THE
ENGLISH FLORA,
BY
SIR JAMES EDWARD ^MITH, M.D. F.R.S.
MEMBER 01 THE ACADEMIES 0^
STOCKHOLM, UPSAL, TURIN', LISBON, PHILADELPHIA, NEW YORK, ETC. ETC. J
THE IMPERIAL ACAD. NATUR.i: CURIOSORUM,
AND
THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AT PARIS;
HONORARY MEMBER OF THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF LONDON;
AND
PRESIDENT OF THE LINN^EAN SOCIETY.
" In gcnuinis dift'eientiis speciticis constat artis robur."
Linn. Mant. 'J. pref.
VOL. n^
LONDON:
r HI NT ED lOK
LONGMAN, REES, OKME, BHOWN, anoOKKKN,
VAI I HN<»sn U-U()\V .
1828.
^<^2
PRINTED BT RICHARD TAYLOR, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
BOOKS QUOTED IN VOL. IV.,
IN ADDITION TO THOSE IN THE PRECEDING VOLUMES.
Act. Helvet.' -Acta Helvetica. Basil. 1 75 1-1 777. quarto. 8 volumes.
Holm. See Stockh. Trans.
Taurin. — Memoires de I'Acad^mie Royule des Sciences.
Turin. 1793. 5th volume, quarto.
Allion. Auctuar. — Allioni, C'harles, Auctuarium ad Floram Pede- montanam. Turin. 1789. quarto.
Amman. Stirp. — See Amman. Ruth.
Andr. Repos. — Andrews, Henry, The Botanist's Repository. Lon- don. 1797, &c. quarto. \0 volumes.
Arduin. Mem. -^Ardmno, Peter, Memorie di Osservazioni, e di spe- rienze, 8^c. Padua. 1766' quarto.
Bellard. Mem. de t Acad, de Twriw.— Bellardi, Louis, Appendix ad Floram Pedemontanam, in Mem. de VAcad. de Turin, v. 5. 209. Turin. 1793. quarto.
Berlolon. Am. /^a/.— Bertoloni, Anthony, Amcenitates Italicce. Bologna. 1819. quarto.
Bicheno, Tr. of L. Soc. — Bicheno, James Ebenezer, Observa- tions on the Orchis militaris of Linnceus, in Tr. of Linn. Soc. V. 12. 28.
Bocc. Recherches et Obs. — Boccone, Recherches et Observations Naturelles. Amsterdam. \ 67 4. duodecimo.
Bolt. Fit. — Bolton, James, Filiccs Britannicc ; an history of the British proper Ferns. Leeds. 1785, and Huddersjield. 1790. quarto.
Bromcl. Chi. Goth. — Bromelius, Olaus, Chloris Gothica. Gotten- burgh. 1G94. octavo.
Camer. Ic. — Camerarius, Joachim, Iconcs Stirpium. Frankfort. 1588. quarto.
Cels. Act. Suec. 1732. — Celsius, Olaus, Plantarum circa Upsa- iuim sponte nascentium catalogus, apiid Act. Suec. ann. 1/32. Upsal. quarto.
Curt. Cat. — Curtis, William, A Catalogue of certain Plants, grow- ing wild, chicjly in the Environs of Settle, Yorkshire. Pub. lish'd with the FL Land. \7X2. folio. A 2
IV BOOKS QUOTED IN VOL. IV.
DHL Muse. — Dillenius, John James^ Historia Muscorum. Oxford.
1741. quarto. Du Gort. Bene/. Comm. — Du Gort, Le Benefice Commun, ou
L'histoire et Pourtrait des Plantes, &c. Lyons. 1561. octavo. Ehrh. Crypt. — Ehrhart, Frederick, Decades Plantarum crypto-
gamicarum, &c. Hannover. 1791 ? folio. 24 decades. See
Beitrage vol. 7. 94. Exot, Bot. — Smith, JamCvS Edward, Exotic Botany ; the figures by
James Sowerby. London. 1804, 1805. octavo. 2 volumes. Gagnebin Act. Helvet. — Gagnebin, Abraham, Description du Bou-
leau nain, in Act. Helvet. v. 1. 58. 1751. . The same. Observations sur le Systeme des
Autheurs de Botanique, et sur VOphris minima C.B^ in Act.
Helvet. V. 2. 56. 1755. Gesn. de Lunariis. — Gesner, Conrad, De raris et admirandis Her-
bis quce Lunarice nominantur. Copenhagen. 1669. octavo. Gooden. Tr. of L. Soc. v. 2. — Goodenough, Samuel, (late Lord
Bishop of Carlisle,) Observations on the British Species of
CareXi in Tr. of L. Soc. v. 2. 126. 1794, Hafod Tour — Smith, James Edward, a Tour to Hafod in Cardi- ganshire. London. 1810. Imp. Folio. Hall, in Act. Helvet. — Haller, Albert von, Orchidum Classis con-
stituta, in Act. Helvet. v. 4. 82. 1760. Hedw. Theor. — Hedwig, John, Theoria Generationis et Fructifi-
cationis Plantarum Cryptogamicarum Linncei. Petersburgh.
1784. quarto. Hojf?«..SaZ.— Hoffmann, George Francis, Historia Salicum. Leipsic.
\785-\7S7. folio, fasc. 1-5. Hope in Phil. Trans, v. 59. 243. — Hope, John, On a rare Plant, found in the Isle of Sky e. in Phil. Trans, v. 59. 241-246. with
a plate. Jacq. Hort. Schonbr. — Jacquin, Nicholas Joseph von, Plantarum
rariorum Horti CcBsarii Schcenbrunensis Descriptiones et Icones.
Vienna, v. 1-4. 1797-1804. /o/io. Juss. fil. Euphorb. — Jussieu, Adrian de, De Euphorbiacearum
Generibus. Paris. 1824 quarto. Lamb. Pin. — Lambert, AylmerBourke, A Description of the Genus
Pinus. London. 1803. Imp. folio. Leys. Hal. — Leyser, Frederick William a. Flora Halensis. Hall.
1761. octavo. Lind. M'iksb. — Linders, John, Flora Wiksbergensis. Stockholm.
1716. octavo. Lindl. Collect. — Lindley, John, Collectanea Botanica. London.
1821. /o/io. w. 1-6. Linn. Act. Suec. 1735, — Linnaeus, Charles, Florulcc Lapponiccc
Pars posterior. Act. Suec. ann. 1735. quarto. Ups. ' Species Orchidum et affinium planta- rum, in Act. Soc. Reg. Scientiarum, v. 1. Upsal. 1744.
quarto.
BOOKS QUOTED IN VOL. IV. V
Linn, It. Oeland. — Linnaeus, Charles, Olandska och Gothlandska
Resa. Stockholm and Upsal. 1/41. octavo.
LapL Tour. See Lapland Tour,
Mapp. Alsat. — Mappi, Mark, Historia Plantarum Alsaticarum.
Strashurgh and Amsterdam. 1742, quarto. Michaux Boreal-Amer. — Michaux, Andrew, Flora Boreali-Ameri-
cana. Paris. 1803. octavo. 2 volumes. Muller. Fridrichsdal. — MuUer, Otho Frederick, Flora FridricJis-
dalina. Strashurgh. \ 7 67. octavo. Pallas's Travels. — Pallas, Peter Simon, Travels through the South- ern Provinces of the Russian Empire. London. 1802. quarto.
2 volumes. Penn. Voij. to the Hehr. — Pennant, Thomas, Voyage to the He- brides. London. 1776, quarto, vol. 2d. Plum. Fil. — Plumier, Charles, Tractatus de Filicibus Americanis.
Paris. 1705. folio. Raii Cant. — Ray, John, Catalogns Plantarum circa Cantahrigiam
nascentium. Cambridge. 1 660. oc^ai'o. Reichard Syst. Plant. — Reichard, John Jacob, Caroli d Linne
Systema Plantarum. Frankfort on the Maine. 1 779, 1 780.
octavo. 4 volumes. Rcem. et Ust. Mag. — Romer, John Jacob, and Usteri, Paul, Ma-
gazinfiir die Botanik. Zurich. 1787-1790. octavo. 5 volumes. Rudb.inAct. Suec. — Rudbeck, Olaus, jun,. Index Plantarum prcB-
cipuarum, quas in Itinere Laponico, anno 1695, ohservavit.
In Act. Suec. 1720. Upsal. quarto. Salisb. in Tr. of L. Soc. v. 1. — Salisbury, Richard Anthony, De- scription of four Species of Cypripedium, in Tr. of Linn. Soc.
V. 1. 76. 1791. Schk. Car. — Schkuhr, Christian, Ried gr user n (Car ices) . Witten-
berg. 1801. octavo, tab. A^Ddd. Schleich. Catal. — Schleicher, Catalogus Plantarum Helve-
tico. duodecimo. Schrad. Neu. Journ. — Schrader, Henry Adolphus, Neues Journal
fUr die Botanik. Erfort. 1805-1809. octavo. 2 volumes. Seringc (not Seringue). Saules de la Suisse, Scringe, N.C., Essai
dune Monographic des Saules de la Suisse. Berne. 1815.
octavo. Shaw Nat. Misc. — Shaw, George, The Naturalist's Miscellany;
the figures by F. P. Nodder. London. 1790, &c. octavo.
vol. 1., Sfc. Shaw's Hist, of Stajf'urdsh. — See v. 3. Dickenson. Sm. Tr. of L. Soc. v. 5. — Smith, James Edward, Descriptions of
five new British Species of Carcx, in Tr. of L. Soc. v. 5. 264.
1800. Spreng. Crypt. — Sprengel, Kurt, Introduction to the Study ofCry-
ptogamous Plants, translated from the German. London. 1807.
octavo.
VI BOOKS QUOTED IN VOL. IV.
Sw. in Nov. Act. Ups. — Swartz, Olaus, Dianome Epidendri Generis
Linn, in Nov, Act. Upsal v. 6. UpsaL 1799. quarto. Orch. Genera et Species Orchidearum. 1805.
octavo.
' Syn.Fil. Sijnopsis Filicum. Kiel. 1806. octavo.
Trans, of Hortic. Soc. — Transactions of the Horticultural Society
of London. London. 1820, &c. quarto, v. 1-7. Villars, Prosp. — ^Viliars, Prospectus de VHistoire des Plantes de
Dauphin^. Grenoble. 1779. octavo. Vogler, Diss. — Vogler, John Andrew, Dissertatio sistens Polypo-
dium montanum. Gissen. 1781. quarto. Wahlenb. in Stockh. Tr.for 1803.— VVahlenberg, George, Species
Caricum. Walk. Ess. — Walker, John, Essays on Natural History. London.
1812. octavo. Willd. Car. Berol. — Willdenow, C. L., Carices Berolinenses, in the
Berlin Transactions for 1794. Berlin, quarto.
ENGLISH FLORA.
Class XX. GYNANDRIA. Stamens situated either on the style ^ or ger- men.
Order /. MONANDRIA, Stamen, or Ses- sile Anther, 1.
* Antlier of 2 distinct vertical cells, Jixed to the summit of the column,
4-1 1. ORCHIS. Nectary with a spur behind.
4-12. ACER AS. Calyx converging. Nect, witliout a spur, flat.
414. OPHRYS. Cal. spreading. Nect, without a spur, convex.
413. HERMINIUM. Cal. spreading. Petals with la- teral lobes, like the nectary, which is flat, without a spur.
** Anther parallel to the stigma, of 2 cells close together, 2>ermanent,
4-16. NEOTTIA. Cal. converging, embracing the base of tlie flat nectary, which is without a spur. Pet. con- verging. Column without wings.
VOL, IV, B
2
4-15. GOODYERA. CaL spreading, embracing the base of the globose inflated nectary^ which is without a spur. Pet, converging. Column without wings.
417. LISTERA. Col. spreading. 'NecU without a spur,
nearly flat. Pet* spreading. Column without wings.
**# Anther terminal^ fixed,
418. EPIPACTIS. iV^c^. without a spur; tumid under-
neath at the base ; contracted in the middle ; undi- vided at the end.
*#** Anther a terminal deciduous lid,
419. MALAXIS. Nect. embracing the column with its con-
cave base, without a spur, sessile. Pet, spreading.
420. CORALLORRHIZA. Nect, unconnected with the
column, spurred or stalked at the base. Pet, spreading.
Order II. DIANDRIA, Stamens, or Sessile Anthers, 2,
421. CYPRIPEDIUM. Cali/x and Petals spreading. Nectaty inflated. Column with a terminal dilated appendage.
Order III, HEXANDRIA. Stamens, or Sessile Anthers, 6.
422. ARISTOLOCHIA. Calyx of 1 leaf. Corolla none. Stigma with 6 lobes. Capsule of 6 cells.
GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA and DIANDRIA.
The first and second Orders of this Class are perfectly na- tural, without any exception, or exclusion, comprehend- ing the whole natural order of the Orc/iis tribe, and, as far as our knowledge at present extends, no other })lant whatever. The cells of the anther being, in several in- stances, more or less distant from each^odier, Linna?us understood the whole tribe as diandrous ; but Swartz and others have corrected this error, proved to be such by the near relations of these plants the Scitaminea\ the cells of whose anther are, in some instances, still more widely separated ; in others full as decidedly united, so as to constitute a single anther. The analogy of other parts of the Jio-doer in that fine exotic order, with which Mr. Roscoe alone may be said to have made botanists familiar, will, if I mistake not, render us better ac- quainted with the same parts in the beautiful and favour- ite family of Orchidecc. I shall, in the fii'st place, give its characters according to the ideas I have been in- duced to adopt from Nature herself, as well as from a careful study of the publications of Linnaeus and Haller, compared widi the transcendent improvements of Dr. Swartz and Mr. R. Brown.
Orchidece. Linn. 7. Juss. 21. Br. Pr. 309. See Grammar, 81 — 84./. 70—72, 77, 78.
Flowers all complete and perfect. Emhrijo simple, or, as it is usually expressed, monocotyledonous.
Calyx superior, of 3 leaves, either spreading or converging, sometimes coloured ; the uppermost often vaulted ; rare- ly extended at the base; 2 lateral ones opposite, e(|Uiil ; sometimes combined laterally, or dilated, or elongated, at the lower part ; all either deciduous, or, more rarelv, permanent.
Corolla likewise of 3 parts. Petals 2, interior, between the lateral and uppermost calyx- leaves, less than either, and almost always of a difl'erent substance and colour, ascending, or sometimes converging. Xectari/ a lij), in the same circle with tlic })etals, j)rojecting, or dependent, between the lateral calyx-leaves in front, oilcn extended behind, bevond the calyx, in the form of one hollow
n
SJMV, rarely 2, various in length and acuteness, lodging the honey, which is otherwise produced by the smooth, furrowed, crested, or bearded, disk. The nectary there- fore strictly answers to the Linnaean definition, " as a part of the corolla," and supplies the place of a third petal. In some foreign Orchidece it bears a stalked appendage. Stamens gynandrous, partially imperfect. Filaments 3, united to the style, or column, above the germen, within the uppermost calyx-leaf, opposite to the lip ; the 2 la- teral ones almost always abortive, and hardly discerni- ble; though these alone are perfect in CyjJvijJcdium, where the third, or uppermost, is wanting. Anther, in Gynandria Monandria, solitary, from the intermediate filament, of 2 cells, which are either w^idely separated, each cell at one side of the column ; or brought together into a simple vertical anther, either parallel to the stigma, and lying over it, fixed, and permanent ; or terminating the column in the form of a litl, which is moveable, at- tached by a sort of hinge at the back, and finally deci- duous ; each of its two cells being divided internally, by one, seldom three, longitudinal partitions. Pollen either of simple grains, or of fourfold globules, in masses fit- ting the cells. These masses, in the fixed divided an- ther, rarely in the terminal moveable one, or lid, consist of many angular portions, cohering by elastic gluten ; in the parallel anther, rarely in the terminal one, they are rather powdery, forming plates of easily separable gra- nulations; in the lid-shaped anther they are usually waxy, homogeneous and smooth. When the cells open, the discharged jpollen-masses stick by a taper base, or elastic thread, to the stigma, or to some adjoining glan- dular bodies above it, or to any thing else in their way. Germen altogether inferior, either roundish, obovate, or oblong, often twisted, having 3 principal ribs or angles, each opposite to a calyx-leaf. Style, technically called in this tribe a column, stout, more or less united with the Jilaments, and bearing the anther, or anthers ; sometimes very short and thick. Stigma on the upper part of the style in front, facing the lip, either a mere concave moist depression, or protuberant, and often quadrangular ; it is accompanied at the summit or sides by one or two glands, serving to attach the discharged pollen, and these are either naked, or contained in a membranous pouch, or pouches.
Capsule shai)ed like the germen, of one cell, and three valves, spHtting between the fixed ribs, generally at both sides of each valve; rarely pulpy internally; receptacles three, attached longitudinally to the centre of each valve.
Seeds very numerous, minute, roundish, each enveloped in a large, loose, membranous tunic^ wanting in the exotic Vanilla only, where they are imbedded in pulp ; albumen the shape of the seed ; embryo minute, simple, central, near the scar.
Our British Orchidecc are all herbaceous ; with either tu- berous or stoutly fibrous roots, seldom if ever parasiti- cal. Their stem is simple, naked, or partly leafy ; leaves simple, undivided, entire, smooth and sleek ; sheathing or sessile ; Jlowers in a simple spike or cluster, which is rarely downy, glandular, or viscid ; each flower accom- panied, at the base of its partial stalk if there be any, by a solitary bractea. Some are highly fragrant, particu- larly in an evening, and many are very beautiful as well as singular. The tuberous roo/5 abound in glutinous mat- ter, and are generally esteemed nourishing and stimula- ting, making the Salep of the Turks. We must leave to conjecture the origin of this opinion.
The integuments of the Jloiscer in this family have never been understood as above described, by any preceding writer. Linnaeus considered the whole as a corolla, con- sisting of 5 petals and a nectary. Swartz calls the former a calyx of 5 leaves, and the latter a corolla, of a single petal, or lip. Jussieu and the botanists of his school, denying the existence of a corolla in any monocotyledo- nous plant, and rejecting the Linnaean term nectarium, call the whole a calyx of six divisions. But if a corolla be allowed to exist in nature at all, it surely cannot be de- nied to these plants ; any more than to the Scitaminccc, far better known at present than when Jussieu's innnor- tal work appeared in 1789. These evidently settle the (juestion. See Grammar "^d. f. 1. If we will not allow them to have a corolla, we may, with ecjual })ropricty, deny the existence of such an organ in all herbs, or in all trees, or in any one natural order according to our whim or fancy. The Orcliidea:, rightly understood, will be found as conclusive on the same side as the Scitami- nece, and they may possibly aflbrtl additional evidence of a corolla in monocotyledoiious geiuTa.
Perhaps the most ingenious and in)))oilant reiuark, in phy-
6
siological or systematic botany, that has been made in our (lays, though I am by no means certain with whom it originated, relates to the numerical difference in the parts of fructification between the monocotyledones and dicotylcdones. In the formei', these parts are regulated by the number 3 or its compounds; in the latter by 5. I'he exceptions in each case, consisting of partial sup- pressions, or subtractions, relative to some part or other, follow the same rules. Thus one third is suppressed in the styles or stigmas of Grasses and some Calamayncc ; one fifth in the calyx, corolla and stamens of some Bicornes, and other dicotyledones naturally decandrous; witness Erica, Vacciniiim, Epilobiim, &c. In Scitaminecv and Or- cJiidece rudiments of 2 abortive stamens are observable, indicating a suppression of two thirds ; in Cypripedium indeed, which has 2 perfect stamens, only one third is wanting in those parts. The Orchidece are universally al- lowed to be monocotyledonous, or as some sayacotyledon- ous, which makes no real difference. Their parts of fruc- tification are therefore governed by the number 3, not 5. It is contrary to every analogy to suppose they have either 5 calyx-leaves, or 5 petals ; with a solitary organ which, to avoid the use of the Linnsean term nectary, is called a lip, though this organ secretes and contains honey. But to take the 3 outer leaves of the flower for a calyx, and the other '?, (which are alternate therewith, as well as ranged in an interior circle,) for the corolla, composed of 2 petals and a nectary, the last being most correctly a part of the corolla, appears to me perfectly intelligible and consistent. My distinguished friends Professor de Jussieu and Mr. Brown, from whose en- larged views the world has derived so much instruction, will, I am confident, pardon me if a search after truth leads me here to differ from them. The latter has in- deed, in the Hortus Kewensis, so far altered the theory he originally adopted from Jussieu, as to term corolla in these plants, what he had caWed periant/iinm, and the can- dour of such an alteration does him the highest honour. The most eminent botanists have differed no less widely in the foundation of their generic distinctions of Orc/ii- dece. Linnaeus takes his characters chiefly from the form of the nectayy, and especially of its posterior termination^ without adverting to the anther, Haller first noticed the differences in this latter part, of which however he by no
means formed correct ideas ; for like Linnaeus he consi- dered all these plants as diandrous. Neither are his dis- tinctions between his principal genera, Orchis and Epi-
pactis, clearly conceived or intelligibly defined. The latter is a most heterogeneous assemblage. His treat- ment of the subject displays, nevertheless, an able mind, perceiving, and laboriously contemplating, difficulties which he could not conquer. Dr. Swartz first accurately understood the structure of the antlier, and happily di- vided the Orcliidece into natural sections, according to the different shapes and positions of that part : taking further characters of the genera from those of Linnaeus. Mr. R. Brown, in his Prodromtis Flora Novcc Hollaii- dice, and in the second edition of Mr. Alton's Horttis Kewe?isis, has revised the whole order with his accus- tomed learning and accuracy, so as to confirm and illus- trate the genera of Swartz, adding many new ones from the ample stores of New Holland, and strengthening the whole by characters derived from the texture or consis- tence of the viasses of pollen, (the anthers of authors an- tecedent to Swartz,) in which substance Haller had re- marked differences, without turning them to account in practical arrangement. Mr. Brown has derived further assistance from the pi'esence or absence of certain little pouches or cells, enclosing glands or tubercles, to which the i^olkn-masses attach themselves, near the stigina. I by no means doubt the use of these minute parts in sci- entific discrimination, provided neither they, nor any other, be allowed to overrule or contradict nature. But I do not find it necessary to resort to what is obscure or difficult, when I can derive clear, constant and natural characters, from parts more easy of examination. Even the position of the calyx and j^ctah, whether spreading or converging, is unquestionably of great importance in this family. Whether, by the obvious and intelligible dis- tinctions of genera to which I have resorted, 1 have made the study of this beautiful and interesting family satisiac- tory, those who follow me must decide. I wish the prac- tical student of nature alone to be my judge; nor shall I be flattered by a blind or implicit adoption of my ideas, without examination.
