with the popular concept of a family. For this reason there were two groups of family tables — those dealing with households in relation to tenure, rentals and housing accommodation and those relating to private families from a social viewpoint. The private family consists of the head and his dependents but does not include lodgers and servants. In 1931, when many family heads were unemployed, it was not unusual to find two families living together in the same household so that there was often more than one private family to the household. Normal private families are those where husband and wife are living together as heads, as distinct from miscellaneous classes with single, widowed, or divorced heads. The reader should bear in mind these distinctions between the four terms, the household, the ordinary household, the private family, and the normal private family.
Unless otherwise specified, Canada as used throughout the monograph is taken to exclude Yukon and the Northwest Territories, and applies to the nine provinces only. The urban population' is that residing in cities, towns and incorporated villages and the rural population is that residing outside such centres.
Scope of Analysis. — It has already been pointed out that the scope of the historical section of the monograph has been determined entirely by the extent of the available data. The study of 1931 conditions is similarly circumscribed since the principal source of basic material is the tables in Volume V of the Census which were planned and compiled before the interpretative work was commenced. "In some cases the data prerequisite for the treatment of certain aspects of family structure cannot be obtained while in others it is possible to overcome the lack of data by" the adoption of indirect methods of approach.
Chapter I gives a word picture of family life in New France prior to the' English conquest. Chapter II deals with variation in the average size of the Canadian household from 1G66 to 1931. Most interesting is the steady decline in the average since 1861, and factors which accentuated this decline' during certain decades and minimized it during others are discussed in Chapter III. The chapter on household size in Montreal, Toronto and Winnipeg is designed to form a link with' the' monograph on housing and rentals and also, with the historical chapters of this mono- graph. It completes the discussion of the significance of averages which is essential as an intro- duction to a study of average family size. The chapter on lodgers deals with an interesting section of the Canadian population. In Chapter VI the incidence of the ages of family heads on family size is discussed. The age-of-head factor is very important in dealing with family attributes, but unfortunately' the interpretation of the family data throughout the monograph has been rendered difficult by the lack of sufficient age data. Chapter VII deals with guardianship children and other dependents and their relationship to family size. The census family includes only the children living at home at the time of the census. In Chapter VIII an attempt is made to relate the size of the census family to the size of the completed family. Chapter IX reviews the very important data on the earnings and occupations of family heads. Chapter X is confined to a discussion of the average size of the farm household by counties and census divisions, while regional differences in family size are discussed in Chapter XL
CHAPTER I
EARLY HISTORY OF THE CANADIAN FAMILY
To understand to-day's Canadian family — which, more than national wealth, constitution, individuals themselves, is- the fundamental life cell of the country — it is necessary to know something of its birth, infancy and adolescence. In these three stages, .different factors — some favourable, others prejudicial — have left their marks on the family. They cannot be ignored.
Birth of the Family in Canada. — The first attempt at colonization in Canada that resulted in a permanent settlement was the founding of Quebec in 1608; 28 settlers wintered and the Canadian people came into existence. Out of these 28 persons, only 8 were alive* in June, 1609. One of the survivors, Nicolas Marsolet, was to become the head of a family some twenty-seven years later. There was no woman in Canada before 1616f, when Marguerite Vienne arrived with her husband, Michel Colin. Both died during the year of their arrival.
In 1617, after a crossing that took thirteen weeks, Louis Hebert arrived in Quebec with his wife, Marie Rollet and their three children, Guillaume, Anne and Guillemette. This was really the first Canadian family. Hebert started to clear his land upon his arrival and to cultivate it, and, as Champlain said of him, "He was the first head of a family in Canada who made his living from the soil he cultivated."
Before Louis filbert's time, Quebec had been but a post for the fur trade. In 1627, when he died, this courageous pioneer owned more than 10 acres of cultivated land. All this land had been dug up with a spade, for Champlain asserts that Hdbert's widow used a plough on the twenty-sixth of April, 1628t, the first time such an implement was used in Canada.
His daughter, Anne, married Etienne Jonquest in 1618. It was the first marriage to take place on Canadian soil. Anne gave birth to a child the following year; unfortunately the first Canadian mother and her child were not to survive. Hebert gave his other daughter, Guillemette, in marriage to Guillaume Couillard**. They settled on a farm which in 1629 represented 20 acres of cultivated land. They had 10 children. Guillaume, the only son of Hebert, married Helene Desportes. They had 3 children. The lineft of the descendants of Louis H6bert was never broken, and to his title of pioneer may well be added that of patriarch.