Further remarks and illustrations will occur as we jiroceed with the history of our British genera and species.
GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA,
* Anther of 2 distinct vertical cells, Jlxed to the summit of the column,
411. ORCHIS. Orchis.
Linn. Gen. 461. Juss. 65. FL 5r. 918. Tourn. t. 247. A, B. Lam.
t.726. Satyrium. Lam. t. 726. Habenaria. Willd. Sp. PL v. 4. 44. Br. Pr. 312.
Cal, superior, of 3 ovate, slightly concave, nearly equal, spreading or converging, ribbed, partly coloured, leaves. Fet. 2, oblong, smaller than the calyx, ascending, or converging. Nect, a roundish or oblong lip, entire, or mostly lobed, larger than the petals, dependent in front, betwixt the lower calyx-leaves ; extended, more or less, behind, in the form of a tubular spiir, containing the honey, and pervious at its origin. Anther of 2 oblong membra- nous cells, either close together, or widely separated, opening lengthwise in front, above the stigma, and de- positing their obovate, stalked, granulated, elastic masses of pollen, by their stalks, upon 1 or 2 glands, either naked or contained in one common hood, near that organ. Ger- men oblong, or nearly cylindrical, furrowed, spirally twisted. Style thick and short. Stigma a shining moist depression, in front, under, or between, the masses of pollen. Capside oblong, spiral. Seeds very numerous, oval, each in a light chaffy tunic, extended at both ends.
Roots doubly tuberous, fleshy, either globular or palmate, whitish, internally viscid, with thick, fibrous, superior radi- cles; each knob, or tid)er, solitary, rarely in pairs, flowering but once, and that mostly in the season immediately subse- quent to its formation. Stem solitary, leafy at the base. Leaves chiefly radical, spreading, elliptic-oblong, or lan- ceolate, ribbed, accompanied at the bottom by a few membranous scales, like abortive leaves ; their upper sur- face often spotted with brown or black ; under surface palest. FL numerous, spiked, purple, crimson, or whitish; in some highly fragrant. Cal. ribbed, coloured, as are frequently the germen, cominon stalk, and bracteas. Na- tives of meadows, groves, or open chalky downs.
GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Orchis. 9
* Knobs of the root roujidish^ undivided,
1. O. hifolia. Butterfly Orchis.
Knobs of the root oval, taper-pointed. Lip of the nectary lanceolate, entire, about half the length of its very long spur. Lateral calyx-leaves spreading downwards.
O. bifolia. Linn. Sp. PL \33]. Willd. v.4.\0. Fl.Br.9\8. Engl.
Bot. vA.t. 22. Curt. Lond.fasc. 6. t. (Jb. Dicks. H. Sice. fuse.
3. 16. O. n. 1285. Hcdl. Hist. v. 2. 146. ^.35./. 2. O. bifolia altera. Bauh. Pin. 82. Rudb. Elys. v. 2. 197./. 2; bad. O. hermaphroditica bifolia. Bank. Hist. v. 2. 772. f. Raii Sijn. 380. O. hermaphroditica ; also Testiculus psycodes. Ger. Em.2\ 1 ./,/. O. serapias primus. Dod. Pempt. 237./. Dalech. Hist. 1554./. Satyrion trifolium. Fuchs.Hist.7\0.f. Jc. 408./. Testiculi species tertia. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 333./ 2. T. species quinta. Camer. Epit. 625./ Testiculus vulpinus. Best. Hurt. Eyst.vern. ord.7 . t. 6./ J. T. vulpinus primus ; also Hermaphroditica secunda. Lob. Ic. 178.
// Habenaria bifolia. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. v. 5. 1 93. Hook. Scot. 252.
/3. Orchis bifolia. Fl. Dan. t. 235.
O. alba bifolia minor, calcari oblongo. Bauh. Pin. 83. Raii Syn.
380. Rudb. Elys. v. 2. 198./ 3. Faill. Par. 151. ^ 30./ 7.
Segu. Veron. v.2. 128. t. \b.f. 10. O. alba, calcari longo. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 77 1 ./ O, flore albo minor. Best. Hort. Eyst. ccst. ord.4. t. 5.f. 4.
In groves and thickets 3 most plentiful in Beech woods.
/3. On open heaths.
Perennial. June.
Knobs of the root each tapering into a fibrous point. Stem angu- lar, about a foot high, often more. Leaves usually two, spread- ing, elliptical, 3 inches long, of a briglit shining unspotted green j very rarely accompanied by a third, smaller and more upright. Bracteas lanceolate, about as long as the gcrmcn, one to each flower, besides a few larger, scattered along the stem. Flowers numerous, in a rather loose sj)ike, pure wliite, except a greenish tinge on the ///> and spur. The latter is ratlier tumid towards the end. Lip linear-oblong, about tlie size of the calyx-Uarcs, straiglit. (.'ells of t)ie anllier widely separated, by the semicir- cular abru))t termination of the style. PollcH'masscs yellow, club-shaped, erect, each attaching itself to a gland-like naked tubercle, at each side of the centre of the flower, but sticking likewise to various parts of the plant occasionally.
The glands which receive the pollru being si'j)aratiMl. and naked, or destitute of any cell or jjouch, aHord \\\v distinctive character
10 GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Orchis.
of Mr. Brown's Habenaria, which, with all deference to my can- did and learned friend, one of the few who seek truth for its own sake, seems to me an unnatural division of the genus Orchis. Willdenow's Habenaria is of no account whatever, being found- ed merely on the presence of 2 abortive filaments, which he hap- pened to' observe in some species, and which are proper, more or less evidently, to the whole natural order, though never duly understood till Mr. Brown pointed them out. O. bifolia exhales, in an evening, the scent of the sweetest honey- suckle. /3 differs merely in its smaller size. The figure in Vaillant, and several of the above synonyms, answer equally well to either variety.
2. O, pyramidalis. Pyramidal Orchis.
Knobs of the root oval. Lip of the nectary in three equal entire lobes, with two protuberances above ; spur long and slender.
O. pyramidalis. Linn. Sp. PL 1332. mild. v. 4. 14. Fl. Br. 919. Engl. Bot. V. 2. ^.110. Hook. Scot. 251. Lond. t. 106. Jacq. Austr. f.266.
O. n. 1286. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 146. t. 35./. 1.
O. purpurea, spica, congesta pyramidali. Raii Syn. ZIT , t. 18. Segu. Veron. v. 2. 129. t. 15./. 1 1 .
O. parvo flore rubro, sive phceniceo. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 764./.
O. militarismontana, spica rubente conglomerata. Tourn. Inst. 432. Vaill.Par.lol. t.3l.f.3S.
O. foemina major. Fuchs. Hist. 556./
O. foemina angustifolia. Fuchs. 2c. 318./
Cynosorchis latifolia, spica compacta. Bauh. Pin. 81. Rudb. Elys. v,2. 186./. 3.
C. major. Ger. Em. 205./ Dalech. Hist. 1556./
C. nostra major. Lob. Ic. 173./
C. tertia. Dod. Pempt. 23d. f.
On grassy hills or banks, especially where the soil is chalky.
Perennial. July.
Knobs without any taper point. Herb of a bright unspotted green, with a silky gloss. Stem more leafy that the foregoing. Leaves lanceolate, channelled, acute. Spike of a dense pyramidal form, subsequently obtuse, all overof a rich crimson, occasionally milk white and peculiarly delicate, which variety Haller appears never to have seen. The lobes of the lip are very rarely not quite en- tire 3 spur slender, about the length of the slender, smooth and even germen. Cells of the anther close together. Two protu- berances near the origin of the Up, in front, hollow underneath, are the essential mark of this elegant species. The Jlowers arc more or less fragrant, even in the day-time.
GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Orchis. 11
3. O. Morio. Green-winged Meadow Orchis.
Knobs of the root oval. Lip of the nectary four-cleft, some- what crenate ; spur obtuse, ascending. Calyx many- ribbed, converging.
O. Morio. Linn.Sp. PL 1333. Mant. 485. Willd. v. 4. 18. Fl. Br. 920. Eugl. Bot. v. 29. t. 20.59. Curt. Lond.fasc. 3. H. 59. Hook. Scot. 250. FL Dan. t. 253 ; not good.
O. n. 1282. HalL Hist. v. 2. 143. L 33 j the small figure.
O. morio foemina. Bauh. Pin. S2. RaiiSijn.377. f'aill. Par. 149. t.3]. f. 13, 14. Segu. Veron.v. 2. 125. t. 15./. 7. Rudb. Elys. V.2. 193./. 4.
O. minor purpurea, et aliorum colorum^cumalis virentibus. Bauh. Hist. V. 2. 7G1./.
Cynosorchis. Brwif. Herb.v. 1.104./.
C. morio foemina. Lob. Ic. 1 76.f. Ger. Em. 208. f.
Testiculus morionis foemina. Dod. Pempt. 236. f.
Testiculi species quarta. Camer. Epit. 624. f.
Triorchis scrapias mas. Fuchs. Hist. 559./ Dalech. Hist. 1554./.
T. mas minor. Fuchs. Ic. 321./
In rather moist meadows and pastures^ among short grass, frequent.
Perennial. Mat/, June.
Knobs nearly globose, not pointed ; one of them often a little re- moved from the other by a stalk. Stem clothed with leafy sheaths. Leaves lanceolate, of a rather dull unspotted green^ somewhat glaucous ; the under side paler and shining. Spike rather lax. Bracteas lanceolate, membranous, partly purple, the length of the germens. FL scentless, purple ; sometimes pale, or flesh-coloured 3 sometimes varying to crimson, or to a light violet j but the numerous green ribs of the calyx-leaves are equally strong in all the varieties. These 3 leaves converge over the column in a vaulted form, enclosing the petals. Spur blunt, rather shorter than the germen, curved upwards. Lip in 4 unequal lobes ; the lateral ones largest, dcflcxed, mostly notclied at the margins ; the disk ])ale, dotted with purple. Cells of the anther close together. The masses of pollen, for- merly taken for anthers, split each into two lobes.
4. O. mascula. Early Purple Orchis.
Knobs of the root oval. Lip of the nectary four-cleft-, cre- nate ; spur obtuse. Calyx-leaves three-ribbed ; two la- teral ones reflexed upwards.
(). mascula. Linn. Sp. PL 1333. Willd. v. 4. 18, FL Br. f)2().
Engl. hot. V. 9. t.63\. Curl. Lond.fasc. 2. /. 62. Jl'ondv. t. 90.
Dicks. //, Sice. /;/.sr. 11. 14. Hook. Scot. 250. Jaaj. Misc. v. 2.
37:k Ir. liar. t. I 80. FL Dan. t. 457. (). n. I2S3. Hall. Hist. v. 2. I I 1. t.?,:); (he larger figure.
12 GYNANDRIA—MONANDRIA. Orchis.
O morio mas, foliis maculatis. Bauh. Pin. SI. RaiiSyn.376. VailLPar, 150. t.3].f. 11, 12. Segu. Veron.v.2. 124. L 15. /.5. Rudb.Elys.v.2.\9\J.\. Moris, v. 3. 490. sect. \2. t, 12, f.3.
O. morio, foliis sessilibus maculatis. Bauh. Pin. 82. Rudh, Elys. V. 2. 192./ 2.
O. quinta. Clus. Hist. v. 1 . 268./.
O. major, tota purpurea, maculoso folio. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 763./
O, mas angustifolia. Fuchs. Hist. 555./. Ic.3\7 .f.
Cynosorchis morio. Lob. Ic. 176./
C. morio mas. Ger. Em. 208./
Testiculus quartus. Matth. Valgr. v. 2.234. f. Camer.Epit. 624.f.
T. morionis mas. Dod. Pempt.236.f. Dalech. Hist. 1552./
In pastures, groves and shady dells, plentifully.
Perennial. April, May.
Somewhat larger than the preceding, especially the ^ roots.^ Leaves chiefly radical, elliptic-lanceolate, sleek and shining, of a fine green, more or less stained with purplish black, though foreign authors describe what seems an unspotted variety ; the under side is paler, as usual in this tribe. Fl. of a more uni- form purplish crimson than the last ; the disk of the lip in like manner whitish and spotted, with a fine downy surface. Calyx- leaves with 3 ribs, not distinguished by any green colour ; the uppermost converging with the petals into a hood ; the 2 late- ral ones bent strongly upwards, and spreading. Cells of the anther close together, deep purple. Masses of pollen yellow, undivided. Germen, as well as bracteas, purple. Spur tumid, turned a little upwards. Up unequally four-lobed, variously notched or toothed.
These^oM;er5, though without scent, cannot but engage the atten- tion of all who admire the charms of spring, and they mix with the Hare-bell, Cowslip, and Cuckoo-flower in country nose- gays. They are probably what the Queen in Hamlet terms *' Long-purples." The Rev. H. Davies has often found them perfectly white, nor did they change when transplanted.
5. O. ustulata. Dwarf Dark-winged Orchis.
Knobs of the root oval. Lip of the nectary four-lobed, rough with small points. Spur obtuse, not half the length of the germen. Calyx converging. Leaves lan- ceolate.
O ustulata. Linn. Sp. PL 1333. Willd. v. 4. 20. FL Br. 921. EngL Bot. v.\.L\S. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 3. 17. Hook. Lond. t. 36. FLBan.t.\Q3.
O.n. 1273. HalLHisLv.2.\38.L28.f.2.
O. pannonica quarta. Clus.HisL v. 1. 268./ Pan«. 238./ 236. Raii Syn. 377.
GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Orchis. 13
O. parvis floribus, multis punctis notatis. Bauh.Hist.v. 2. 765.f.
O. militaris pratensis humilior. Tourn. Inst. 432. Vaill. Par. 149. ^.31./. 35,36. Segu. Veron. v. 2. 123. t. 15./. 4.
O. muscae corpus referens maculosa. Lca^. Priiss. 183. t. GO.
Cynosorchis militaris pratensis humilior. Bauh. Fin. SI. Rudb. Elys. V. 2. 189./. 6.
C. minor pannonica. Ger. Em. 207. f.
On dry open chalky downs.
Perennial. June.
Much smaller than any of the foregoing, the stem being, with us, rarely more than 3 or 4 inches high, scarcely leafy but in the lower part. The plates of Haller and the Ft. Dan. represent it about a foot in height. Leaves spreading, lanceolate, rather glaucous, without spots. Spike oblong, dense, obtuse, of nu- merous small flowers, whose dark converging calyx -leaves, and blackish dots on the lip, give them a scorched or burnt aspect. Bracteas small, ovate, acute, coloured. The spur is deflexed, incurved, blunt, scarcely above one third the length of the ger- men. Lip roughish with minute points, purplish, with a white disk, divided into 4 entire lobes, the 2 lower ones often having a small intermediate point, like the following species, to which this is more allied than to any of the preceding.
Merrett, in his Finax 89, mentions a white- flowered variety, found near Chiswell, Berks.
6. O. fusca. Great Brown-winged Orchis.
Knobs of the root oval. Lip of the nectary five-lobed, di- lated, roufijh. Spur obtuse, not half the length of the germen. Calyx converging, blunt-pointed. Leaves ellip- tic-oblong.
O. fusca. Jacq. Austr. v. 4. A. t. 307. Willd. v. 4. 23. Comp. cd. 4. 142. Curt. Land. fuse. 6. t. 64. Bichcno Tr. of L. Soc. V. 12.29.
O. n. 1276. Hall. Hist. V. 2. 140. /. 31.
O. ])urpurea. Huds. cd. 1.334.
( ). militaris. En^l. Bat. v. \.t.]6. Fl. Dan. f.\277.
(). militaris /3. Fl. Br. 923. /3 and y. Linn. Sp. PI. 133 1.
O. militaris major. Tourn. Inst. 432. t. 2 17./ B. failL Far. 148. t. 3 1 ./. 27, 28. Segu. rerun, v. 2. 1 22. /. 15./ 2.
(). moravica. Jacq. Coll. v. 1. 61. Ic. Bar. t. 182.
(). magna, latis foliis galea fuscfi vcl nigricante. Bauli. His/, v. 2. 759./. bad. Dill, in Raii Syn. 378. /. 1 9./ 2.
(), stratcumatica. Gcr. Eni.2\3.f. Lob. Ic. \H4.f.
(). strateumatica major. Bauh. Ilist.v. 2.7l)S.f. Dalcch. Ilist. 1559. /'.
O. latifoiia. Ilcsl. Ilorl. Eyst. ast. 4. t. 4. f. 1 .
O. latifoiia altera. Clus. Hist. v. 1 . 267. /:
14 GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Orchis.
Cvnosorchis militaris major. Bauh. Pin.Sl. Riidh. Elys. v. 2. 187.
On chalky bushy hills, and about woods, chiefly in Kent.
Near Greenhithe, Kent. Gerarde. About Rochester. Curtis.
Perennial. May.
Except its size, which is five times that of the last, this species comes nearer to that, in the structure of its Jiower, and hue of the calyx, than to any other. It is the largest and most mag- nificent Orchis of British growth j O. hircina perhaps excepted, which the present excels in colour. The stem varies in height from 1 to 2 feet, and is most leafy about the lower part. Leaves 4 or 5, spreading, elliptical, not ovate, of a full, bright, not glau- cous, green, 3 or 4 inches long, and 1^ or 2 in breadth. Spike cylindrical, rather dense, many-flowered. Bracteas acute, sel- dom a quarter the length of the germen, though variable in size. Calyx-leaves ovate, concave, bluntly pointed, converging, some- what connected in the lower part ; marked externally with dark brown lines, and confluent spots 3 internally green. Petals linear-oblong, covered by the calyx, pink or purplish, speckled with a darker hue. Lip the colour of the petals, either pink or purple, sometimes light flesh-coloured, rough with promi- nent dark-coloured points ; the disk pale, or whitish ; the mar- gin deeply four-lobed, with a small intermediate central point j the two lower lobes much the broadest, more or less toothed or crenate. Spur deflexed, obtuse, tumid, not half the length of the lip, or of the germen. Cells of the anther close together.
The Jlowers have no very remarkable scent, at least not constant- ly ; but in drying the whole herb exhales a strong odour like that of Asperula odorata, or Anthoxanthum odoratum, which is equally observable in the two following. Curtis has not repre- sented the petals, which may be seen in Engl. Bot. His plate is otherwise excellent.
7. O. militaris. Military Orchis.
Knobs of the root oval. Lip of the nectary five-lobed, dow^ny ; two middle lobes dilated, rounded. Spur ob- tuse, not half the length of the germen. Calyx conver- ging, taper-pointed.
O. militaris. Linn. Sp. PI. 1333. Fl. Suec. 3 1 0. Willd. Sp. PL
u.4.22. Fl. Br. 922. Bicheno Tr. of L. Soc.v.\2. 31. Wulf.in
Jacq. Coll. V. 2. 268. Ic. Par. t. 598. O. n. 1277. Hall. Hist.v. 2. 140. t. 28./. 1. O. galea et alis fere cinereis. Baiih. Hist. v. 2. 757./. Rati Syn,
378. Cat. PI. Angl. 2 i5. O. latifolia, hiante cucuUo, major. Tourn. Inst. 432. Vaill. Par.
148. O. militaris majoris varietas. Vaill. Par. ^ 3 1 . /. 2 1 .
GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Orchis, J 5
O. mas latifolia. Fuchs. Hist. 554./.
O. major. Cord. Hist. 128. 2./.
O. strateumatica minor. Ger. Em.2\ 6./.
O. prima species Dodon quinta Matth. Dalech. Hist. 1550./.
O. Oreades, trunco pallido, brachiis et cruribiis saturate rubes-
centibus. Merr. Pi7i.S5. Bicheno as above. Cynosorchis latifolia, hiante cucuUo^ major. Bauh. Pin. 80. Rudb.
Elys. V, 2. 185./ 1 3 very bad. C. latifolia, hiante cucuUo, minor. Bauh. Pin. 81. Rudb. Elys.
i;. 2. 186./ 4. C. militaris minor. Rudb. Elys. v. 2. 1 88./ 3. C. majoris secunda species. Lob. Ic. \75.f. Satyrion mas. Trag. Hist. 778. f. Testiculus quintus. Matth. Falgr. v. 2. 235./. Stendelwurtz. Brunf. Herb. v. 1. 103./ Gray Orchis. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 68./ 9.
On chalky hills.
On hills by the Thames near Cawsham (Caversham) bridge a mile from Reading, and on several hills, on the other side the water, towards Wallingfordj first observed by Mr. Brown. Merrett, Ray. At Streatley, between Reading and Wallingford, also at Pentley Hangings, Stoken Church, where Dr. Williams first found it. Mr. Bicheno.
Perennial. May.
Herb smaller in every part than the preceding. Leaves narrower, rather more lanceolate and acute. Ft. of a more slender and elongated form, especially their calyx-leaves, which end in longish taper points, and are directed more upwards. Tliey are at first sight distinguished by their silvery ash-colour, and the total want of those dark ribs, or stains, which have given its name to O.fusca. The lip moreover is considerably elongated in the disk, and ends in two much less dilated, though variable, lobes, reaching far beyond the small intermediate one, and of a crim- son or purple hue, deeper than the petals. Wulfen has well described this Orchis, in Jacquin's Collectanea, and the figure, drawn I believe by him, in the Ic. Rar., wqW represents its dis- tinguisliing characters, of which the tapering points and grey hue of the calyx, and the more elongated lip, contracted in the middle, are the most apparent. It has the same scent as the last while drying.
This is the Swedish O. militaris, intended by Linnaeus as the type of that species, and appears not to be rare in various parts of Europe. I have traced its several varieties, in the grass-plats about Rome, so nearly to O.fusca on the one hand, and O. te- phrosanilios on the other, see Tour on tht Continent, cd. 2. v. 2. 312, that I have been disposed to trust to my own observation, rather than to tliose botanists, however skilful, who have never studied them growing. 1 tliink the dificrence is most salisfac-
16 GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Orchis.
tory between 0. fusca and mililaris. So Haller thought. The english botanist will now have materials upon which to found an opinion for himself.
8. O. tephrosanthos . Monkey Orchis.
Knobs of the root oval. Lip of the nectary downy, in five lobes ; four of them equal, linear, entire. Spur obtuse, not half the length of the germen. Calyx converging, taper-pointed.
O. tephrosanthus. Villars Prosp. 1 6 ; excluding Haller's n, 1 275. Fl. Dauph. V. 2. 32. Swartz Orch. 15. Willd. Sp. PL u. 4. 21. Bicheno Tr. of L. Soc. v. 1 2. 33. Hook. Lond. t. 82.
O. militaris. Engl. Bot.v. 27. 1. 1873.
O. militaris s. Linn. Sp. PL 1334.
O. n. 1277, varietas prima. Hall. Hist.v.2.\4\ ; excl. the refe- rence to Breynius.
O. zoophora, cercopithecum exprimens oreades. Column. Ecphr. 319. L 320./. 2.
O. antropophora oreades altera Col. Merr. Pin. 85. Bicheno as above.
O. flore simiatn referens. Bauh. Pin. 82. Rudb. Elys. v. 2.184./. 8. VailLPar. 148. /.31./ 25, 26. Sega. Veron. v. 2. 27. t. 15./ 9. Town. InsL 433. t 247. f A.
Cynosorchis alter. Dod. Pempt. 234. f.
C. major altera. Ger. Em. 205. f.
Satyrion mas. Brunf.Herb.v. 1. 104./?
On chalky hills.
Found by Mr. Brown, between Wallingford and Reading. Merrett. On Ridgway hill, near Mapledurham, Oxfordshire. Dr. Lamb. Among bushes on the rising ground to the west of the great chalk-pit, near Caversham, facing the Thames. Mr. Bicheno. Near Dartford, Kent. M. Peet.
Perennial. May.
Rather smaller than the last, with which its herbage otherwise accords. The spike and bracteas scarcely differ in the slightest degree from that species, any more than the pale, taper- pointed leaves of the calyx, or the almost linear, purplish petals. The only remarkable distinction is observable in the lip of the nec- tary, which is deeply divided into 4 linear, obtuse, equal and uniform, purplish segments, with a small intermediate point j all pale or whitish at the base, like the disk of the lip whence they originate, which is downy and dotted. From frequent examination of these plants growing, and not from neglect or inattention, I have, like Linnaeus who studied them at Fon- tainebleau, long concluded them to constitute but one species, the varieties of 0. militaris appearing to combine O. tephro- santhos with the very different 0. fusca. 1 am still dubious with
GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Orchis. 17
regard to tephrosanthos and militaris, both which do indeed differ from fuaca, in their taper-pointed calyx. They all three smell like Woodruff' or Melilot in drying.
It is remarkable that Mr. Bicheno should have referred to Engl. Bot. t. 1873 as the militaris. I have traced out this error, for which he is not responsible, and which Dr. Hooker has cor- rected. But it is still more remarkable that neither of these writers should have noticed Columna's excellent and original figure of tephrosanthos. The synonyms of these plants, and of some foreign species related to them, might still afford matter for a long and careful inquiry. I have endeavoured to be exact in the references belonging to our British species, and have found much to correct in the course of their examination.
A white-flowered variety is exhibited by Dr. Hooker, as well as a highly curious monstrosity, in w^hich there are two complete nectaries to one flower, with only two calyx-leaves, and no petals.
The Orchis of Breynius, Cent. t. 42, wrongly quoted by Haller as our tephrosanthos, copied in Rudb. Elys. v. 2. 194./. 9, figured by Columna, Ecphr. v. 2. t. 9, and by Garidel, t. 76, is a very distinct species, O. undulatifoUa of Bivona-Bernardi, Cent. 2. 44. t. 0. Sni. Prodr. Fl. Grac. v. 2. 213. The O. longibracteata of the same author. Cent. 1.57. t.4, is another very fine spe- cies, most allied to O.fiisca, but distinct. Linnseus, very un- accountably, makes t. 42 of Breynius a variety of his own Ophrys insect if era !
9. O. /lircina. Lizard Orchis.
Knobs of the root globose. Lip of the nectary downy, in three linear segments ; the middle one very long, twisted, notched at the end. Calyx converging.
O. hircina. Scop. Cam. v. 2. 193. Sivartz. Orch. 15. Willd. v. 4.
28. Cowp. ed. 4. 143. Hook. Lond. t.96. O. n. 1268. Hall. Hist. V. 2. 135. <.25. O. barbata foetida. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 756./. Raii Sy)i. 376. Faill.
Par. 149. t. 30./ 6. Deering Nottingh. 154 ? O. barbata odore hirci, breviore latioreque folio j also longiore
angustiorcque folio. Bauh. Pin. 82. Segu. I'eron. v. 2. \2\.
L i5./. 1. RtuW. Klys.v. 2. 19:)./ 1,2. O. saurodes, vcl scinco))hora Gemmae. Dalech. Hist. 1553. /*. Satyrium hircinum. Linn. Sp. PI. 1337. Fl. Br. 927. Engl. Bot.
V. \. t. 24. Jac(j. Austr. t. 367. Tragorchis, Testiculus hirci. Dod. Pimpt. 237./ T. maximus, and T. mas. (ier. Em,2\0.f. Testiculus hircinus vulgaris. Lob. Ic. \77.f. /3. Fl. Br. 927. Orchis barbata fuetida minor, florc albo, Raii Syn. 376. cd. 2. 236.
VOL.'^IV. c
18 GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Orchis.
In pastures and bushy places on a chalky soil, but very rare.
Near Dartford, and in other parts of Kent. Hay, Hooker. On Box hill Surrey. Mr. Graves. At the bottom of Clifton hill in April and the beginning of May ; also in Colwick wood, Nottinghamshire. Deering. In very shady situations among shrubs, about the beginning of August, in the barony of TuUagh, county of Clare, Ireland. Wade PL Ear. Hibern. 65. The late Mr. Lewin pointed out this Orchis to me, at Darent, 2 miles from Dartford, in July 179 1. The very early period of flowering, mentioned by Deering, renders his plant doubtful.
Perennial. July.
One of the finest of its tribe. I have counted above 60 flowers in one spike. The knobs of the root are almost globular, and very large. Stem from 2 to 3 feet high, hollow, leafy. Leaves light green, slightly glaucous, erect, elliptic-lanceolate, acute, varying in breadth. Spike rather lax, upright. Bracteas linear- lanceolate, acute, often longer than the flowers including their lip. Ft. from 20 to about 60, strongly, not pleasantly, scented, dull in colour, but curious and singular in appearance. Cat. converging over the petals, its leaves ovate, concave, obtuse j green, spotted with dull purple internally. Pet. of the same colours, narrow, linear. Lip in 3 linear, curved, purplish lead- coloured segments j the lateral ones hardly extending beyond the calyx ; middle one four times as long, variously twisted 5 notched or jagged at the end 3 disk pale, or white, downy, spot- ted with purple. Spur short and tumid, whence Linnaeus was led to refer this plant to his very artificial genus Satyrium, though it naturally follows our four preceding species of Orchis, to each of which it has some mark of affinity. In all of them the spur is more or less tumid, and slightly cloven, at the point.
Mr. Graves is recorded by Dr. Hooker as having sometimes found a flower with a double lip, as in the foregoing, and once a double spike of blossoms.
** Knobs of the root taper mg^ clustered,
10. O. albida. White Cluster-rooted Orchis.
Knobs tapering, clustered, undivided. Lip of the nectary
in three deep acute lobes ; the middle one largest; spur
one-third the length of the germen. O. albida. Swartz Orch. 20. Willd. v.A.SS. Comp. ed. 4. 143.
Wahleyib. Lapp. 21 6. O. n. 1270. Hall. Hist. V. 2. 137. t.26.f. 1. O. pusilla alba odorata, radice palma'.i. RaiiSyn. 381. Pseudo-orchis alpina, flore herbaceo. Mich. Gen. 30. t. 26. f. A, B, C.
Segu. Veron. suppl. 254. Satyrium albidum. Linn. Sp. PI. 1 338. Fl. Br. 929. Engl Bot.
GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Orchis. 19
V.8. t. 505. Dicks. H. Sice. fuse. 1.15. Ehrh. Pht/toph.96. FL Dan. ^.115. Gu7i7i. Norv. v. 2. 34. Habenaria albida. £r, in Ait, H. Kew. ed. 2. v. 3. 1 95. Hook. Lond. t. 107. Scot. 252.
/3. Orchis palmata, thyrso specioso, longo, dense stipato, ex vi- ridi albente. Dill, in Raii Syn. 382.
In grassy mountain pastures.
On Snovvdon, by the road from Llanberris to Caernarvon. Ray.
On hills not far from the house, at Hafod, Cardiganshire. Mr.
Todd. In dry hilly pastures of Argylshire, and in several of
the Hebrides. Lightfoot. Plentiful in the mountainous parts of
Yorkshire. Hooker.
fi. In moist meadows, not only in Wales, but also about Malham, Yorkshire. Dr. Richardson.
Perennial. June.
Root of several, clustered, tapering, almost cylindrical, undivided knobs, with a few slender thread-shaped radicles, from above their common origin. Mr. Sowerby thought these knobs were perfected, and produced a flowering plant, in successive pairs ,• but Dr. Wahlenberg, whose opinion is adopted by Dr. Hooker, judged them to consist of two sets, each set being destined suc- cessively to bear a plant, like the knobs, whether globose or pal- mate, of other Orchises. These writers reckon about five knobs, which they term radicles, in each cluster. The real radicles how- ever, the essential part of a roo^,see Introd. to Botany, chap. 12, are very distinct, as pointed out by Mr. Sowerby, and are about four, thread-shaped, more slender than the knobs, which last ap- pear to me to be usually, if not invariably, three in each cluster or set, formed one season, flowering the next, and w^ithering afterwards entirely away. I have transplanted various roots of this species, but could never succeed in their cultivation. Stem seldom more than a foot high, leafy, hollow. LeavesVight green, lanceolate, rather glaucous beneath ; the lower ones broadest, and rounded at the end. Spike cylindrical, dense, of many small Jlowers, in which I have but seldom perceived any fragrance, though Gunner and Ray describe them as sweet-scented. Brae- teas ovate-lanceolate, bluntish, about the length of the germen. Calyx-leaves and petals ovate, concave, moderately converging, cream-coloured, all more alike in form, size and hue than in most of our British Orchidca?. Lip greener, about the same length, in 3 deep pointed lobes, the middle one largest, and sometimes bluntish. Spur incurved, short and tliick. Pollen- masses cloven, their globules larger and more distinct than in undisputed species of Orchis. They appear, by Dr. Hooker's excellent j)late, eacli to proceed from a hood or scale ; but are understood by Mr. Brown to be naked, as they ought to be in his genus Habenaria.
20 GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Orchis.
I suspect /3 to be scarcely a variety, and that Dillenius, in this, as in many other instances, has introduced into his edition of the Synopsis, under a new name, what existed there already. The late Rev. Mr. Wood of Leeds thought he once found in Wales, early in summer, the Orchis samhucina, which 1 have supposed the O. pusilla alba odorata S;c. of Ray might be. But we learn from Jacquin that 0. samhucina is scentless, the smell of Elder belonging rather, as Mr. Davall noticed, to 0. pallens, whose roots are globular.
11. O. vhidis. Frog Orchis.
Knobs tapering, clustered, divided. Lip of the nectary li- near, with three teeth ; the middle one smallest. Spur very short, slightly cloven.
O. viridis. Swartz Orch. 19. Willd. v. 4. 33. Comp. ed. 4. 143.
Wahlenb. Lapp. 216. O. n. 1 269. Hall Hist. v. 2. 136. t. 26. f. 2. O. palmata minor, flore luteo-viridi. Raii Syn. 381 . O. palmata, flore viridi. Bauh. Pin. 86. Prodr. 30. Rudb. Elys. v. 2.
216./. 17. O. palmata batrachites. Bauh.Pin.S6. Rudb.Eljjs. v.2.2]3.f.\0.
Vaill.Par.\53.t.3\.f.6,7,8. O. palmata, odore gravi, ligula bifariam divisa, flore viridi. Segu.
Veron. v. 2. 133. t. 15./. 18. t. 16./. 18.
O. palmata, flore galericulato dilute viridi. Loes. Pruss. 182. ^.59.
Satyrium viride. Linn. Sp. PL 1337. Fl. Br. 928. Engl. Bot. v. 2.
t.94. Fl.Dan.t.77. Ehrh. Phytoph. 46. Dicks. H. Sice. fasc. 4.
14.
Habenaria viridis. Br.inAit.H.Kew.ed.2. v.b. 192. Hook. Lond.
t. 130. Scot.2b2. Serapias batrachites altera. Ger. Em. 224. f. S. batrachites vel myoides. Lob. Ic. 193./ Palmatse cujusdam icon. Bauh. Hist. v.2.776.f. In moist pastures and meadows, especially on gravelly or stony
ground. Perennial. June, July.
Knobs two or more, thick at their origin, but cloven and tapering below, accompanied by several cylindrical radicles. Ehrhart, among the fanciful Greek names in his Phyiophylacium, calls this plant therefore Diplorrhiza ; giving to the preceding the appellation of Triplorrhiza, understanding it as above described. The stem is commonly from 3 to 6 inches high, rarely taller, leafy. Leaves ovate or elliptical, deep green ; the uppermost lanceolate, and acute. Spike rather lax. Bracteas lanceolate, erect, leafy j the lower ones rising much above i\\Q flowers, which are for the most part green and inconspicuous, though twice the size of the last. Ca/. green, tipped or bordered with brown, closely
GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Orchis. 21
converging over the green, much narrower^ petals. Lip twice as long as the calyx, dependent, linear-oblong, ending in 2 sharp lobes, with a smaller central one 5 its disk greenish yellow j sides mostly brown ; but the colour of the vvhole^oM;er is va- riable. Ceils of the anther brown, rather distant, with a naked gland at the base of each to receive the pollen-masses, consist- ing of large yellow granulations. C. Bauhin and Rudbeck have noticed this Orchis twice. The Se- rapias batrachites, Ger. Em. 224./. 8, Orchis batrachoides. Da- lech, Hist. 15C0./, must be a distinct species. It is 0. herma- phroditica,Bauh. Pin. S3. Rudb, Elys. v. 2. 199./. (J. The latter refers to O. melittias, Ger, Em. 213./, which surely cannot be the same. Systematic writers have not adverted to these syno- nyms, nor does any popular author appear to have met with either of Gerarde's plants.
*** Knobs of the root palmate. 12. O. latifolia. Marsh Palmate Orchis.
Knobs imperfectly palmate. Lip of the nectary convex, crenate, slightly three-cleft ; spur conical. Bracteas longer than the flow^ers. Stem hollow.
O. latifolia. Linn. Sp. P/. 1334. Willd. v. 4. 28. Fl, Br. 924. Eyigl.
Bot. r.33. t. 2308. Curt, Lond.fasc. 5. t. 65. Hook. Scot. 251.
Fl. Dan. t. 266. Wahlenb. Lapp. 2\5. O. n. 1279. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 142. t.2>2.f.2. O. palmata pratensis latifolia, longis calcaribus. Bauh. Fin. 85.
RaiiSyn.SHO. Rudb. Elys.v.2.2\\.f. \. Vaill. Par.\52. t.3\,
O. palmata palustris latifolia. Bauh. Pin. 86. Rudb. Elys. r. 2. 2 1 4.
/12. Palma Christi mas. Ger. Em, 220. f. P. Christi eiecta, flore incarnato. Besl, Hort.Eyst. cest. ord. 4. t. 5.
Palmata non maculata. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 77 \. J.
P. sivc Serapias palustris latifolia, flore albo subpurpurascente.
Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 775. f. Serapias palustris latifolia. Ger. Em. 222. f. Lob. Ic. 190./. Satyrion latifolium. Swccrt. Floril. t. 63./ 7. Cynosorchis })alustris platyphylla. Dalcch. Hist. 1562./ /3. Orchis i)almata palustris tota rubra. Dill, in Rait Syn. 382.
Bauh. Pin. 86 ? Rudb. Elys. v. 2. 2 1 6. /. 1 6 ' Palmata floribus impcnst; rubris. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 777. /■ Cynosorchis Dracontias, foliis et floribus impcnsc: rubris. Lub. Ic
191./. In marshes, and moist meadows, abiuidanll). Perennial. .May, June.
22 GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Orchis.
Root irregularly and imperfectly paknate, the knobs not being so much divided as in most of this section j especially that des- tined to bear flowers in the ensuing season, which is later and smaller than usual. Herb various in size, luxuriance, breadth of leaves, and colour, having often a purple tint. Stem from one to two feet high, leafy, hollow. Leaves lanceolate, or some- what ovate, unspotted, erect, gradually smaller upward. Spike dense, many-flowered. Bracteas linear-lanceolate, pointed, often purple ; the lower ones much longer than the flowers • upper more or less so. Fl. varying from a pale flesh-colour, or white, to a full rose or crimson, the spreading calyx dotted, but other- wise of the same hue as the petals and nectary. Spur rather thick, conical, deflexed, shorter than the germen. Lip variously notched, generally somewhat three-lobed 3 its disk elegantly variegated with dark purple and white, deflexed at the sides.
Authors appear to have made several species out of this one. At least I could never ascertain more than one in Britain, to which all the above synonyms surely belong. The variety (5 has not been noticed since the time of Dillenius. Some Swiss speci- mens, though dried 30 years ago, retain much of a purple co- lour in their herbage, and what Dillenius has adopted from Gibson's edition of Cambden may have been either such a va- riety, or possibly a plant we shall speak of hereafter. See Epi- pac'tis, n. 2. Some of Vaillant's references regard O. sambucina, an alpine species, sufficiently distinct.