The second Canadian-born child also died at birth, in 1621. The father of this child was Abraham Martin, who received from the Hundred Associates a piece of land which later on became the famous Plains of Abraham.
The third birth, in 1624, was that of Marguerite Martin who, at the age of 14, married Etienne Racine.
The valuable work of Cyprien Tanguay, A Iravers les Registres, based on the parochial registers!]:, the writings of Champlain, Sagard, Leclercq and the Jesuit Relations, gives, year by year from 1608 to 1631, the arrivals, departures, marriages, births, deaths, number of persons wintering in Quebec or "at the Hurons" and the maximum population in Quebec for any of these years. From 1631 to 1800, his tables show the marriages, births and deaths. The first table, reproduced below, tells us, better than any history, the gripping story of the beginnings of the colony. These figures make us realize better than any words could how precarious was the existence of New France from her birth in 1608 to her first fall into the hands of England in 1629.
*10 had diod of scurvoy; 5 of dysentry. .
fHowever, there had been women in Acadia (the term Canada, as understood at the time, did not include Acadia) before that date. Madame de Poutrincourt was in Port Royal in 1611, and Madame Hdbert seems to have accompanied her husband in 1606. Father Biard in a letter, dated January 13, 1612, says: "We are 20, without counting the women." Ben- jamin Suite: Iiisto:re de* Canadien<f',ancais, Vol. I, p. 113.
{Benjamin Suite: Hi-toire des Canadiens /ronem's, Vol. II. p. 18. "Their marriage is the first entry on the registersof Notre Dame of Quebec. ttThroiigh the women. JJThe first one dates from 1621.
17
18
CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931
I.— MAXIMUM POPULATION IN QUEBEC AND RELATED DATA, 1608-1631
Year
Arrivals
Departures
Marriages
Births
|
Wintering |
Wintering |
Maximum |
||
|
Deaths |
in |
at |
Population |
|
|
Quebec |
The Hurons |
in Quebec |
||
|
3 |
25 |
31 |
||
|
17 |
8 |
- |
25 |
|
|
- - |
.17 |
1 |
' 19 |
|
|
' ■' 1 |
16 |
1 |
17 |
|
|
- |
16 |
- |
16 |
|
|
. - |
47 |
- |
47 |
|
|
- |
47 |
- |
47 |
|
|
• |
32 |
•19 |
52 |
|
|
2 |
' 60 |
- |
64 |
|
|
2 |
64 |
- |
67 |
|
|
1 |
66 |
- |
70 |
|
|
3 |
77 |
- |
80 |
|
|
1 |
60 |
- |
83 |
|
|
1 |
79 |
- |
85 |
|
|
- |
50 |
16 |
85 |
|
|
1 |
50 |
16 |
52 |
|
|
1 |
52 |
10 |
57 |
|
|
. ' 2 |
56 |
- |
50 |
|
|
1 |
71 |
10 |
84 |
|
|
4 |
55 |
- |
71 |
|
|
- |
55 |
21 |
55 |
|
|
1 |
Fr. 26' |
1 |
Fr. 76 |
|
|
Eng. 90 |
f |
Eng. 600 |
||
|
14 j |
Fr. 24 |
\ |
Fr. 26 |
|
|
Eng. 76 |
Eng. 90 |
|||
|
Fr. 25 |
1 |
Fr. 25 |
||
|
Eng. 76 |
/ |
Eng. 76 |
160S 1609 1610 1611 1612 1613 1614 1615 1616, 1617, 1618 1619, 1620, 1621, 1622, 1623. 1624. 1625. 1626. 1627. 162S.
1629.
1630.
1631.
600'
Eng. 510
Fr. 50
2
1 600 men composed the crew of David Kirko's five ships.
'There were three single men; the rest were members of the six following families: Couillard, Martin, Pivert, Desportes , Ducharme and Hubou. ' 14 English.
In 1629, when Champlain surrendered to Kirk, 26 colonists decided to stay in Quebec It was 2 less than in 1608.