13. O. maculata. Spotted Palmate Orchis.
Knobs palmate, spreading. Lip of the nectary flat, cre- nate, three-lobed ; spur cylindrical, rather shorter than the germen. Bracteas shorter than the flowers.
O. maculata. Linn. Sp. PI. 1335. Willd. v. 4. 31. Fl. Br. 925.
Engl. Bot. h. 9. t. 632. Hook. Lond. t. 1 12. Scot. 251. Fl. Dan.
t. 933. O. n. 1278. Hall. Hist. V. 2. 141. <.32./. 1. O. foemina altera. Trag. Hist. 781./. O. palmata pratensis maculata. Bauh. Pin. 85. Rudb. Elys. v. 2.
211. /.3. O. palmata palustris maculata ; also montana maculata. Bauh.
Pm. 8(1. Rudb.Elys. V. 2. 215. f.\5 ', and2]7.f. 20. ^ O. palmata pratensis latifolia maculata, calcaribus longis. raill.
Par. 152.'/. 30./. 15 ; also montana maculata. 153. t. 31./. 9,
10. O. palmata montana maculata. Segu. Veron. v. 2. 132. 1. 15./. 16,
bad. Palmata speciosiore thyrso, folio maculato. Bauh. Hist, t\ 2. 774,/
Raii Syn. 3Sl. Palma Christi. Cord. Hist. 130. 2./ Lob. Ic, 188. /
GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Orchis. 23
P. Christi foemina. Ger, Em. 220. f.
Satyrium basilicum foemina. Docl.Pempt.2A0.f. Fuchs. Ilist.7\Z.f.
S. basilicum mas alterum. Fuchs. Ic. 410./.
In meadows, pastures and woods, very common j sometimes on dry, barren, or heathy, ground.
Perennial. June, July.
Roots distinctly palmate, with several long, spreading, slender lobes, resembling the true radicles. Stem nearly or quite solid, leafy. Leaves lanceolate, keeled, all copiously stained with blackish spots. *SpiA:e short, dense, conical. Brac/cas scarcely so long as the germen, green, or but slightly puq)lish. Ft. va- riable in size, pale purple, or white, variously besprinkled with dark purple, or violet, streaks and dots. Cal. spreading, as much coloured as the corolla. Lip flat, with 2 large, rounded, crenate side-lobes, and a sharp intermediate point. Spur scarcely shorter than the germen, more slender and cylindrical than the last. Anther purplish, with green pollen.
14. O. conopsea. Aromatic Palmate Orchis.
Knohs palmate. Lip of the nectary in three entire equal lobes ; spur very slender, twice as long as the germen. Calyx w^idely spreading.
O. conopsea. Linn. Sp. PL 1335. Willd. v. 4. 32. Ft. Br. 926.
Engl. Bot. V. 1. ^. 10. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 4. 13. Forst. Tonbr.
100. Fl.Dan.t. 224. Wahlenb. Lapp.2\b. O. n. 1287. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 147. L 21)./. 2. O. palmata minor, calcaribusoblongis. Bauh. Pin. 85. Rudb.Ebjs.
v.2.2\2.f.b. Vaill.Par. 153. ^.30./8. Segu.Veron.suppl.2j\.
t.3.f.7. O. palmata angustifolia minor. Bauh. Pin. 85. Rudb. Ehjs. v. 2.
212./ G. O. palmata montana maxima. Bauh. Pin. 86. Prodr.3\.f. Rudb.
Elys.v.2.2\6.f. IS. O. palmata pratensis angustifolia major. Bauh. Pin. 85. Prodr. 30.
/• J- O. palmata carvophvUata. Bauh. Pin. 8G. Rudb. Ehjs. v. 2. 213.
/ 8. O. palmata angustifolia minor odoratissima. Rudb. Elys. r. 2. 213.
/ 7 ; but not that of l^auhin, which is O. odoratissima Linn. O. foimina. Trag.Hist. 780./, not the description. O. serapias caryoj)hyllata. Lob. Ic. 194./ Orchis. Tillands L . (i7./ Pidmata ruln-lla, cum longis calcaribus rubcllis. Pxiuh. Hist. v. 2.
778./ Rail Syn.38\. P. caryophyllata. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 777 .f. Palma ChriRti major. Matth.l'algr. v. 2.237./. Camer. Epit.02C).f.
24 GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Aceras.
P. Christi alia. Cord. Hist. 130. 2,/.
Satyrium basilicum mas. Fuchs. Hist. 712./. /c. 409./.
S. foemina. Brunf. Herb. v. 1. 106./
Serapias minor, nitente flore. Ger. Em. 222. f.
S. gariophyllata. Ger. Em. 223./
Gymnadenia conopsea. Br. in Ait. H. Kew. ed. 2. v. 5. 191. Hook. Scot. 251.
In rather moist meadows and pastures, especially in hilly countries.
Perennial. Ju7ie.
Root distinctly palmate, with many long and slender divisions. Herb of a bright unspotted green, variable in luxuriance. Stem generally about 18 inches high, leafy, hollow. Leaves lanceo- late, often nearly linear, acute. Spike cylindrical, rather lax, many-flowered. Bracteas ovate, taper-pointed, not much longer than the germen. Ft. of a uniform crimson in every part, with- out spots, smaller than most of the genus, exhaling a most pow- erful and delicious odour, resembling that of a Clove Pink. They are now and then found white. Lateral leaves of the calyx widely spreading. Petals slightly converging along with the upper calyx-leaf, and nearly the same size. Lip of the nectary minutely downy, in three uniform, equal, entire, rather deep, flat lobes ; spur about twice as long as the germen, pointing downwards, or occasionally curved upwards, cylindrical, acute, very slender. Anther crimson.
Caspar Bauhin, and other botanists of his time, have made seve- ral truly futile species out of this. 0. odoratissima of Linnaeus is the only plant likely to be confounded with it ; but the leaves of that are still narrower, and the blunt recurved spur is not longer than the calyx. This is represented in Bauhin'sProf/r.30. / 2 J but Rudbeck's 213./ 7, intended for it, is 0. conopsea.
Mr. Brown has observed the glands which receive the pollen to be naked, or destitute of the hood, or slight covering, proper to his genus Orchis. On this character he founds his Gymnadenia, so named from these naked glands. But the plant in question has so strong a generic affinity to several which are furnished with this hood, especially O. pyramidalis, that it appears to me a most striking confirmation of the important principle of Linnaeus, genus dabit character em, non character genus. An eminent French botanist it seems is pursuing these subdivisions still further 3 so that, as Dr. Hooker has observed to me, we may soon have nearly as many genera in Orchidece as there are species.
412. ACERAS. Man-orchis.
Brown in Ait. H. Kew. ed. 2. i?. 5. 191. Comp.ed. 3. 128. ed. 4. 141.
Prodr. Fl. Grcec. ij. 2. 215. Ophrys. Lam. t. 727./. 2. Cal, superior, of 3 ovate, concave, equal, closely conver-
GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Aceras. 25
ging, ribbed, permanent leaves. Pet. 2, linear-oblong, the length of the calyx, which conceals them. Nect. a lip without a spur, dependent, nmch longer than the calyx, linear-oblong, with 4- linear, obtuse, entire lobes, the 2 uppermost longest ; the disk linear, flat and even. Anther of 2 oblong membranous cells, close together, above the stigma, depositing the obovate, stalked, granu- lated, elastic masses o^ pollen, by their stalks, upon two glands, " contained in one common hood;" Broicn. Ger- men oblong, furrowed, nearly straight. Style very short. Stigma a moist depression in front. Caps, obovate, slightly curved, furrowed. Seeds very numerous, tuni- cated.
Root of two successive ovate woolly knobs, with woolly ra- dicles. Herb smooth. Stem solitary, leafy at the base. Leaves elliptic-oblong, enveloped below in a membranous sheath. Fl. numerous, spiked. Cat. ribbed, green or brownish. Found in chalky fields and pastures.
The want of a spur distinguishes this plant from OrcJiis, with which genus it otherwise most naturally agrees. From OpJiri/s Mr. Brown separates it by the hood of its glands being single, which, confirmed by the habit, is here unquestionably important. I nevertheless prefer more obvious, and no less certain, characters, founded on the converging calyx and long fiat lip.
1. A. antliropophora. Green Man-orchis.
Lip longer than the germen.
A. anthrojjophora. Br. as above, 191. Camp. cd. 4. 143.
Ophrys anthropophora. Li«/?. .S>. P/. 1343. mild. v. 4. 63. Fl.
Br. 937. Engl. Bot. v.\.t.2d. Curt. Loud. fasc. G.t.66. Dicks.
H.Sicc.fasc. lo.lfi. Orchis n. 1261. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 133. ^ 23. O. anthropophora oreades. Column. Ecj)/ir. 318. /. 320. /". 1 . Rail
Sijn. 379. Garid. Erov. t. 77 . O. iiore nudi hominis effigicm repraesentans, fteniina. Bauh.
Pin. 82. Itudb. Elys. v. 2. 193. n. 7./. (3. J'aill. Par. 147. t. 3 1 .
/. 19, 20. Garid. Prov. 340. t. 77. In chalk-pits, grassy ])asturcs, and on banks by the road side, on
a chalky soil. Frequent in Kent. Huds. At Ashwelthorpe, near Norwich. Mr.
Crowe. At Forncet, Norfolk, Mr. Joseph For. In and about
a chalk-pit at Ickworth, near Bury, among gnws, copiously. Perennial. June. Root as above describi-d. H< rh light green, snioolii and shining.
26 GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA, Herminium.
Stem 12 or 15 inches high, bearing 4 or 5 spreading leaves near the bottom, and 1 or 2 small, sheathing, upiight ones towards the middle. Spike long, cylindrical, of numerous, rather crowded, scentless Jlowers, whose green hue, tinged more or less with brown, renders them not very conspicuous. The Up however is usually of a pale yellow, without any spots, though occasionally tipped with brown, or dark red. Ray noticed such a variety near Geneva, and in his Synopsis speaks of it as but U variety. I gathered one at Valcimara among the Apennines, with the lip entirely red ; see Tour on the Cont. ed. 2. v. 2. 325, which is marked with no character of a distinct species. Willdenow has, after Link, published an Ophnjs anthropomorpha, Sp. Pl.v.4. 63, distinguished by the lip being only half the length of the germen. Hence a specific character for our Aceras is become necessary.
413. HERMINIUM. Musk-orcbis.
Linn. Gen. PL ed. 1 . 271. Brown in Ait. H. Kew. ed. 2. r. 5. 191.
Comp.ed.3A2S.ed.4.\4\. Monorchis. Mich. Gen. 30. t.26.
Cat. superior, of 3 ovate, concave, equal, spreading, perma- nent leaves. Pet. 2, fleshy, ovate, flat, spreading, more or less deeply three-lobed, acute, nearly as long as the calyx. Nect. a lip without a spur, deeply three-lobed, spreading like the petals, but rather longer, slightly tu- mid at the base underneath. A?it/i. roundish, of 2 cells close together, over the stigma, depositing the globular, stalked, granulated masses of polle7i, by their stalks, upon 2 separate naked glands. Germen elliptic-oblong, twisted, furrowed. Sti/le short and thick. Stigma a moist cavity in front. Caps, ovate-oblong, triangular, nearly straight. Seeds very numerous.
Root of two globular k?iobs, rather w^oolly ; one of them stalked, distant, later than the other. Stein solitary, 3 or 4 inches high, leafy below. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, sheathed at the base. Fl. spiked, numerous, small, greenish-yellow.
This genus, happily restored by Mr. Brown, is clearly and essentially marked by the petals and lip nearly resem- blintr each other, and being all three-lobed. Malaxis of Swa*rtz has long been separated from the original Her- miniim, with which it has litde affinity, though both were referred to Oplirys by Linnaeus in his later publi- cations.
GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Herminium. 27
1. H. monorchis. Green Musk-orchis. Radical leaves two, lanceolate. Bi',
H. monorchis. Br. as above, \^\. Co7??p. ed. 4. 143. Hook. Lond. t. 138.
Ophrys monorchis. Linn. Sp. PL 1342. PVilld. v.4.6\. Fl. Br. 936. Engl.Bot.v,\.t.7i. Dicks. H. Sice. fasc. 10. 18. Fl.Dan. M02. Ehrh.Phytoph.27.
Orchis n. 15. Gmel.Sib.v. l.\8.t.4.f. 1.
O. n. 1262. Hall. Hist.v. 2. \32.t. 22./. 2.
O. odorata moschata, sive Monorchis. Bauh. Pin. 84. Rati Syn. 378. Rudb.Elys.v.2.207J.\. Rupp. J en. ed.\. 282. f.
O. parva autumnalis lutea. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 768./.
O. coleo unico, seu Monorchis flosculis pallid^ viridibus. Loes. Pruss. 184. ^.61.
O, trifolia, floribus spicatis herbaceis. Segu. Veron. v. 2. \3\. t. 16. /. 15.
Monorchis montana minima, flora obsolete vix conspicuo. Mich. Gen. 30. t. 26. f. E, F. Segu. Veron. suppl. 251. <. 8./. 8.
M. bifolia, floribus viridibus, moschum olentibus. Mentz. Pugill. t.5.f.3.
M. foliis angustis, fl.luteis ceram olentibus. Ibid,/. 4.
Serapias et Triorchis iEginetse. Lob. Ic. 187./.
Testiculus odoratus. Ger. Em. 218./.
Triorchis lutea Gemmae. Dalech. Hist. 1561./.
On chalky banks and hillocks, but not very common.
In the great chalk-pit at Marham, Norfolk. 1779. Found also in Berkshire, Cambridgeshire, Suffolk, Essex, Kent and Surrey, but not in the north.
Perennial. June, July.
Root of several thick woolly fibres, and one globular hairy knob, the size of a large pea, which is the source of the plant of the present year. One of ihcse apparent fibres, rarely more, bears at its extremity a small young knob, destined to enlarge after- wards, and to flower in the following summer. Herb smooth, of a light bright green. Stem 4 or 5 inches high. Leaves two, rarely three, sheathing, alternate, at, or near, the bottom of the stem, elliptic-lanceolate, acute, obscurely ribl)cd, concave 3 the third, if present, often elevated towards the middle of tlic stem • and there is occasionally a small, membranous, lanceolate, taper-])ointed bractea higher up, similar to those under each flower. Spike dense, 1 ^ or 2 inches long. /7. small, numerous, smelling like musk and honey, especially in an evening. Cal. green, leafy, concave, spreading equally in three directions. Pet. of a totally different substance, thick, yellowish, longer than the calyx, spreading between its leaves ; ovate at the base, with a more or less prominent angle, or lobe, at each side, and suddenly tapering into an elongated point. Lip of the exact
28 GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Ophrys.
substance and hue of the petals, but more deeply lobed at each side, spreading equally with them, and about the same length, pale and somewhat tumid at its base. Column short and thick. Anth. in front, roundish, pale brown, as is likewise the pollen, the glands that receive it being, as Mr. Brown observes, naked and separate, which is doubtless a confirmation of the genus, though I prefer an obvious character founded on the very pecu- liar petals and nectary ; which so strongly resemble each other, and so widely differ from the cahjx ; just like those of Stelis, see Exot. Bat. t. 75, the structure of which irrefragably confirms the above views of Her minium. I have adopted the specific character of Mr. Brown, presuming that he has formed it from an acquaintance with some more species, of which perhaps traces may be found in Lobel, Gerarde, Mentzelius, and others, though no systematic botanist hitherto has verified their figures^ one of which has hairy leaves !
414. OPHRYS. Insect-orchis.
Linn. Gen. 462. Juss.65. Fl. Br. 931. Br.in Ait. H. Kew.ed.2.
i;.5.195. Lam. t. 727. f. 1,3. Sw. Orch.43.t. ] .f.D. Orchis. Tourn. t. 247. C, D.
Cal, superior, of 3, ovate-oblong, ribbed, equal, spread- ing, permanent, sometimes coloured, leaves. Pet. 2, li- near-oblong, smaller than the calyx, sometimes downy, spreading, undivided. Nect. a lip without a spur, longer than the calyx, spreading downwards ; partly downy or shaggy ; convex above, with a smooth disk ; concave and even beneath ; variously lobed at the margin. Aiit/i. oblong, of two parallel cells, more or less close together over the stigma, depositing the obovate, stalked, granu- lated, elastic masses of pollen, by their stalks, upon two glands, " contained in two separate hoods." Ferd. Bauer. Germ, oblong, curved, furrowed. Style short and thick, channelled in front. Stigma a moist cavity beneath the anther. Caps, oblong, obtuse, angular, with prominent ribs. Seeds very numerous and minute, tunicated.
Root of two successive ovate, or globose, stalked knobs, ge- nerally somewhat downy, as well as the radicles. Herb smooth. Stem solitary, round, chiefly leafy at the base. Leaves several, ovate, or partly lanceolate, the upper ones narrowest. Spike lax. Bracteas lanceolate, con- cave, large, erect, about as long as the Jloxvers, which are large and handsome, inodorous, variously coloured, especially the lip, resembling various kinds of insects. The species are chiefly distinguished by their Jlowers ;
GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Ophrys. 29
yet Linnaeus cannot be excused for considering them as mere varieties.
1. O. muscifera. Fly Orchis.
Lip twice as long as the calyx, with four expanded lobes, somewhat downy; the disk polished. Petals linear. Column obtuse.
O. muscifera. Uuds. ed. 1 . 340. ed. 2.391. Fl. Br. 937. Cojnp. ed.
4. 143. Engl. Bot. v.\.t. 64. Br. in Ait. H. Kcw. ed. 2. v. 5.
196. Hook. Lond. t.2>\. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 15. 15. Davies
Welsh Botanol. 83. O. insectifera a, myodes. Linn. Sp. PI. 1343. Gunn. Norveg. p. 2.
121.^.5./. 1,2. O. myodes. Sw. Orch. 4j. mild. Sp. Pl.v.4. 64. Jacq. Misc. v. 2.
373. Ic. Rar. t. 184. FL Dan. t. 1398. Andr. Repos. t.47\.
Forst. Tonhr. 100. Cypripedium. Linn. It. Oeland. 44. Orchis muscaria. Scop. Cam. v. 2. 193. O. n. 1265. Hall. Hist. V. 2, 133. t. 24. f. 2. O. myodes. Ger. Em.3\3.f. O. myodes, galea et alis herbidis. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 767. f. Rail
S7jn.379. O. myodes prima, floribus muscam exprimens. Lob. Ic. 181./. O. muscse corpus referens minor, vel galea et alis herbidis. Baufi.
Pin. S3. Rudb.Elys.v.2.20\.f.\\. Vaill.Par. \47. t.3\,f.\7,
18. O. serapias tertius. Dod. Pempt. 238. f. Dalech. Hist. 1555./. Vulpjnus testiculus. Lob. Obs. 91./ 1 only. /3. Orchis myodes major. Raii Si/n. 379. O. muscam referens major. Bauh. Pin. 83 ? Rndb. Ehjs. v. 2. 201 .
/. 10?
In chalky pastures, or in meadows among calcareous rocks sj)a- ringly, or mucli dispersed.
In Cambridgeshire, Essex and Suffolk, Ray. Kent plentifully. Hiids. About Roche Abbey, Yorkshire. Mr. Salt. About Mat- lock bath, Derbyshire ; also near Bristol ; and in several parts of Berkshire, as well as Norfolk.
Perennial. June.
This is one of the most distinct species. Its habit is more slender than the rest, and tlie Icdrcs narrower, a little glaucous. Stem somewhat leafy, usually about a foot high. Fl. about six, more or less, rather distant, sessile, each with a lanceolate sheathing bractea, longer than the gcrnien. They strikingly resemble some sort of fly, yet not any one in particular. Cal. widely spread- ing, green, broadly ovate, smooth. Pet. ascending, linear, very narrow, chocolate-coloured, downy, as long as the calyx. Lip twice tliat length, (K'|)endent ; its disk convex, smooth, marked
so GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Ophrys.
with a pale blueish, shining, partly cloven^ spot in the middle j otherwise of the colour of the petals, having four broadish, nearly equal, widely spreading, or deflexed, more or less downy, en- tire, marginal lobes, each about as long as the disk. The under side is concave, green, very smooth, without any traces of a spur or keel. There are two shining prominent spots at the base of the lip above. The column is obtuse, not extending be- yond the obovate anther. Mr. Ferdinand Bauer, the ingenious draughtsman of the Flora Grceca, is recorded by Mr. Brown as having first observed the glands which receive the pollen to be contained in two distinct hoods. This confirms the more ob- vious generic character founded on the convex or tumid lip. The larger variety, |3, appears by Buddie's herbarium to differ very slightly from X\\?. common sort j though the figures of old au- thors quoted for it are probably different, as the small inter- mediate point of their lip indicates.
2. O. apifera. Bee Orchis.
Lip the length of the calyx, tumid, with five reflexed mar- ginal lobes ; the terminal one awlshaped ; the rest hairy above. Calyx coloured. Column with a hooked point.
O. apifera. Hwds. erf. 1. 340. ec/. 2. 391. F/. 5r. 938. Engl. Bot. V. 6. t. 383. Willd. Sp. PI. v. 4. 6Q. Br. in Ait. H. Kew. eel. 2. V. 5. 195. Curt. Lond. fasc. 1. t. 66. Shaw Nat. Misc. t. 23. Dicks.H. Sice. fasc.lS. 22.
O. insectifera i. Linn. Sp. PI. 1343.
Orchis fuciflora, galea at alis purpurascentibus. Raii Syn.39]. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 766, description ; and O. sive Testiculus sphe- godes hirsute flore, 767.f.
O. fucum referens major, foliolis superioribus candidis et purpu- rascentibus. Bauh. Pin, 83. Rudb. Elys. v. 2. 199./. 7. Vaill. Par. 146.^30./. 9.
O. araneam referens, rostro recurvo. Segu. Veron.suppl.2A6. t. 8.
O. sexta. Trag.Hist.7S3.f.
O. minor, violaceis floribus. Cord. Hist. \ 29. f.
Triorchis fcemina. Fuchs. Hist. 560. f.
Satyrium quartum. Brunf. Herb. v. 1. 105./.
S. minus. Sweert Floril. t.63.f.5.
Testiculus vulpinus secundus sphegodes. Lob. Ic. 179. f. Ger, Em.
212./ In meadows and pastures, in chalky or limestone countries, not
very uncommon. Perennial. July, Herb taller, stouter, and often less glaucous, than the foregoing.
Bracteas larger and broader, as well as the foliage. Fl. also
larger, and very conspicuous, compared to bees, chiefly from
GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Ophrys. 31
the form and hairiness of the nectary. Calijx-leavcs widely spreading, ovate, concave, of a pink or rose-colour, often partly white, with a green keel. Pet. much smaller, oblong, bluntish, convex, spreading, greenish, hairy on the inner surface. Lip large, prominent, tumid, or inflated, scarcely longer than the calyx ; its disk smooth and polished, dark brown, variously marked with yellowish, angular or curved, lines and spots ; the margin in five shallow reflexed lobes, of which the two upper- most are prominent, and very hairy, above, like the thighs of a bee 3 the two next dilated, thin and rounded ; the terminal one elongated, awlshaped, acute, somewhat recurved at the point. Column green, vaulted, with a sharp incurved point above the anther, whose two linear cells are considerably distant from each other, above the stigma. Masses of pollen yellow, with long taper stalks. Caps, large, with thick prominent ribs.
3. O. aran'ifera. Spider Orchis.
Lip the length of the calyx, tumid, hairy, rounded, with four shallow, reflexed, maro-inal lobes. Column acute, incurved. Cells of the anther near together. Petals linear, smooth.
O. aranifera. Huds. 392. Fl. Br. 939. Engl. Bot. v. 1.1.65. mild.
Sp.Pl.v.4.66. O. fucifera. Curt. Lond.fasc. 6. t. 67. Orchis sive Testiculus sphegodes, hirsute flore. Rail Syn. 380.
Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 767, descr. not Jig. O. fucum referens, colore rubiginoso. Bauh. Pin. 83. Rudb. Elys.
V. 2.200./. 9, bad, copied from LoheVs amlGerarde's Jigure of the
last. Vaill. Par. 146. t.'S\.f. 15, 1 6, excellent. O. andrachnitis. Lob. Ic. 185./. Ger. Em.2\6.f. O. serapias secundus minor. Dod. Pempt. 238. O. araneam referens. Bauh. Pin. 84. Rudb. Elys. v. 2. 203./. 1 7,
bad, copied from LobeU Tourn. Inst. 434. t. 247. f C, C. Testiculus vulpinus secundus. Lob. Obs. 88. f
In dry chalky, limestone, or gravelly pastures and pits.
In Cambridgeshire. Ray. Yorkshire, near Tadcuster. Richardson. Kent. Dillenius. Near Bury. Sir T. G.Cullum. In stone quar- ries, Oxfordshire. Sibthorp.
Perennial. Jpril.
Of more humble growth than the htst, with (cwcr flowers ; the herbage rather more glaucous. Cal. bluntish, uniformly green. Pet. also green, but smooth, and rather paler. Lip rounded like the last, but less inflated, and entirely destitute of a (iftli or terminal I{)l)e ; its whole surface of nearly a uniform dark brown, and hairy, except two parallel, livid, shining, smootli, uneven lines, connected by a cross l)ar, on the disk : the margin pale, smoothish, in four very shallow, reflexed, rounded lobes. Co-
32 GYNANDRIA—MONANDRIA. Ophrys.
lumn inflexed, acute, but not much elongated beyond the anther, whose cells are near together.
4. O.fucifera. Drone Orchis.
Lip longer than the calyx, obovate, hairy, undivided, with a spreading wavy margin. Column bluntly pointed, in- curved. Petals roughish ; ovate at the base.
Orchis fucum referens, Burser. Rudh. Elys. v. 2. 205./. 25 ; petals too narrow.
On chalky hillocks and banks.
In Kent. Mr. E. Barnard, and Mr. T. F. Forsier.
Perennial. May, June.
Of the size and habit of the last, with which the general aspect of the Jlowers accords, though they are of a somewhat lighter brown, and seldom more than three in each spike. I have had no opportunity of comparing this plant with the 0. aranifera in a fresh state, as it blossoms 6 weeks or 2 months later, but from an examination o( the Jlo id ers, recent as well as dried, the following differences are observable. The petals are minutely downy, or rough, on their inner surface, and are remarkably dilated, or ovate, in their lower half, terminating with an oblong blunt point. The Up is rather longer than the calyx, obovate, convex, but not tumid or inflated ; the disk brown, smooth ; the sides very hairy ; but the margin itself smooth, thin, pale, ex- panded, not in'flexed, wavy, not lobed, nor is there any terminal point or appendage. The column ends in a short, thick, inflexed beak. Each cell of the anther has a dilated, pale, membranous border, though scarcely more considerable than in O. aranifera.
Rudbeck's figure, taken from a specimen in Burser's herbarium at Upsal, is among those which he has added, as new species, to what C. Bauhin enumerates. This figure is very character- istic, except the petals being too narrow throughout. I can find no traces of this Ophrys in any other writer. 0. arachnites of Scopoli, Willdenow, &c, Haller's Orchis n. 1 266, not hitherto observed in Britain, though common on the continent, is dis- tinguished by an inflexed, flattish, smooth appendage to the very broad lip ; its petals, all over hairy in front, are smooth at the back, and are contracted gradually from the broad base up- ward ; the calyx is green. O. arachnoides, Andr. Repos. t.470, my supposed variety of 0. apifera. Tour on the Continent, ed, 2, V. 2. 325, if not a species, is rather perhaps a variety of arach- nites, with coloured petals and calyx. Yet the former are downy on both sides, and there is a very peculiar deep central depres- sion on the lip. Haller may have overlooked our three latter species, as varieties of his n. 1266, for they are probably natives of Switzerland. Vaillant, as far as he goes, is the most correct in his figures of Orchidece, as well as in their synonyms.
GYNANDRTA.-MONANDRIA. Goodyera. 33
** Anther parallel to the stigma, permanent. 415. GOODYERA. Goodyera.
Br. in Ait. H. Kew. ed. 2.v.5.\97.
Cat. superior, of 3 ovate, concave, spreading, permanent, coloured leaves, equal in length ; the 2 lateral ones somewhat dilated at the outer margin, and meeting under the nectary. Pet. 2, half ovate, erect, converging under the upper calyx-leaf, and about the same length. Ncct. without a spur, as long as the petals, prominent, inflated and obovate beneath, lying on the 2 lateral calyx-leaves, and terminating above in an oblong, acute, undivided point, shorter than the inflated part on which it lies, Ajith. roundish, parallel to the stigma, and fixed to its upper part behind, of 2 parallel cells close toge- ther, depositing the obovate, granulated masses o^polle?l upon the summit of the stigma. Germ, obovate, angular, incurved. St7/le short and thick. Stigma prominent, in front, somewhat angular, pointed. Cajjs. nearly ellipti- cal, angular, furrowed. Seeds very minute.
Creeping herbs, with long woolly roots. Stems solitary, simple, a span high or more ; leafy at the bottom ; bear- ing several awl-shaped scattered hracteas above; and each terminating in a unilateral spike, either spiral or straight, of small, whitish, fragrant^ow<:'r5.
1. G. repens. Creeping Goodyera.
Leaves ovate. Spike spiral. Point of the nectary elon- gated, deflexed. G. repens. Br. as above, 198. Hook. Scot. 253. Lond. 1. 144. Neottia repens. Swartz Orchid. 52. Willd. Sp. PI. v.4.75. Comp.
ed. 4. 144. Satyrium repens. Linn. Sp. PI. 1339. Fl. Br. 930. En^l. Dot. v. 5.
t.2S9. Light f. 520. t. 22. Dicks. Dr. PI.S5. Jacq. Austr.t.369.
Fl. Dan. t. S\ 2. Gimn. Norvcg. part 2. 3. t. 6./. 1 . Epipactis n. 129.5. Hall. Hist. v. 2. \53. t. 22.f.4. Scgu. Veron.
suppl. 253. t.S.f. 10. Orchis radice rcpente. Camer. Ic. t. 35 ; good. Bauh. Hist. v. 2.
770./. 3, not 1 and 2. O. rc|)ens. Bed. Hurt. Eyst. a^stiv. ord. 4. /. 5. f. G. Pseudo-orchis. Bauh. Pin. 84. Bndh. Elys. r. 2. 209./. 8. Pidma Christi, radice repentc. (icr. Fni 227 . f. Pyrola acutifolia polyanthos, radice geniculate. La's. fr//5s. 210.
<.68. In mossy alpine woods in Scotland, but rare.
VOL. IV, i>
34 GYNANDRIA—MONANDRIA. Neottia.
In an old birch wood called Ca hue, or Yellow hill, about 2 miles from the head of little Loch Broom, Ross-shire. Lightfoot. Op- posite Moy hall, near Inverness. Dr. Hope. About Brodie house, Moray. J. Brodie, Esq. Found by Mr. Murray in the woods of Culloden, near Inverness, and about Gordon castle and Scone. Hooker.
Perennial. Julij.
Hoot branched, knotty, or jointed, with downy radicles, creeping extensively among moss and rotten leaves j each shoot termi- nating in a solitary tuft of 6 or 8 broad-stalked, ovate, bluntish, smooth leaves, an inch long, somewhat speckled with brown, marked with 5 ribs, connected by transverse veins. Flowering stems solitary, from the centres of some of these tufts, hardly a span high, round, smooth, bearing several scattered, erect, linear-lanceolate, acute, smooth bracteas. Spike spiral, downy, with a downy tapering hractea to each flower, rising rather above the downy germen. Fl. small, spirally unilateral, about 10 to 15 in each spike, sweet-scented. CaZ. externally downy, white like the petals. Nect. white in the tumid part, with tawny stripes ; the point white or pale red, lanceolate, keeled, projecting nearly as far as the inflated base. Caps, light brown, smooth.
The tumid base of the nectary, being placed above, not behind, the calyx, is not a spur, but a part of the lip, and justifies the opinion of Lightfoot, that Linnaeus ought rather to have refer- red this plant to his genus Serapias.
G. pubescens of Mr. Brown, a North American species, is twice as tall, with larger, more strongly speckled leaves, 30 or 40 Jiowers in a straight, not spiral, spike, and a very short, ascending point to the nectary. But our G, repens grows also in the colder parts of North America, and may have been mistaken for the true pubescens, though obviously distinct.
It is with great pleasure that I now adopt this genus of my learned friend, from whom I always hesitate to differ in opinion j especially as the name he has chosen records one of the most deserving of our early english botanists, Mr. John Goodyer of Hampshire, commemorated by Johnson in his preface to the second edition of Gerarde's Herbal, and whose very accurate and intelligent communications enrich many parts of that work ; see particularly the chapter on Elms.
416. NEOTTIA. La(|)^' Traces.
Jacq. Col. V. 3. 173. Swartz Orch. 49. Willd. v. 4. 72. Br. in Ait. H.Kew.ed.2.v.D.\98. Prodr. 319.
Cal. superior, of 3 concave, ovate or lanceolate, converging, permanent, coloured leaves, equal in length ; the 2 lateral ones meeting under the nectary. Pet. 2, oblong, erect.
GYNANDRIA-MONANDRIA. Neottia. 35
converging under the upper calyx-leaf, and about the same length. Nect. without a spur, as Jong as the calyx, prominent, oblong, bluntish ; keeled underneath, espe- cially at the base, within the calyx. A?2th. roundish, pa- rallel to the stigma, of 2 cells close together, depositing the obovate masses of pollen upon the stigma. Germ. obovate, with 3 furrows. Style short, thick, cylindrical, not winged. Stigma prominent, in front, globose, with 2 points. Caps, obovate, obtuse, with 3 furrows and 3 bhmt angles. .S'^^'*^^ very minute. Root of several oblong vertical knobs. Leaves several, ra- dical, ovate or lanceolate. Stalk sheathed with bracteas. Spike many-flowered, generally unilateral and spiral.
1 . N. spiralis. Sweet Ladies' Traces.
Leaves ovate, stalked. Spike twisted, unilateral. Bracteas downy, tumid. Lip ovate, entire.
N. spiralis. Sw. Orch.bl, excluding the variety. Willd.Sp.Pl. V. 4. 73. Br. as above, 1 99. Comp. ed. 4. 144. Forst. Tonbr. 101.
Ophrys spiralis. Linn. Sp. PI. 1340. Fl. Br. 934. Engl. Bot. v. 8. t. 54 1 . Curt. Lond.fasc. 4.^59. Dicks. H. Sice. fuse. 1 0. 1 7. Ehrh.Phjt. (>&. Fl. Dan. t.387. Davies Welsh Botanol. 83.
Orchis spiralis alba odorata. Raii Syn. 378. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 769, descr. only. Vaill. Par. 147. t, 30. f. 17, 18.
Triorchis. Ger. Em.2l8.f.
T. alba odorata minor 3 also major. Bauh. Pin. 84. Rudb. Elys. v.2.209.f.7.
Testicuhis odoratus. Dalech. Hist, l.'iao./.
T. odoratus major et minor. Dod. Pempt. 239. f,f.
T. odoratus -, also Tetrorchis, vel Triorchis, alba spiralis, vol au- tumnalis. Lob. Ic. \S6.f,f. Obs. 89./,/.
Satyrion odoriferum. Brunf. Herb. v. 1. 105./
In open pastures, on a chalky or gravelly soil, or in meadows, in various j)arts of P^ngland ; not in Scotland.
Perennial. August, September.
Knobs of tlie root 2, 3, or more, ovate -oblong, brown, downv, nearly perpendicular, successive, apparently besjirinkled with smallcapillary radicles, which if so are very remarkable. Leaves several, all r'adical, on broad stalks, spreading, ovate, acute, ribbed, rather glaucous. Stalk radical, a finger's length or more, viscid and downy upwards, clotlied with several sheatliing, upright, pointed bracteas. Spike spiral, of many, crowded, small, white, highly fragrant //ojrtTA-, in a single row, each with an ovate, tumid, ])ointed, downy, close bractca.
Ilaller doubtless comprehends this under his Epipactis u. 1294, though his ^ 38 represents a very distinct species, with long
D 2
36 GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Listera.
upright leaves, and more slender roots, the Jlowers larger, and less crowded, with a dilated lip. This blossoms earlier, and is well distinguished by Vaillant, as well as by Mr. J. Lindley in his Collectanea Botanica. We have no account of it as a british plant. It is Micheli's Orchiastrum, t.26. f.D : and Seguier has the same, with confused synonyms, in his Suppl, 252. t, 8./. 9.
2. N. gemmipara. Proliferous Ladies' Traces. Leaves lanceolate, as tall as the stalk. Spike three -ranked, twisted. Bracteas smooth.
In marshes on the west coast of Ireland.
Near Castletown, opposite to Bearhaven on the northern side of Bantry bay, County of Cork, in small quantities. Mr. Drum- mond.
Perennial. July.
Root of 2 thick, fleshy, downy, annual, perpendicular knobs, each about three inches long, and one fifth of an incfi in diameter near its origin, tapering downwards to a blunt point. Leaves five or six, upright, broadly lanceolate, acute, three-ribbed, three inches in length. Footstalks broad, sheathing, near an inch long. Stalk erect, two inches high, sheathed more than half way up by the footstalks of the innermost leaves, and bearing in the upper part 2 or 3 lanceolate, smooth, upright bracteas. Spike an inch long, ovate, dense, erect, of about 1 8 white Jlowers in three rows, twisted round in a very remarkable way, and each ac- companied by a smooth lanceolate bractea, as tall as itself. The Jlowers much resemble those of N. spiralis, and the Up is fringed ; but the calyx and petals are twice as long as in that species, and the calyx is more taper-pointed. The outside of the Jlowers, and the capsule, are downy : every other part of the herb is smooth. Buds, destined to flower the following year, are formed among the leaves, at the bottom of the flower- stalk. After flowering the root decays, and the following ;?pring each bud puts forth a pair of oblong knobs, as above described, and becomes a separate plant.
Such is the account given by the accurate Mr. Drummond, and communicated to me in August 1810, along with a specimen, by the Rev. Mr. Hincks of Cork. Several living plants were sent to the Cork garden, but their roots were destroyed by rats. I have waited from year to year for specimens in a fresh state ; but hitherto in vain. The above characters will sufficiently identify the species when found, and it is a most interesting addition to our Flora.
417. LISTERA. Listera, or Twayblade.
Br. in Ait. H, Kew. ed. 2.v.5.20\. Comp ed. 4.141.
GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Listera. 37
Ophris. Tourn. t 250. Nidus avis. Ibid,
CaL superior, of 3 ovate, concave, spreading, permanent, equal leaves. Pet. 2, lanceolate, spreading, nearly as long. Necf. without a spur, much longer than the pe- tals, dependent, two- or four-lobed ; slightly concave at the base within the calyx ; disk marked with a longitu- dinal central furrow, producing honey. A?ith, oblong, parallel to the stigma, to which it is fixed behind by its base, of 2 close, parallel, linear cells, which deposit the powdery masses of pollen upon the upper lip of the stigma. Germ, obovate, or roundish, angular. Style very short, cylindrical, not bordered. Stigma in front, of 2 unequal, flat, parallel lips ; the lowermost rounded, very short. Caps, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, angular, ribbed. Seeds minute, tunicated.
Root of numerous clustered fibres. Leaves two, about the middle of the stem ,• sometimes wanting. Ft. pale or greenish, scentless, in a long upright cluster^ with a small hractea under each partial stalk.
The name commemorates Dr. Martin Lister, contemporary with Ray, best known as a conchologist and entomologist.
1. L. ovata. Common Twayblade.
Leaves elliptical, opposite. Nectary with two linear-oblong, nearly parallel, lobes. Column with a posterior hood.
L. ovata, Br, as above, 20]. Comp.ecL4. 144. Forst. Tonbr. 100.
Hook. Scot. 253. Ophrys ovata. Linn. Sp. PL 1340. Fl. Br. 932. Engl. Bot. v. 22.
1. 1548. Curt. Lond.fasc. 3. t. 60. Fl.Dan. t. 137. Ophris. Fuchs. Hist. 566./. Ic. 325./. Matth. Valgr.v.2. 565. /
Camer. Epit.943./ Dalech. Hist. 1261./. O. bifolia. Bauh.Pin.87. Ger. Em. 402./ Rudb. Ebjs.v.2.226.
f. 1 3 also trifolia/.2. Se^i. Feron.v. 2. 138. Epipactis n. 1291. Hall. Hisi. v. 2. 150. t. 37. E. ovata. Sw. Orch. 66. mild. Sp. PL v. 4. 87. Bifolium. Lob. Ic. 302./. 15. majus, scu Ophris major quibusdam. Rati Si/n. 3S5. Bank.
Hist.v. 3. p. 2.533./ Psoiulo-orcliis, Bifolium. Dod. Pcmjd. 242. /". IVrruliata mascula ct focmina. Iiru>/. Herb.' \82, 183././.
In ^^rovcs and thickets, meadows and pastures.
Perennial. .June.