Ten years later, in 1639, the population was 274, composed of 64 married men, 64 married women (3 of them born in Canada), 1 widower, 4 widows, 35 single men and 58 young boys (30 of them born in Canada), and 48 young girls (24 of them born in Canada)*. The accumulated vital statistics showed 23 marriages, 52 births and 90 deaths. The year 1639 witnessed 15 births and 9 deaths, but it was only in 1643 that the total number of deaths since the beginning of the colony was counterbalanced by the total number of births. From 1638 to 1800, births exceeded deaths every year, with the exception of the years 1703 and 1733 in which smallpox played havoc in New France f.
The reason for the slow progress of the population is evident: there was practically no immigration. This reason holds good until the second half of the seventeenth century, when Louis XIV took New, France away from the Company of the Hundred Associates. The king, taking colonization in his own hands, decided to send soldiers over to eliminate once and for all the danger of destruction of the colony by the Indians. He then encouraged soldiers and officers to settle in Canada and he provided wives for them by sending over young girls, who were called les filles du roi%. The result of this policy was that more than 600 soldiers made Canada their permanent home, the majority of them getting married and taking to farming. This is eloquently illustrated by the marriage statistics of the period, ft
Marriages from 1665 to 1673 numbered 759 (or an average of 84 per year). This is as much as the total for the nine years preceding (1656-1664 — 318 marriages) and the nine years following (1673-1682 — 449 marriages) this period. The marriage rate per 1,000 population in 1667 was 19-1, and the birth rate per 1,000 population for the same year was 58-0.JJ
The systematic immigration of girls from 1665 to 1673 lessened the disproportion existing prior to that period between the number of. males and females. In 1666, the number of males to every 1,000 females was 1,722. In 1681, the ratio was down to 1,249.**
*Benjamin Suite: Histoire des CanadieTis francais, Vol. II, p. 92. tAbbe Cyprien Tanguay: A travers les Registres, pp. 26-229. JSee Chapter I, p. 22.
tfFrom the number of marriages given for each year in C. Tanguay: A travers les Registres..
tjln 1931, the marriage rate was 6-4 and the birth rate 23-3. The high rates obtained for 1667 are easily explainer! bv the fact that out of a population of 3,918, 1,507 or 38-5 p.c were between the ages of 21 and 40, while in 1931 this group represented only 29'5 p.c. In 1667, there were only 252 persons, or 6-4 p.c, over 51 years of age. In 1931, the percentage for that group was 15-4.
**In 1931, the number of males to every 1,000 females was 1,074.
CENSUS. OF CANADA, 1931 19
The white population of Canada was*: 28 in 1608; 60 in 1616; 81 in 1626; 274 in 1639; 675 in 1650; and 2,500 in 1663. •
In 1666, the first' census of Canada t (the first modern census in any country) showed the population to be 3,215 and the number of families 552. That of 1667 registered 3,918 souls and 668 families.
Unfortunately the impetus that the little colony, especially its families, derived from the attention its pitiful state had attracted in France did not last very long. In 1672, Louis XIV let his attention be diverted from New France by the war with Holland, and the colonists were once more left to themselves. However, these few years of colonization, planned with a keen appreciation of the needs of the little colony, were sufficient to establish the Canadian family on solid foundations.
After 1672,, there was practically no immigration and the population growth depended entirely on the natural increase. The Indians were pacified and, under the intelligent direction of Talon, the colony knew an era of agricultural, industrial and commercial development, even of prosperity. There were: 668 families in 1667; 2,797 families in 1707; 4,993 families in 1727; 6,912 families in 1737; and 10,660 families in 1765. With this last date, the infancy stage of the Canadian family was well over.
Birth of the Family in Acadia. — But Canada was only one part of New France. The family was also struggling for existence in Acadia and a struggle it was indeed.
Port Royalt, the first settlement of Europeans on what is now Canadian soil§, had hardly been founded when it was abandoned in 1607. Pqutrincourt brought some colonists in 1610, but, in 1613, Samuel Argall destroyed the little settlement and, although some of the colonists remained in different parts of Acadia, there was no real colonization before 1632. In that year Acadia, which had been taken by Sir David Kirke in 1628, was restored to France by the Treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye. A few families came over with Razilly and settled in La Heve but later on, in search of more fertile lands, they moved to Port Royal. Around 1640, there were about 40 families making their living from the soil in the valley of Port Royal. In 1650, they numbered 45 or 50.**
The first census of Acadia, taken in 1671, showed 392 persons and 72 families. All but 7 of these families were in Port Royal. Of the 72 families, 47 were the original head families.tt The others were but the doubling up of these primitive families.
The Census of 1686 indicates only 36 new names, and the last nominal census, 1714, only 77. JJ These 113 new names represent an immigration nearly all made up of single men, who married the daughters and granddaughters of the original families.
The Acadians, forgotten by their mother country§§ and having no relation with Canada, were left entirely to themselves. They made good progress, however, and the multiplication of families was very rapid. In 1731, the population of Acadia was fifteen times that of 1671, while at the end of the period (1666-1726), the population of Canada was only nine times that obtained at the first census.
Thus this twin sister of the Canadian family grew up rapidly till it numbered nearly 18,000 souls in that fatal year that saw about one-third of the population deported to the United States of America, France, England, Canada and the West Indies. From 1755 to 1763, 14,000 Acadians were deported. Families were dismembered and their members spent the rest of their lives looking
•Sco Census of Canada, 1931, Vol. I, p. 100.
tExtract from original. (Can. Arch. S.G. 1, Vol. 460-1): Robert Giffard, escuyer, 79, seigneur de Beauport; Marie Renouard, 67, sa fommo; Joseph Giffard, escuyer, 21, seigneur de Fargy; Michelle-Thereso Nau, 23, sa femme; Paul Hue, 25, domestiquo engage; Jean Langlois, 24, menuisier; Pierrodu Mosnil, 30, domestique; Jean Chainbre, 23, meunier, domestique.
tAnnapolis, N.S. .
§One can hardly regard the expeditions of Roberval in 1542, of La Roche in 1598 and of Chauvm in 1600, as settlements.
**J. B. A. Fcrland: Cours d'Histoire du Canada, p. 496. Benjamin Suite: Histoiredes Canadiens frawais, Vol. IV, p. 142.
ft Names of the 47 head families, from which spring most of the Acadians of to-day (original spelling of the census enumera- tor rotainod): Bourgeois, Gaudet, Kriessy (Kossy), de Forest, Babin, Daigre (Daiglo), H6bert, Blanchard, Aucoin, Dupeux- (Dupuis), Terriau, Scavois (Savoye, Savoie), Corporon (Corperon), Martin, Pelerin, Morin, Brun, Gautrot, Trahan, Sire (Cyr), Thibeaudeau, Petit pas, Bourg, Boudrot, Guillebaut, Grange, Landry, Doucet, Girouard, Vincent, Brot, Leblanc, Poirie, Commeaux (Comeau), Pitre, Bertrand, Belliveau, Cormi6, Rimbault, Dugast, Richard, Melanson, Robichaut, I/a noue, d'Entremont (Mieux (ou Mius) sieur d'Entremont), La Tour, de Bellisle. — Can. Arch. S. G. 1, Vol. 466-1. Edouard Richard: Acadia, Vol. I, p. 32.
ttCan. Arch. S. G. 1, Vol. 466-1.
§§ Not more than 500 persons came from France in the whole of the seventeenth century.— E. Rameau: La Race francaise au Canada, p. 52.
20 , CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931
for each other. A large number perished from grief, want and' epidemics in these incessant journeys which took them from Acadia to Virginia, from Virginia to England, from England to France, from France to Guiana, from Guiana back to France and from France to Louisiana.
According to a report written by the secretary to the Ambassador of France in London, M. de la Rochette, who had been committed to make a study of the situation, the Acadians were distributed as follows in 1762:—*
In England (Liverpool, Southampton, Penryn, Bristol) 866
In France (Boulogne, Saint Malo, Rochefort, etc.) 2,000
In New England, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Carolina, etc 10,000
12,866
A few hundred families remained in Acadiaf to be joined later by others who, feeling like strangers everywhere they were taken, found rest only when they could come back to their native land.
In 1763, the majority of Acadians living in England were transferred to France but, from 1784 to 1787, taking advantage of generous offers of settlement, they emigrated to Louisiana. In 1787 the Acadian population was thus distributed: — |
France 700
United States of America 800
Maritime Provinces, GaspS, Magdalen Islands, Newfoundland, St.