Root of numerous, long, slender, cylindrical, tmooth radicles, con-
38 GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Listera.
nected, in small bundles, by one common fibre. Stems so- litary, from 1 to 2 feet high, straight, bearing about the middle 2, rarely 3, sessile, elliptical, smooth, spreading leaves, each with 3, 5, or more ribs. The stem above their insertion is more slender, and downy, terminating in a long cluster of very nu- merous green Jlowers. Bracteas ovate, pointed, smooth, shorter than the partial stalks. Cal, somewhat tinged with brown. Pet. and lip light green ; the latter without any lobes at the base ; its disk marked with a honey-bearing furrow, evidently justifying the name of nectary for this part. The column termi- nates in a concave, obovate, hood-like appendage, which seems peculiar to this species. Each mass o( pollen is cloven, or double. Caps, roundish-obovate. Seeds each with a pale taper tunicy greatly lengthened out at the ends. In Engl. Bot. the upper lip of the stigma is, by mistake, called the lower lip of the column.
2. L. cordata. Heart-leaved Mountain Twayblade. Leaves heart-shaped, opposite. Nectary with four lobes. L. cordata. Br. as above, 201 . Comp. ed. 4. 144. Hook. Scot. 263.
Lond. t. 143. Ophrys cordata. Linn. Sp. PI 1340. Fl. Br. 933, Engl. Bot. v. 5.
t. 358. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 2. 19. Ehrh. Phjtoph. 76. Gunn.
Norveg. part 2. 76. t. 3./. 6—8. FL Dan. t. 1278. Ophris minima. Bauh.Pin.87. Prodr. 31. Rudb. Elys, v.2.227.
f. 4. Gagnebin in Act. Helvet. v. 2. 56. t. 6. Epipactis n. 1292. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 151. i. 22./. 3. E. cordata. Sw. Orch. 66. Willd. Sp. PI. v. 4. 88. Bifolium minimum. Rail Syn. 385. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p. 2. 534./.
On turfy mountainous moors in the north.
In several parts of Derbyshire, Yorkshire, Northumberland and Lancashire. Ray. In rnany parts of the Highlands of Scotland. Lightfoot. Also in several places in the Lowlands. Hooker. On Ingleborough hill, and on moors between Sheffield and Chats- worth.
Perennial. July.
Like the preceding in habit, but scarcely one third so large. Fi- bres of the root more simply tufted. Leaz^es heart-shaped, acute, with much finer ribs. ^S^em angular. Cluster smooth, of scarcely more than ten little green Jlowers, often partly tinged with brown. Lip with a pair of spreading linear lobes at the base, smaller than the terminal ones. Column destitute of any hood- like appendage behind the anther. Capsule globular.
3. L. Nidus avis. Bird's nest Listera.
Leaves none. Stem clothed with sheathing scales. Nec- tary with two spreading lobes.
GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Listera. 59
L. Nidus avis. Hook. Scot. 253. Lond. /.58.
Epipactis Nidus avis. Sv\ Orch. 66. fi'illd. Sp. PI. v. 4. S7. Comp.
ed. 4. 144. Forst. Tonbr. 100. E. n. 1290. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 149. t. 37. 2. Ophrys Nidus avis. Linn. Sp. PL 1339. Fl. Br. 931. Engl. Bot.
v.l.t.AS. Fl.Dan.t. \Sl. Ehrh. Phytoph. 56. Purt.v.2.426. Orchis abortiva fusca. Bauh. Pin. 86. Rudb. Elijs. v.2.2\S.f. 1. Nidus avis. Raii Sj/n. 382. Dalech. Hist. 1073./. Lob. Ic. 195,/.
Besl. Hort. Eyst. cpstiv. ord. 4. t.A. f.3. Neottia. Dod. Pempt. 553./. Pseudo-leimodoron. Clus. Hist. v. 1. 270./. Satyrium aboitivum, sive Nidus avis. Ger. Em. 228. f. S. nonum. Trag. Hist. 79b. f.
In shady woods^ especially beech, on a chalky or loamy soil.
In Kent and Sussex. Ray, Hudson. In niany parts of Scotland, Hooker. I have found it in several places in the north of Eng- land, as well as in Norfolk and Suffolk occasionally ; but most abundantly in the fine beech woods about Hurley, Berks.
Perennial. May, June.
Root of innumerable, crowded, tufted, simple, thick, cylindrical, whitish, fleshy knobs, or radicles ; for with their true nature no- body is as yet acquainted, lliey grow imbedded among dead leaves, at the roots of trees ; but I could never, any more than Dr. Hooker, detect a parasitical attachment. The whole herb indeed has the true pallid hue, destitute of green, peculiar to parasitical plants in general, as the late Mr. Dryander long ago observed j and to which remark the generality of Orchidecr in India are no exception, their radicles being mostly nourished by rotten bark, not by the living tree. Ston solitary, erect, simple, angular, hollow, without leaves, but clothed with tubular, lax, membranous, obtuse, alternate slieaths. Cluster cylinclrical, many-flowered, dense, except at the bottom, smooth. Bracteas oblong, small. Fl. ]m\e brown in eveiy part. Cal. and pet. moderately and equally spreading. Li}) concave at the base ; cloven at the extremity into 2 blunt, rounded, widely spreading lobes. Column cylindrical, witliout any hood, yhit/i. at the summit, in front, elliptical, convex, of 2 close, linear, ])arallel cells, depositing the yellow, finely granulated, simple, oblong masses of pollen on the back of the oblong u])j)er lip of the stigma, the under lip of which is short and rounded. Caps, oval, with thick, almost woody, ribs and valves, crowned by tiie per- manent column. Seeds numerous, minute, obovate, with a close tunic, not elongated at either end.
A recent comparison of this with /.. ovata has satisfied me of the j)roj)riety of Mr. lirown's decision respecting its genus, and that the anther is no more a terminal lid in one than in the other. Neither docs the nectary accord so well with E})ipactis as with Listera.
40 GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Epipactis. *** Anther terminal^ Jixed, 418. EPIPACTIS. Helleboiine.
Hall. Hist. V. 2. 147. Br. in Ait. H. Kew. ed. 2. v. 5. 201. Comp. ed.4.\42. Willd. Sp. PL V. 4.83. sect.l. Sw.Orch.62. t.l.f.N. Serapias. Fl. Br. 942. Juss.65. Gcerfn. t. \4. Heleborine. Tourn. t. 249.
Cal, superior, of 3 ovate, acute, equal, more or less spread- ing, permanent leaves. Pet, 2, ovate, spreading, as long as the calyx. Nect, with little or no spur, not longer than the petals, dependent ; concave at the base within the calyx ; contracted in the middle ; undivided at the end ; disk tumid, lobed or furrowed. Antk, terminating the column, rounded, fixed, permanent, of 2 close parallel cells, depositing the obovate, powdery, undivided masses of pollen upon the stigma. Germ, obovate-oblong, an- gular, furrowed. Style somewhat elongated, incurved ; convex at the back ; concave in front. Stigma in front, close under the anther, prominent, angular, various in form, undivided. Caps, elliptic-oblong, angular, ribbed. Seeds small, roundish, with a lax tunic, greatly elongated at each end.
Roots creeping, with rather stout fibrous radicles. Herb either smooth, or downy. Stem simple, erect, leafy. Leaves alternate, elliptic-oblong, or lanceolate, sessile, plaited, with numerous simple ribs. Fl, in terminal, bracteated, clusters or spikes, handsome. Cal. generally coloured,
1. E. latifolia. Broad-leaved Helleborine.
Leaves ovate, clasping the stem. Lower bracteas longer than the drooping flowers. Lip shorter than the calyx, entire, with a minute point. Germen downy.
E. latifolia. Sw.Orch.64. WiUd.Sp. PI. v. 4,83. Br. as above, 201.
Gomp. ed. 4. 144. Hook. Scot. 254. Lond. 1. 102. Forst.Tonh. 100.
Besl. Hort. Eyst. cestiv. ord. 4. t. 5./. 1 ; bad 3 fi. with spurs. E. n. 1297. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 154. t. 40. f. 2. E. n. 4. Hall, in Act. Helvet. v. 4. 108. E. sive EUeborine. Camer. Epit. 889./. Serapias latifolia. Linn. Sijsf. Nat. eel 12. v. 2. 593. FL Br. 943.
Engl Bot. v.4.t.269. Freeman Ic. t.3. Fl. Dan. L8\l. Gunn.
Norveg. part 2. 122. t.b.f. 3—6. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 15. 1 7.
Ehrh. Phytoph. 37 . S. Helleborine oc. Linn. Sp. PL 1344.
GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Epipactis. 41
Helleborine. Ger. Em. 442. f. Dod.PempL3S4.f. Lob. Ic. 3\2 f. H. latifolia montana. Rail Syn. 383. Bauh. Pin. 186. /3. H. altera, atro rubente flore. Rail Syn, 383. Herb. Buddie. Bauh. Pin. IS6.
In shady mountainous woods and thickets.
(S. On the sides of mountains near Malham, Settle, and other ])laces in the north. Ray, Mr. Woodward^ 8^ Mr. D. Turner. At the bottom of the scar of Barrowfield wood, near Kendall. Mr. Crowe.
Perennial. July, August.
Root moderately creeping, with simple, downy radicles. Stems several, about 2 feet high, round, copiously leafy j sheathed at the base ; most downy upwards. Leaves broadly ovate, acute, bright green, smooth, ribbed and plaited like those of a Veratrum ; various in breadth ; sheathing at the base ; the upper ones gra- dually smaller and more lanceolate -, all thin, rather rigid, not at all fleshy. Cluster erect, downy, of many alternate droop- ingjiowers, on short partial stalks, with a linear-lanceolate bractea to each, of which 3 or 4 of the lowermost only reach be- yond the flower, the rest being shorter, Germen obovate, downy. Cal. and pet. ovate, acute, nearly equal in size and colour, be- ing all green, more or less tinged with brown or dull purple. Neat, shorter than either, its terminal lobe heart-shaped with a small acute point -, the margin entire, a little wavy, purjjlish ; disk tumid, smooth, dull red, or tawny. Jnth. strictly terminal, broadly elliptical, deflexed, fixed, with 2 close elliptic-oblong cells, which deposit their simple yellow pollen-masses on the upper edge of the large, angular, prominent stigma.
/3, preserved in Buddie's herbarium, is more downy, with later flowers, of a darker red in every part.
Thii flowers in Dr. Hooker's plate are of a light purple hue, dif- ferent from any I have seen 3 their lip somewhat crenate, and the germen smooth. A specimen much like this figure, but in which the Up is perfectly entire, was sent me from Worcester- shire many years ago, as a new species. The reputed varieties of E. latifolia perhaps require more scientific examination than they have hitherto received. Ehrhart's Serapias parvifuUa, IIerb.\20, afterwards, as it seems, called by himself, to no pvn- pose, microphylla, Beitr. v. 4. 42, in which change he is followtul by Swartz, Willdenow and Hoft'mann, may possibly be our p. Yet this appears, by my Swiss and Italian specimens, very di- stinct from the common E. latifolia. I have never met with it it Britain.
2. E. purpurata. Purple-leaved Helleborine.
Leaves ovate-laiiccolatc. Hractcas linear, all twice as long
42 GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Epipactis.
as the flowers. Lip shorter than the calyx, entire. Ger- men downy.
In shady woods.
Parasitical on the stump of a maple or hazle^ in a wood near the Noris farm, at Leigh, Worcestershire, in 1807. Rev. Dr. Abbot.
Perennial, Jujie.
"' Root certainly parasitical. Whole plant, when fresh, glowing with a beautiful red lilac colour j" changed in drying to a tawny, not dark or black, brown, which it has since retained un- altered. Stem about a foot high, round, finely downy, clothed with alternate, sessile, many-ribbed, flat, not plaited, leaves, about 2 inches long, their ribs and margins minutely rough j the lower ones ovate-lanceolate ; upper linear-lanceolate as they approach the flowers. Cluster a little drooping, at least be- fore the flowers expand, cylindrical, dense. Bracteas solitary under each partial stalk, nearly erect, linear, acute, straight, long and narrow, being more than twice the length of the un- expanded flowers. The latter are numerous, crowded, mostly full-grown, but not yet expanded. On immersion in boiling water, they prove to have all the characters of an Epipactis, with a lip like the foregoing species, quite entire at the margin, and somewhat pointed. The calyx is externally downy, as well as the germen.
Whether my late friend, to whom I am obliged for my only speci- men, found any more, I cannot tell, but I hope this account may lead to a further discovery of so curious and interesting a plant, which cannot be referred to any known species.
3. E. palustris. Marsh Helleborine.
Leaves lanceolate, clasping the stem. Flow^ers drooping. Lip rounded, obtuse, crenate, as long as the petals, with a notched protuberance on the disk.
E. palustris. Sw.Orch.64. Willd.Sp.PLv.4.84. Br.asabove/202.
Camp. erf. 4, 144. Hook. Scot. 254. Lond. t. 89. E. n. 1296. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 154. t. 39. E. n. 5. Hall, in Act. Helvet. v.4.]\l. Serapias palustris. Scop. Cam. v. 2. 204. Fl. Br. 944. Engl. Bot.
V.4. t.270. Light/. 527. Curt. Cat. 72. 108. S. longifolia. Linn. Sijst. Nat. ed. 1 2. v. 2. 593. Ehrh. Phyt. 47.
Purt.v. 2. 429. S. longifolia /3, 7. Linn. Sp. PI. 1345. Helleborine. Fl Dan. t. 267. H. angustifolia palustris, sive pratensis. Bauh, Pin. 187. Moris.
v.3.4S7.sect. 12. Ml./. 7. H. palustris nostras. RaiiSyn. 384.
GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Epipactis, 43
Elleborine recentiorum tertia. Clus. Hist. v. 1. 273./. good, though the same as that given ior EMtifolia by Gerarde, Dodonaeus, &c.
Damasonium alpinum, &c. Bauh. Hist.v.3. p. 2. b\6.f.not descr.
In watery places, or swampy meadows, especially on a chalky or gravelly soil.
Perennial. Jubj, August.
Habit like the first species, but the stem not above 12 or 15 inches high. Leaves narrower and not plaited ; the lowermost only inclining to ovate j the rest lanceolate, tapering to a point. FL fewer, larger, and very handsome. Pet. internally white, striped with crimson. Lip longer than the calyx, white, ele- gantly striped and variegated with crimson ; its terminal lobe rounded, or heart-shaped, without a point, concave, strongly and unequally notched and crenate, the disk furnished at the base with an elevated notched crest, Germen downy.
Mr. Hudson, from some strange mistake, has asserted that this plant, if removed into a garden, or dry soil, changes the fol- lowing year to E. latifolia. They are unquestionably perfectly distinct species. Linnaeus unluckily gave the name oUongifolia to this and others confounded with it, because among them are some long-leaved species ; but palustris is more suitable, and has a prior right.
4. E. grandiflora. Large White Helleborine. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate. Bracteas longer than the smootli
germen. Flowers sessile, erect. Lip abrupt, shorter
than the calyx, with elevated lines on the disk. E. grandiflora. Comp. ed. 4. 144. Sm. in Rees's Cycl. v. 13. n. 4.
Prodr.Fl. Grcec. v. 2.220. E. pallens. Sw.Orch. 65. mild. Sp. PL v. 4. 85. Br. as above, 202.
Hook. Scot. 254. Lo7id. t. 76. FL Dan. t. 1400. E. n. 1298, a. HalL Hist. v. 2. 155. t. 41. E. n. 3. HalL in Act. Helvet. v. 4. 105. E. angustis foliis. Best. Hort. Eyst. vern. ord. 9. t.ti.f. 2. Serapias grandiflora. Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. v. 2. 594. Scop.Carn.
r.2.203. F/.5W/. 944. EngLBot. v. 4. t. 27 \ . Light/. 528.
Dicks, n. Sicc.fasc. 6. 18.
5. LonchophylUim. Elirh. in Linn. Supjd. 405. Phytoph. 57. S. longifolia. Huds. 393.
S. lancifolia. Murr. in Linn. Syst. Veg. ed. 14. 815. Hull 197.
Helleborine flore albo. Bauh. Pin. \S7 . RaiiSyn.3S3. Gcr. Fni. 441, nof. Moris. i'.3. 488. sect. 12. /. 11./. 12.
H. latifolia, flore albo clauso. liaii Syn. 384 ; is as Dilleniiis ob- serves, tlie very same.
Damasonium alpinum, sive Elleborine, floribus albis. liauh. Hist. V. 3. p. 2. 5 Ml ; descr. not the figure, wiueh is E. palustris.
Alisma quorundam. Cnnl. Ilisf. 150. 2./.
44 GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Epipactis.
In woods and thickets, chiefly on a chalky soil.
In Stoken Church woods, Oxfordshire. Ray. Westmoreland. Law- son. Hertfordshire. i)r. £aZe5. Gloucestershire. i?eu. Mr. jBaArer. Surrey. Mr. Graves. Rare in Scotland. Lightfoot. Plentiful, along with Orchis bifoliaj in the beech woods above Hurley, and Bisham Abbey, Berks.
Perennial. June.
Root creeping. Stem about a foot high, round, leafy, smooth like the rest of the herb. Leaves rather elliptical than lanceolate^ sessile, clasping, acute, many-ribbed, not plaited, of a fine green 3 the uppermost narrowest, and gradually diminishing to lanceolate spreading bracteas, longer than the flowers, except the upper ones, which are small and narrow, longer than the germen, which is slender and without any downiness. FL nearly or quite sessile, upright, large and handsome, but perfectly in- odorous at all times j their calyx and corolla equally of a pure milk-white, though soon turning brownish, and the whole flower is seldom so fully expanded as the rest of the species. The con- cave, abrupt, scarcely pointed Up is marked above with three principal, and two smaller, yellow, elevated, not wavy, parallel lines.
It does not appear why Swartz changed the original and expres- sive name, grandiflora, for one that is equally applicable to the next species. Tiie authority of Linnaeus and Scopoli, to say no- thing of others, ought to have been regarded by Willdenow, who might well have been corrected in the Hort. Kew.
5. E. ensifolia. Narrow-leaved White Helleborine.
Leaves lanceolate, pointed. Bracteas minute, much shorter than the smooth germen. Flowers sessile, erect. Lip abrupt, half as long as the calyx, with elevated lines on the disk.
E. ensifolia. Sw. in Act. Holm, for 1800. 232, mild. Sp. PL 17. 4. 85. Br. as above, 202. Comp. ed.4.\44. Hook. Scot. 255. Lond. t.77.
E. xiphophylla. Sw. Orch.65.
E. n. 1298, /3. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 155.
E. n. 3, varietas (S. Hall, in Act. Helvet. v. 4. 107.
Serapias ensifolia. Murr. in Linn. Syst. Veg. ed. 14. 815 j with er- roneous synonyms. Ft. Br. 945. Engl. Bot. v. 7. t. 494. Purt. 2J.2.428. t.4.
S. Xiphophyllum. Ehrh. in Linn. Suppl.404. Phytoph. 67.
S. longifolia y. Huds. 394.
S. grandiflora. Fl. Dan. t. 506.
Helleborine foliis prselongisangustisacutis. Rail Syn,<iS4. Herb, Buddie.
H. angustifolia, flore albo oblongo, Merr,Piri.6\.
GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Epipactis. 45
H. montana angustifolia spicata. Bauh. Pin. 187.
Damasonium alpinum. Dalech. Hist. 1058./. ? Bauh, Hist. v. 3. p.2.5\7.f.'i
In mountainous woods, but rarely.
In a wood near Ingleton, Yorkshire. Mr. Newton and Dr. Ri- chardson. On the top of Aberley hill, and in Wire forest, Wor- cestershire. Mr. Moseieij. In Oversley and Ragley woods. Mr. Purion. In several parts of Kent and Surrey, along with E.grandiflora. Mr. Graves. Clnr-^ ctttJ^ , uMt^^^^ /r7//lc.
Perennial. May, June. Mrccf'/r/r^zr^^^^r/f.rr^,Jr^7'(*^-j^r:-
Hoot rather clustered than creeping, with oblong, 6y somewhat cylindrical, fleshy hiobs. Stem above a foot high, leafy from top to bottom. Leaves numerous, alternate, imperfectly two-ranked, lanceolate, twice the length of the preceding, yet scarcely half so broad j the uppermost tapering to a slender point. The line is very decidedly drawn between them and the bracteas, the latter, except perhaps the lowermost occasionally, being all very minute, not one fourth so long as the germen, sharp-pointed, often hardly discernible. Ft. sessile, nearly or quite erect, scent- less, pure white in every part, except a yellow protuberance on the lip, whose disk bears several white, even, elevated ribs, turning yellowish as they fade. Masses of pollen yellow, oblong, cloven halfway down. Stignia peltate, angular. The liphns the rudiment of a spur behind.
6. E. rubra. Purple Helleborine.
Leaves lanceolate. Bracteas longer than the downy ger- men. Flowers sessile, erect. Lip tapering to a point, with elevated undulating lines on the disk.