Pierre and Miquelon 4,000
Louisiana 2,500
Province of Quebec 3,500
Others 500
12,000
Normally, the Acadians should have numbered over 25,000. Apart from an inevitable decrease in the number of births due to the dismemberment of families and the miserable condi- tions of those that were kept together, the mortality caused by grief and misery was evidently very high.
The Acadians who passed into Canada founded the parishes of Saint Gregoire§, l'Acadie** and St. Jacques de l'Achigan.ft
Colonization. — It seems incredible that France after taking possession of .a new country did so little to populate it. The population of Canada in 1675 was 7,382; from 1608 to 1675 the natural increase was 3,555, leaving a net immigration of 3,827; 3,827 in 67 years, an average of 57 persons a year, and France was then the most populous as well as the most powerful country in Europe, ft
The fact that she was engrossed in constant wars in Europe is not sufficient explanation of the neglect France evinced toward her colony. The real reason is that, not grasping the signi- ficance of true colonization, she failed to realize the possibilities of Canada. Dazzled by the precious metals pouring into Spain from America, she was bitterly disappointed when Cartier reported he had not seen any sign of mines. Richelieu, Louis XIV and Colbert did much for the colonization of New France, but even they were far from realizing the importance of the colony. To Talon, asking him for more immigrants, Colbert replied that it would not do to depopulate France to populate Canada.
The wonder is that, colonization being so little understood and given so little help, there was any immigration at all. There were so many factors to discourage the potential settlers. The crossing was not a pleasant voyage by any means. It lasted as long as three or four months on overcrowded ships of 40 to 100 tons. There was always the danger of contracting some
*H. R. Casgrain: Un pelerinane au "pays d' Evangeline, p. 193.
f405 families were in Acadia in 1764, according to a memorandum communicated to the Lords of Trade by Wilmot. — Edouard Richard: Acadia, Vol. II, p. 310. Jldem. Vol.11, p. 341. §Opposite Trois-Rivieres, Que. "Near St. John, Que. tfCounty of Montcalm, Que.
jtEven if we raise the immigration to 5,000, making liberal allowances for the loss due to bush-rangers, the average would still be only 74.
CENSUS OF CANADA, 1931 21
epidemic disease with which the ships were generally infected, or of being wrecked as happened more than once.* In 1659 and 1662, about one-third of the immigrants were lost during the voyage and the majority of those that reached Quebec were sick.f In 1663, about 60 of 300 emigrants from La Rochelle died during the crossing. The new life awaiting the settlers upon their arrival in New France had an element of adventure and danger which, if it cast a spell on the youth and was no. doubt a factor in their coming over, on the other hand, acted as a deterrent to married men with dependents.
What then prompted the 4,000 or 5,000 colonists who made the crossing between 1608 and 1672 to choose New France as their permanent home and to run the risks that went with that choice? Some families, seeking a refuge from the wars of religion, came as to a land of liberty. A good number came to Christianize the natives, and Montreal owes its origin to this desire to spread the Gospel among the Indians. "So far as I know," wrote Chas. W. Colby, "Montreal is the only large city in the world which has arisen out of a mission colony. The design was to found on the island of Montreal, a fortified town which should be both a bulwark against the Iroquois and a centre whence the light of the Gospel might shine forth among the Indian tribes."! Others, hearing of the comfortable life awaiting any one willing to work, came with the desire to assure the existence and the future of their children. Land was not scarce and it was theirs for the asking. A number of young men were attracted by the adventure that a new land always offers. Others again, soldiers, officials, merchants, coming with the intention of staying only a few years, found numerous advantages in the conditions of their new life and stayed permanently:
Canada was given poor publicity in France. Voltaire was not by any means the only brilliant Frenchman who clamoured against the bad investment that was New France. General opinion was unfavourable to the young colony. Two publications, however, did much to alter this and to decide young families to come to Canada. The Relations des Jisuites, published every year, gave a true picture of the hardships awaiting the settlers, but also pointed out that any one willing to work could live much better here than in France. The other one was the book of the Governor of Trois-Rivieres, Pierre Boucher: Histoire veritable et naturelle des tnoeurs et productions de la Nouvelle France, written in 1663 to answer questions asked him by a large number of persons