E. rubra. Sw. Orch. 65. Willd. Sp. PL v. 4. 86. Br. as above, 202. Comp. ed. 4. 1 44. Prodr. Fl. Gr(cc. v. 2, 22 1 .
E. n. 1299. Hall. HisLv. 2. \b6.t. 42.
E. n. 2. Hall, in Act. Helve t. u. 4. 103.
Serapias rubra. Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. v. 2. 594. iruh. 42. FL Br. 946. Engl. Bat. v. 7. t. 437. Ehrh. Phytoph. 97.
S. longifolia J. Huds. 394.
Helleborine. Fl. Dan. t.^A5.
H. montana angustifolia purpurascens. Bauh. Pin. 187. /^<'" Syn. 384. Pluk.Almag. 182.
H. angustifolia sexta Clusii. Ger.Em.\\2.f.
Elleborine recentiorum sexta. Clus. Hist. v. 1 . 273./.
E. quinta. Clus. Pan. 27G.f.
Damasonium purpurcum dilutum, sive Elleborine 4 (6) Cliisii. Bauh. Hist. V. 3. /?. 2. 5 1 6./. 5 1 7.
In stony mountainous woods j very rare.
In Ireland. Plnlanet. (;ioucestershire. Per. Mr. Bakt-r. On a
46 GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Malaxis.
steep stony bank, sloping to the south, on Hampton Common, Gloucestershire. Mrs, Smith of Barnham House.
Perennial. June, July.
Root horizontal, fleshy, gradually creeping, with numerous fibres. Stem erect, above a foot high, sheathed vvith a few scales at the bottom, and bearing higher up several lanceolate, tapering, ribbed leaves, above w^hich the stem is more or less downy. Bracieas linear-lanceolate, longer than the germen, which is downy, not smooth. Fl. sessile, very handsome. Cal. and Pet. all directed upwards, ovate, taper-pointed, of a uniform rose- colour, as well as the column. Lip slightly protuberant between the calyx-leaves behind j in front as long as the calyx, but de- flexed J white, rounded, and doubly lobed, at the sides ; white in the disk with several thin, wavy, elevated ribs ; the point elongated, tapering, acute, red at the edges. Masses ot' pollen greyish, oblong, slightly cloven. Stigma peltate, concave.
The plants composing this very natural genus could be but little known to Linnaeus when he so strangely confounded them in his Species Plantarum. Haller wrote an elaborate paper on the OrchidecE, professedly to correct his errors. Hence the present genus especially, comprehended under the Linnsean Serapias, appears materially improved, in the Sijstema Naturrs and Systema Vegetabilium, where Haller's corrections are adopted. Yet the labours of these great men have by no means reached perfec- tion, either with regard to the discrimination of very dissimilar species, or their synonyms. Old authors indeed are so full of mistakes respecting the latter, that the greatest attention is re- quisite to understand what they mean, and they often misunder- stand each other. Recent writers have not been more happy as to nomenclature, which they have rather confounded thaa improved.
**** Anther a terminal deciduous lid, 419. MALAXIS. Bog-orchis.
Sw. Orch. 68. t. 1 ./. P. Schreb. Gen. 603. Willd. Sp, PL v. 4. 89. Sm. in Bees' s Cycl. v. 22. Fl. Br. 940. Comp. ed. 4. 142. Br. in Ait. H.Kew.v. 5. 208.
Flower reversed. Cal. superior, of 3 oblong, spreading, equal, permanent leaves. Pet. 2, spreading, oblong, smaller than the calyx. Nect. without a spur, variously shaped, vmdivided or lobed, longer or shorter than the petals, embracing the column with its concave base. Anth. terminal, hemispherical, deciduous, of 2 close cells, depositing the four masses of pollen upon the stigma. Ge7^m. obovate, angular. St2/le various in length ; convex at the back ; flat or concave in front. Stig?na close be-
GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Malaxis. 47
neath the anther m front, obsolete. Caps, elliptic-oblong, with 3 or 6 ribs. Seeds numerous, minute, each with a lax chaffy tunic. Roots somewhat bulbous, with inferior radicles. Leaves ovate, or lanceolate, mostly radical. Flo\£er-stalk cen- tral, angular. FL clustered, small, greenish.
1. M. paludosa. Least Bog-orchis.
Leaves about four, spatulate ; rough at the tip. Stalk with
five angles. Lip entire, concave, erect, acute, half the
length of the calyx. M. paludosa. Sw.in Stockh.Trans.for \7S^.\27.t.Q.f.2. Willd.
Sp. PL V. 4. 91. FL Br. 940. EngL Bot. v.\.t. 72. Forst.Tonbr.
101. Hook. Scot. 255. Ophrvs paludosa. Linn. Sp. PL]34\. FL Suec. ed.2.3\6. Rose
Elem. app. 450. t. 2./. 3. Huds. 3S9. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 7. 16.
FL Dan. t. 1234. Ehrh. Phytoph. 16. O. palustris. Huds. ed. 1 . 339.
Ophris bifolia palustris nostras. Pluk. Phyt. t. 247./. 2. O. bifolia minor palustris. Phik. Almag. 270. Orchis minima bulbosa, D.Preston. Rad Hist.v. 3.5S7 . DHL
in Rail Syn. 378. Jiifolium palustre. Raii Syn. ed. 2. 243. ed. 3. 385.
In spongy turfy bogs.
Near Gamlingay, Cambridgeshire; also between Hatfield and St. Albans, and 'in Romnev marsh. Ray. At Hurst hill, Ton- bridge wells ; Dubois. DHL Not found there by Mr. F^orster. On Felthorpe bogs, to the north of Norwich. Mr. Charles Bry- ant. Near Potton, Bedfordshire. Rev. Dr. Abbot. Durham. Rev. Mr. Harriman.
Perennialr July.
Root bulbous, sheathed, increasing by oftsets, often stalked, and throwing out radicles from the base. Herb the smallest of our native Orchidea-, and probably of the whole tribe. Leaves 3 or 4, ovate, or obovate, various in length, rather glaucous, almost upright, obtuse, roughish about the extremity, often somewhat fringed, so that this plant may ])erhai)s have given rise to the rc])ort of a hairy-leaved Orchis, in Lob. Ic. 186. Ger. Em. 219, and Banh. Pin. 84 5 somewhat caricatured in Rudb. Elys. v. 2, 207. f.2. Stalk from 2 to 4 inches high, angular, smooth, bear- ing a dense cluster of very small, pale green, reversed Jloiversy the ui)per leaf of the ra///x'being turned downward, the 2 others, with the small entire lip, u])ward. Pet. reflexed. Caps, almost gl()l)ular. Brarlcas lanceolate, small, membranous.
I had once taken Plukenefs figure for M. Lastlii, see EngL Bot.
48 GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Malaxis.
72 'j but this error is corrected in Fl. Br. Mr. Hudson had no practical knowledge of these two plants when he published his first edition ; neither had Dillenius at any time.
2. M. LcBseln. Two-leaved Bog-orchis.
Leaves two, elliptic-lanceolate. Stalk triangular. Petals linear. Lip obovate, channelled, undivided, recurved, longer than the calyx.
M. Lceselii. Sw, Orch. 7 1 . Willd. Sp. PL v. 4. 92. Sm. in Rees's
Cyd.n.]3. Coiiip.ed. 4. \4d. Cymbidium Loeselii. Sw. in Nov. Act. Ups. v. 6. 76. Ophrys Loeselii. Linn. Sp. PL 1341. Fl. Suec. ed. 2. 316. Fl. Br.
935. Engl. Bot. v.\.t. 47. Relh. 348. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 9. 11.
Ehrh.Herb. 110. O. lilifolia. Huds. 389. O. paludosa. Fl. Dan. t. 877. Ophris diphvUos bulbosa. Lees. Pruss. 180. i. 58. O. bifolia bulbosa. Ger. Em. 403. f. Bauli. Pin. 87. Chamseorchis lilifolia. Bauh. Pin. 84. Bifolium bulbosum. Dod. Pempt. 24-2./. Pseudo-orchis bifolia palustris. Rail Syn. 382. Orchis lilifolius minor sabuletorum Zelandise et Bataviae. Bauh.
Hist. V. 2. 770. f. 1,2; not 3. Lob. Advers. 506./. 1, 2. Rail
Cant. 105.
On sandy bogs, among Rushes.
On Hinton and Teversham moors near Cambridge. Ray, Relhan, St. Faith's Newton bogs, near Norwich. Mr. Pitchford. Roydon fen, Norfolk, near Diss. Mr. Woodward. Bogs near Tudenham, Suffolk. Sir T. G. Cullum, Bart,
Perennial. July.
Three or four times as large as the preceding, especially the leaves which are almost universally two, of equal size, elliptic-lanceo- late, entirely smooth, bright green, with one central rib and many small ones ; their bases elongated and sheathing. Bulb ovate, greenish, enveloped in soft pale scales, increasing by one or more lateral offsets from the base, and sending down, from the same part, many simple, wavy radicles. Stalk from between the leaves, and about twice their height, triangular, smooth, naked. Cluster of from 3 or 4 to 8 Jlowers much larger than those of M. paludosa, but vdth smaller bracteas. Calyx-leaves spreading, lanceolate, bluntish, of a pale lemon-colour. Pet. longer and narrower, linear, likewise spreading, and of nearly the same hue. Lip of a deeper yellow, rather longer than the petals, obovate, folded, or channelled, wavy, or slightly crenate. Germen obovate. Caps, elliptic-obovate, with 6 ribs.
GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Corallorrhiza. 49 420. CORALLORRHIZA. Coral-root.
Hall. Hist, V. 2. 159. Br. in Ait. H. Kew. eel 2. 2;. 5. 209. Comp. ed.4. 142.
Cal. superior, of 3 lanceolate, spreading, almost equal, per- manent leaves. Pet. 2, oblong, or lanceolate, ascending, nearly the length of the calyx. Nect. with more or less of a spur which is either prominent or not, the lip more or less three-lobed, rounded at the end, rather shorter than the calyx. Anth. terminal, hemispherical, decidu- ous, of 2 close cells, depositing the four masses oi' polle?i upon the stigma. Germ, obovate-oblong. Sfj/le shorter than the petals, unconnected with them, incurved ; con- vex behind; channelled in front. Stigma obsolete, be- neath the anther in front. Caps, elliptic-oblong. Seeds numerous, extremely minute, roundish, each with a long, lax, white, chaflPy tunic.
Root tuberous, fleshy, branched, horizontal, beset irregu- larly with shortish, simple, fibrous radicles. Leaves none, except a few sheathing scales, on the simple, radical stalk. Cluster erect, of several bracteated particoloured Jlowers. Spur obtuse, sometimes hardly discernible, al- ways shorter than the germen. Capsule pendulous. Na- tives of Europe, North America, and Nepaul. Six species are known.
1. C. innata. Spurless Coral-root.
Spur of the nectary short, not distinct from the slightly three-lobed lip. Root copiously branched.
C. innata. Br. as a6ot)e. 209. Cowp. ed.4. 145. Hook. Scot. 2bo. Lond. t. 142.
C. n. 1301. Hall. Hist. V. 2. 159. <.44.
Cymbidium corallorrhizon. Sw.Orch. 77. Willd. Sp. PL v. 4. 109.
Ophrvs corallorrhiza. Linn. Sp. PL 1339. LapL Tour v. 1 . 222.
/. 223. FL Br. 932. Engl. Bot. v. 22. L 1547. Lightf. 523. t. 23.
Fl. Dan. t. 45 1. Gunn. Norveg. p. 1 . 54. p. 2. t. ()./. 3.
Orobiinche radico coralloide. Bauh. Pin. 88. Rudb. Elys. v. 2.
23 1 . /; 9. Mcntz. Pug'ilL t. 9. O. svconum, rudice coralloides, flore albo. Rudb. Elys. v. 2. 234.
/.IG. (). spuria, scu corallorrliiza. Ru}>p. Jen. cd. 1. 28 1. /. Khizocoralion. J lull, in Riq>p. Jen. cd. 'A. 30 1 . Dentaria coralloide radice. Chts. Hist. v. 2. 120./. Paiin. 450./, Bc.sL Hort. Eysf.asfiv. ord \. i. {./. 4.
D. minor, (ier. Em. 1585. /.
VOL. IV. K
50 GYNANDRIA— DIANDRIA. Cypripedium.
In marshy umbrageous woods in Scotland, but rarely.
Found in one place only, and there sparingly ; in a moist hanging wood, on the south side, near the head of Little Loch Broom, Ross-shire. Lighffoot. In Methuen wood, 6 miles from Perth. Mr. Thomas Bishop, 1804. In a peat bog among willows, a little to the south of Dalmahoy hill, 9 miles from Edinburgh. Mr. Edward John Maughan, 1807. At Ravelrig j Dr. Greville. Hooker.
Perennial. May, June.
Root fleshy, of numerous, compound, divaricated, horizontal branches, spreading about 2 inches, pale brownish or yellowish, the lobes blunt and all distinct, not touching each other. When beginning to dry it exhales the sweet a«d powerful scent of Vanilla, which is not entirely lost after the specimens have been preserved for 20 years. One root sent by Mr. Maughan in wet moss, and so kept in a pot, with plenty of water, blossomed the same summer. Leaves none. Stalks solitary, erect, a span high, angular, smooth, clothed in their lower half with a few distant, tubular, loosely sheathing scales, 1-} inch long. Cluster of from 5 to JO drooping, pale yellowish Jloioers, on short par- tial stalks, with a very small acute hractea at the base of each stalk. Germcn smooth, incurved, bluntly angular. Calyx-leaves lanceolate, spreading, greenish with a tinge of red. Pet. lan- ceolate, pale yellow, often reddish at the point, converging under the upper calyx-leaf. Lip recurved, obovate, with a slight con- traction in the middle, below which, towards the base, are two shallow rounded lobes, the whole white or pale yellow, more or less spotted with red -, the spur not apparent, but Mr. Brown conceives it to be entirely united to the base of the lip, and very short. Some traces of a spur certainly exist in all the other spe- cies. Column yellowish j convex at the back j channelled in front; crowned with the vertical a/z^/ier in the form of a lid, and attached behind as by a hinge. Pollen-masses 2 in each cell, *' ovate, white." Hooker. Caps, elliptical, with 3 blunt ribs, and crowned with the permanent withered flower.
GYNANDRIA DIANDRIA
421. CYPRIPEDIUM. Ladies' Slipper.
Linn. Gen, 464. Juss. 65. Fl. Br, 941 . Lam. t. 729. Br. in Ait.
Hort. Kew.ed. 2. V. 5. 220. Calceolus. Tourn. t, 249.
GYNANDRIA— DIANDRIA. Cypripedium. 51
Cal. superior, of 3 ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, spread- ing, coloured leaves ; the upper one broadest ; 2 lower- most generally combined nearly their whole length. Pet, 2, about die same length, or longer, spreading, linear- lanceolate, pointed, wavy. Nect. \\\\ho\\i a spur \ liji obo- vate, inflated, obtuse, membranous, prominent, mostly shorter than the petals, with an irregular longitudinal fissure above. Filam. 2, on the column, lateral, opposite, spreading, oblong, fleshy. Anth. lateral, elliptical. Germ, oblong, triangular, furrowed. Style short and stout, somewhat compressed, bearing the stamens, and termi- nating above them in a dilated, flattish, horizontal lobe, or appendage, in the place, as Mr. Brown justly indi- cates, of a third stamen. »S7/Vwza beneath this appendage, and parallel to it, in like manner dilated and flattened, but smaller. Caps, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, angular, fur- rowed. Seeds oblong, numerous. Roofs creeping. Stem sim}]|Je, erect, mostly leafy. Leaves elliptical, acute, many-ribbed, plaited, entire. FL termi- nal, mostly solitary, large and handsome, without scent.
1. C. Calceolus. Common Ladies' Slipper.
Stem leafy. Appendage to the column elliptical, obtuse, channelled. Lip somewhat compressed, shorter than the petals.
C. Calceolus. Linn. Sp. PI. 1346. mild. v. 4. 142. FL Br. 941.
Engl. Bot. r. 1 . ^. 1 . Hook. Lond. t. 42. Salish. in Tr. of L. Sac.
v.\.76.t.2.f.\. FL Dan. t. 999. Redout. Liliac. t.\9. C. rudicibus fibrosis, foliis ovato-lanccolatis caulinis. Lain, in Act.
Ufjs. 1 740. 24. Mill. Ic. 1 G2. L 242. Calceolus n. 1300. HalLIIi^t.v 2. l.")/.^. 43. C. n. 4. Gmel.Sib.v. \.2.t.\.f.\. C. Marianus. Dod.Pempt. 180./. C. Maiise. Raii Sijn.SSj. Ger. Em. 443./. Lob. Ic. 3\2.f. Bed.
Ilort. F.yst. rem. ord. 8. t. 6.f. 1. Damasonii species quibusdam, sive Calceolus D. Mariii?. Bauh.
//i.sY.r. 3.^.2.518./. Helk'borine flore rotundo, sive Calceolus. Bauh. Pin. 187. Elk'horinL' recentiorum prima. Clus. Ilisf.v. 1.272./. E. fcrruginca. Dalcch. Hist. 1 \4G.f. In mountainous woods and thickets, in tiie north of P^ngland, very
rare. In Lancashire, and in Ilelks wood by Inglebovouijh, Yorkshire.
Ray. In the county of Durham. Rev. Mr. Rudston. Near
Arncliffe, Yorkshire. Hooker.
52 GYNANDRIA— HEXANDRIA. Aristolochia.
Perennial. June.
Root tuberous, branching, creeping horizontally, with numerous, sim)3le, fleshy, smooth, fibres. Stems solitary, 12 or 18 inches high, solid, striated, downy, bearing 3 or 4 large, alternate, ovate, rather pointed, slightly downy leaves, clasping or sheath- ing at their base ; the uppermost, especially if there be two flowers, diminished to a lanceolate hractea. FL. terminal, usually solitary, sometimes two, one above the other, large and conspicuous. Calyx-leaves ribbed, IJ- inch long, of a singular rich and dark brown ; the 2 lowermost combined. Pet. of the same colour, rather longer and narrower, slightly wavy. Lip tumid, yellow, wrinkled, reticulated with veins, internally spot- ted, about an inch long. Appendage to the column elliptical, with 2 angles, more or less blunt, at the base ; the extremity rounded, with a short inflexed point, which latter is not shown in the figures of Mr. Salisbury or Dr. Hooker. Mr. Sowerby's figure in Engl. Bot. has been unjustly criticised. It was neces- sarily taken from a garden specimen, but will on examination be found precisely comformable to nature, as well as to Haller's excellent plate, the most correct in detail of any that has been given of the present species. The American C. parvifiorum is totally different.
GYNANDRIA HEXANDRIA. 422. ARISTOLOCHIA. Binhwort.
Linn. Gen. 467. Juss. 73. Fl. Br. 947. Tourn. t.7\. Lam. t. 733. Gartn.t. 14.
Nat. Ord. Sarmentacece, Linn. 11. Subsequently removed by him to the Rhceadea:, 27. Aristolochice. Juss. 23. See Grammar 85.
Cal. superior, of 1 leaf, tubular, coloured, permanent; tumid, and nearly globose, at the base; limb dilated; either lobed and equally spreading, or unilateral and undivided. Cor, none. Filam. none, except the notched cup, crowning the germen, within the calyx, may be so denominated. Aiith. 6, sessile on the outer surface of this cup, vertical, each of 2 oblong, separated, parallel, bivalve cells. Germ, inferior, oblong, angular. Style scarcely any. Stigma nearly globular, with 6 deep lobes ; the summit concave. Caps, large, oval, with 6 angles.
GYNANDRIA— HEXANDRIA. Aristolochia. 53
6 cells, and 6 valves, with double partitions from their inflexed margins. Seeds numerous in each cell, depress- ed, horizontal, lying over each other, triangular, with a dilated or thickened margin ; " albumen heart-shaped." Gccrtner ; " embrijo certainly proving dicotyledonous in germination." Jiissieu. Perennial, herbaceous or shrubby, erect, or more generally climbing. Leaves alternate, stalked, simple, very seldom lobed, usually heartshaped. FL axillary, stalked. The analogy of^ Asa rum, v. 2. 242, must justify us in calling a call/a: what Linnaeus and others have taken for a corolla.
1. A. Clematitis. Common Birth wort.
Leaves heartshaped. Stem erect. Flowers affffresate, up- right. Calyx unilateral.
A. Clematitis. Linn. Sp. PL 1364. Willd. v. 4. 1 63. FI. Br. 947. Engl. Bot. V. 6. t. 398. fVilld. suppl. t. 238. MUl. Illustr. t. 7b. Hook. Loud. t. 149. Bicks. Dr. PL 14. Bull. Fr. t. 39. FL Dan. t. 1235. Lob. Ic.607.f.
A. n. 1029. IlalL Hist. v. 1. 240.
A. Clematitis recta. Bauh. Pin. 307. MilL Ic.34, L5l.f. \.
A. Clematitis vulgaris. Clus. Hist. v. 2. 71./.
A. multiflora. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 116.
A. longa. rrag.Hist.\78.f. Matt/i. Falgr. v. 2.13. f. Dalech. Hist. 977./.
A. longa vulgaris. Camer. Epit. 421./ BasL Hort. Eyst. ccstiv. ord.4.t.3.f.2.
A. rotunda. FucJis. Hist. 90 /
A. Saracenica. Ger. Em. 847./ Dalech. Hist. 979.
In woods, thickets, and especially among the ruins of nunneries.
In a wood two miles from Thorndon Essex; also in Cambridge- shire. Bldcksfone. Near Maidstone, and in other parts of KtMit. Hnds. At Gotistovv nunnery. Sibt/i. Sturston, near Diss. Mr. Woodward. Carrow abbey, near Norwich. Rev. Dr. iSutton. Kcncot, Oxfordsliire. Bishop c>f Carlisle.
Perennial. Juhj, Augiist.
Roots creeping deej) in the ground, long, slender, difficult of rxtir- ])ation. Herb smooth, bright green. Stems about 2 feet high, upright, zigzag, not climbing, round, leafy, striated, unhraruh- ed. Leaves rather coriaceous, without sUpulas, heartshaped with a wide space at the base, entire, with pcdate ribs. 77. several from the bosom of each leaf, on simple stalks, erect, pale yellow, or bulV-colourcd, witliout scent, scarcely perfecting any /r?//7, except by the assistance of some small insect; see Introd. to Botany, rd. 5. 273.
54 GYNANDRIA— HEXANDRIA. Aristolochia.
The bitter acrid roots of this genus liave, from remote antiquity, been celebrated for their stimulating effects on the female con- stitution ; and the present species, though dangerously emetic^ seems to have been greatly in use in this country, stUl retain- ing a place in our catalogues of medicinal plants. A singular opinion is said to prevail in France, that this Anstolochiciy if abundant in vineyards^ spoils the quality of the wines.
Class XXI. MONOECIA,
Stamens and Pistils in separate jio-xers^ on the same plant.
Order I, MONANDIUA. Stamen 1.
423. EUPHORBIA. Involucrum with numerous barren J!.
and \ fertile, Barr. fl. Cal. none. Cor. none. Fert. Ji. Cal. none. Cor, none. Caps. 3-lobed.
Stijles 3, cloven.
424. ZANNICHELLIA. Invol. none,
Barr. Jl. Cal. none. Cor. none. Fert. Jl, Cal. of 1 leaf. Cor. none. Germ. 4, or more. Seeds 4, stalked. Stigmas peltate.
CalUtriche. Chara ? Zostera 9 Tijplia minor.
{DIANDRIJ. St am. 2.)
Car ex.
Order II. TItlANDRIA, Stamens S.
426. SPARGANIUM. ^^rr./. Cr//. 3-leaved. CV. none.
Fert. Jl. Cal, 3-leaved. Cor. none. Drupa dry.
427. CAREX. Barr.f. Catkin imbricated. Cal. a scale.
Cor. none. Fert, Jl, Catkin imbric. Cal. a scale. Cor. a liol- low permanent glume, investing the loose seed,
428. KOBRESIA. Barr.Jl, Catkin \\\i\\ o\i\^os\ie scales^
imbricated in 2 rows. CV//. inner scale. Cor. \ume, Fert. fl. 6V//. outer scale. CV;r. none. Seed \^\oosv. A-2r>. TYPHA. Barr.Jl. Catkin liairy. Cd. none-. Cor, none. Ant/i. about 3 on eavU Jilamrnt. Fert.Jl. Catkin hairy. Seed ], on a hairy stalk.
Amnrnnthu^.
56 Order III, TETRANDRIA, Stcun. 4.
429. LITTORELLA. Barr. J. Cal, 4-leaved. Cor,
4-cleft. Stam. capillary, very long. Fert.Jl, Cal. none. Cor. unequally 3- or 4-cleft. Style very long. Nut of 1 cell.
432. VRTIQA. Barr.f. Cal. 4^-\eaved. Petals none. NecL
central, cup-shaped. Stam. the length of the caty^r. Fert.Jl. Cal. 2-leaved. Cor. none. Seed 1, superior polished.
431. BUXUS. Barr.Jl. Cal. 3-leaved. Pet. 2. Rudiment
oiagermen, Fert.Jl. Cal. 4-leaved. Pet. 3. Styles 3. Caps, with 3 beaks, and 3 cells. Seeds 2.
430. ALNUS. Barr.Jl. Ca/. scale of a c^z'yl^/w, permanent.
3-flowered. Cor. deeply 4-cleft. Fert.Jl. Cal. scale of a catkin^ permanent, 2-flowered. Cor. none. Styles 2. iVz/^ compressed, without wings.
Eriocaulon. Myrlca.
Order IV. PENT AN DRI A. Stam. 5.
433. XANTHIUM. Barr.Jl. Common Cal. imbricated,
many-flowered, with intermediate scales. Cor. of 1 petal, funnel-shaped, 5-cleft. Fert.Jl. Cal. of 2 leaves, with 2 flowers. Cor. none. Drupa spurious, coated with the prickly calyx, cloven. Nut of 2 cells.
434. AMARANTHUS. Barr.Jl. Cal. of 3 or 5 leaves.
Cor. none. Stam. 3 or 5. Fert.Jl. Cal. of 3 or 5 leaves. Cor. none. Styles 3 or 2. Caps, of 1 cell, bursting all round. Seed 1.
435. BRYONIA. Barr.Jl. Cal. with 5 teeth. Cor. 5-cleft.
Filam. S. Antli. 5. Fert.Jl. Cal. with 5 teeth, deciduous. Cor. 5-cleft. Style 3-cleft. Berry inferior. Seeds few. Fagus. Quercus. Atriplex.
Order V. HEXANDRIJ. Stam. 6.
436. ERIOCAULON. Co7nmo?i Calyx imbricated, many-
lowered. Barr. Jl. in the middle. Cor. in 6 or 4 deep seg- ments. Stam. 6, 4, or 3.
57
Fert. Jl. in the circumference. Pet. 6 or 4. Style 1 Caps, superior, 2- or 3-lobed. Seeds solitary.
Rumices. Quercus.
OrderVI, POLYANDRIA. Stam.J^ormore.
438. MYRIOPHYLLUM. Barr. J, Cat. 4-leaved.
Pet. 4. Stam. 8. Fert. Jl. Cal. 4-leaved. Pet. 4. Stigm. 4, sessile. Dnipas 4.
441. POTERIUM. Barr.f. Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. deeply
4-cleft. Stam. 30-50. Fert. Jl. Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. deeply 4-cleft. Pist. 1 or 2. Nut coated, of 1 or 2 cells.
439. SAGITTARIA. Barr. Jl. Cal. 3-leaved. Pet. 3.
Stam. about 24. Fert. Jl. Cal. 3-leaved. Pet. 3. Pist. numerous. Seeds numerous, bordered.
437. CERATOPHYLLUM. Barr.f. Cal. many-cleft. Cor. none. Slam. 16-20. Fert.Jl. Cal. many-cleft. Cor. none. Stigma nearly sessile, oblique. Dnipa compressed.
443. FAGUS. Barr.Jl. in a catkin. Cal. in several seg- ments. Cor. none. Stam. 5-20. Fert.Jl. Cal. double; obiter inferior, prickly, in se- veral deep segments, 2- or 3-flowered ; inner supe- rior, 5-or6-cleft. Cor. none. St7/les 5 or 6. Nuts 2 or 3, loosely invested with the spreading outer calyx.
442. QUERCUS. Barr.Jl. in a cat/an. Cal. in several
segments. Cor. none. Stam. 8 or more. Fert.Jl. Cal. double; o/^/cr inferior, scaly, undivided ; inner superior, in 6 deep segments. Cor. none. Stijle 1. Nut solitary, closely invested, at its base, Avitli the hemispherical outer calyx.
446. CORYLUS. Barr./l.luncat/cin. Cal. ^i S-clvfl scale. Cor. none. Stain. 8 or more. Fert.Jl. C>//. double ; o?//<r inferior, divided ; inner superior, obsolete. Cor. none. Sti/lcs 2. Nut soli- tary, bony, invested with the enlarged, coriaceous, jagged outer calyx.
58
445. CARPINUS. Barr.fl. in a catkin. Cal. a rounded scale. Cor. none. Statn. 10, or more. Tert.ji. Cal. double ; outer inferior, of several de- ciduous 5c<7/^5y z;?;«^r superior, in 3 deep, sharp segments, permanent. Cor. none. Styles 2. Nut ovate, angular, naked.
444. BETULA. Barr.f,. in a catkin. Cal, a ternate scale. Cor. none. Stam. 10-12. Fert.Jl, in a catkin, Cal. apellate, 3-lobed, 3-flowered scale. Cor, none. Styles 2. Nut winged, deciduous.
440. ARUM. Common Cal. a sheathing leaf, enclosing a common stalk, naked above. Cor, none.
Barr.Jl. Stam, numerous, in a dense ring, sur- mounted by another ring of abortive filaments.
Fert.Jl, Germ,, numerous, in a dense ring, below the stamens, sessile. Styles none. Stigm. downy. Berry with several seeds.
Order VII, MONADELPHIA, Filaments united below.
447. PINUS. Barr.Jl. in a catkin, naked. Stam. nume- rous, on a common stalk. Fert. Jl, in a catkin, of close, rigid, 2-lipped, 2- flowered scales. Seeds 2 to each scale, winged.
Typha? '
MONOECIA MONANDRIA. 423. EUPHORBIA. Spurge.
Linn. Gen. 243. Juss. 385. Fl. Br. 513. Lam. f.4\].
Tithymalus. Tuurn. t. 18. Gcertn. t. 107.
Nat. Ord. Tricoccce, Linn. 38. Euphorhice, Juss. 96.
Involucrum of 1 leaf, tumid, with 4 or 5 marginal lobes per- manent, containing 12 or more barren Jlowers, intermixed with narrow bristly scales; and 1 ceTitYnl Jertile Jlower ; all stalked, and destitute of calyx, as well as of ccrrolla, Nect, 4 or 5, alternate with the lobes of the Lwolucrum,
MONOECIA— MONANDRIA. Euphorbia. 59
flesh}', coloured, more or less lobed, or crescent-shaped, tumid, al)ru]:)t.
Bar?', fl. Filam. simple, capillary, erect, its origin marked by a joint, often coloured, at the summit of the partial stalk. Ant/i. of 2 globose distinct lobes.
Fert. fl. on a longer partial stalk, prominent, mostly de- flexed to one side. Geyyn. ronndish, 3-lobed. Sfijles 3, terminal, equal, cloven about half way down, spreading, permanent. Stigmas bluntish. Caps, roundish, 3-lobed, of 3 cells, and 3 valves, with ])artitions from the centre of each, bursting elastically. Seeds solitary, large, round- ish, smooth or dotted.
Herbaceous or shrubby, abounding with white milky juice, which by diying becomes a brown acrid gum-resin. Stem (in all ours) round, leafy. Leaves sim})le, undivided, mostly scattered ; sometimes downy. Fl. either axillary, or on forked, bracteated stalks, partly collected into umbels. Nect. brown, purplish, or yellow.
* Stem forked. 1. E. PepUs. Purple Spurge.
Leaves nearly entire, half-heartshaped. Involucrums soli- tary, axillary. Stems procumbent. Capsule smooth.
E. Peplis. Linn.Sp.Pl.(jj2. mild.v.2.S09. Fl.Br. 5\3. Engl. Bot.v. 28.^2002.
Tithymalus maritiraus supinus annuus^ Peplis dictus. Raii Syn. 313.
Peplis. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 599./. Camer. Epit. 970./. Ger. Em. 503. f. Lob. Ic. 3G3./. Clus. Hist. v. 2. 187. /". Dalech. Hut. 1659./.
P. marltiina, folio obtuso. Bauh. Pin. 203.
Peplion. Dulcch. Hist. 1059./
Sea Dwarf Spurge. Peliv.H.Brit.t.^^S.f. 12.
On the sandy sea coast of the south-west part of England.
Between Pensans and Markctjeu, Cornwall, plentifully. Hay. In loose sand near Exmouth, Devonshire. Hudson. Torbav. Mr. C. S. Cullcn.
Annual. July — September.
A smooth, slightly succulent, herb, of a lurid glaucous hue, more or less tinged with purple. Root fibrous, deeply fixed in the sand ; simple at the crown. Stems many, a si)an long, spread- int; every way flat on the ground, much branched in a forked manner. Leai'<?5 opposite, on short stalks, obtuse, very unequal at the base ; sometimes finelv toothed there and at the exlre-
CO MONOECIA— MONANDRIA. Euphorbia.
mity. Fl. small, solitary, on short stalks, from the forks of the stem, coloured like the herbage. Nect. 4, rounded, reddish. Caps, and seeds large, smooth, deciduous when ripe. Authors unanimously take this for the itzirKig, Peplis, of Diosco- rides. It agrees with his description, and was found by Dr. Sib- thorp on all the shores of Greece, and the neighbouring islands. The herb, dried or salted, was preserved by the antient Greeks as a powerful purge, like the itsirKos of the same writer, which Dr. Sibthorp, with great probability, referrred to Euphorbia fal- cata.
** Umbel of S h'anclies,
2. E. Peplus. Petty Spurge.
Umbel three-branched, forked. Bracteas ovate. Leaves obovate, stalked, entire. Nectaries crescent-shaped. Seeds dotted.
E. peplus. Linn.Sp. PL 653. TVilld. v. 2. 903. Fl. Br. 514. Engl.
Bot. V. 14. ^.959. Curt. Lond.fasc.l. i.35. Hook. Scot. 148.
Bull. Fr. t.79. Tithymalus n. 1049. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 9. T. parvus annuus, foliis subrotundis non crenatis, Peplus dictus.
RaiiSyn. 313. Peplus. Dod.Pe7npf.37D.f. Fuchs. Hist. 603./. 7c. 345./. Matth.
Ffl/o-r. v. 2. 598./. bad. Camer.Epit. 969./. Dalech.HistA658./. P. sive Esula rotunda. Bauh. Pin. 292. Ger. Em. 503./. Lob. Ic.
362./. Esula folio rotundo. Riv. Tetrap. Irr. t. 118.
A common weed, in all cultivated ground.
Annual. July, August.
Herb light green, smooth, erect, from 6 to 10 inches high, often with a branch or two at the base only. Umbel large, of 3 spread- ing, repeatedly forked branches, with a pair of opposite, ovate, or heart-shaped, acute, entire, sessile bracteas at each subdivi- sion 3 and 3 obovate stalked ones under the common wm6eL Fl. yellowish. Nect. 4, crescent-shaped, slender, acute. Caps. smooth. Seeds angular, marked with depressed dots.
The description which Dioscorides gives of his itsitKos might well be referred to this plant, by commentators unacquainted with E./alcata. Its qualities are like the preceding. The juice of this and E. helioscopia, more especially, is applied, to destroy warts ; whence their common name Wart-weed, vulgarly cor- r-upted to Rat weed.
3. E. exigua. Dwarf Spurge.
Umbel three-branched, forked. Bracteas lanceolate. Leaves linear. Nectaries horned. Seeds v^Tinkled.
MONOECIA— MONANDRIA. Euphorbia. 61
E. exigua. Linn. Sp. PL 654. mild, v, 2. 903. Fl. Br.olb. Engl. Bot. V. 1 9. f. 1336. Curt. Lond.fasc. 4. t. 36. Dicks. H. Sice, fasc. 9. 6. Hook. Scot. 148. Fl. Dan. t. 592.
Tithymalus n. 1048. Hall. Hist. v. 2.9.
T. leplophyllos. Raii Syn. 3 13. Camer. Epit. 966. f.
T. exigiius saxatilis. Bank. Prodr. 133. Magnol. Monsp. 259./.
T. sive Esula exigua. Bauh.Pin. 291.
T. minimus angustifolius annuus. Bank. Hist. v. 3. p. 2. 664./.
Esula exigua. Trag. Hist. 296. f. Gcr. Em. 503./. Lob. Ic. 357./.
E. minima Tragi. Dalech. Hist. 1656./; not Peplis minor, 1659.
In gravelly corn-fields.
Annual. July.
Our smallest Euphorbia, from 3 to 6 inches high, smooth^ rather glaucous, erect, either branched or not from the bottom. Leaves very narrow, usually acute ; but not unfrequently abrupt and somewhat wedge-shaped ; when it becomes E. retusa of Ca- vanilles, lev. 1. 1. 34. f. 3, which the slightest observation or comparison may retrace to its original. Umbel sometimes of 4 or 5 branches. Bracteas unequal, and inclining to heart- shaped, at the base, always acute at the point. Fl. small -, their nectaries tawny, rounded, with a pair of distinct, or superadded, horns. Caps, smooth. Seeds quadrangular, rugged.
Bauhin's Tithymalus n. 2, Prodr. 133, is the blunt-leaved variety. See Magnol.
#*# Umbel of A: branches. 4. E. Latfiyris. Caper Spurge.
Umbel four-branched, forked. Leaves opposite, four- ranked, sessile, entire ; heart-shaped at the base.
E. Lathyris. Vmn. Sp. PI. 655. Willd. v. 2. 506. Bot. Guide 27. Engl. Bot. V. 32. t. 2255. Comp. ed. 4. 148. Bui. Fr. t. 103.
Tithymalus n. 1044. Hall. Hist. v. 2.7 .
Lathyris. Matth. Valgr. v 2. 597./. Camer. Epit. 968./. Fuchs. Hist.4')5./. /c. 256./. Dalech. Hist. 1657./
L. major. Bauh. Pin. 293.
L. seu Cataj)utia minor. Ger. Em. 503/
Hsula major. Riv. Tefnip. Irr. t. 114.
('ataputia vulgaris. Best. Hort. Eyst. a'stiv. ord. J 2. /. 2. f. 1.
In dry stony thickets, probably a naturalized plant.
In several phice.s about Ufton, near Reading, Berks, sj)ringing up periodically for a year or two after the busjies have been cut, and till ciioked by briars, ike. Rev. Dr. Bteke, Dean of Bris- tol. ()n the declivities of tiie Steep Holmes, in the Severn. Dr. Gapfter.
Biennial. Ju)ie, July.
Root with many strong fibres. Stem solitary, erect, 2 or 3 feet high, j)iirplisli, round, hollow, smooth like every other part.
62 MONOECIA— MONANDRIA. Euphorbia.
Leaves numerous, spretiding in 4 rows, opposite, sessile, oblong-, acute, entire, of a dark glaucous green ; their base heart- shaped ; the lower ones gradually diminishing. Umbel solitary, terminal, large, of 4 repeatedly forked branches. Bracteas heartshaped, entire, tapering to a point. Fl. sessile in each fork, solitary, variegated with yellow and dark purple. Nect. rounded, with blunt horns. Caps, large, smooth. The half-ripe capsules, however acrid, are reported to be sometimes pickled, as a substitute for Capers j but the Caltha, v.3.59, is a better imitation as to outward appearance.
*■*** Umbel of 5 branches.
5. E. portlandica. Portland Spurge.
Umbel five-branched, forked. Bracteas slightly, heart- shaped, concave. Leaves linear obovate pointed, smooth, spreading. Nectaries four. Capsule rough at the angles.
E. portlandica. Linn. Sp. PL 6o6. Willd. v. 2. 9l\. Fl.Br.5\5. Engl. Bot. V. 7. 441. Jacq. Hort. Schonbr. v. 4. 44. t, 487.
Tithymalus maritimus minor, Portlandicus. Dill, in Rail S?jn. 313. L2i.f.6.
On the sea cost, chiefly in the south.
On the narrow neck of land which joins Portland to Dorsetshire. Rev. Mr. Stonestreet. Also on several parts of the coasts of Devonshire, Cornwall, and Wales. Huds. Upon the warren near Exmouth, plentifully. Bishop of Carlisle. Found by Mr. James Smith in Scotland, on the Gallway coast. Mr. G. Don. 1802.
Perennial. August.
Root long and slender, much branched, spreading widely. Herb glaucous, sm.ooth. Stems about a foot high, ascending, leafy, round, becoming purplish in autumn. Leaves numerous, scat- tered, an inch long, varying in breadth, but of a more or less narrow obovate figure, obtuse with a small point, entire. Umbel of 5, repeatedly forked, branches, and attended by a few scattered branches besides, from the bosoms of the upper leaves. There are 5 leaves at the base of the umbel, like those of the stem. Bracteas rather rhomboid than heart-shaped, pointed. Nect. 4, broadly crescent-shaped. Caps, rough at the angles. Seeds copiously dotted, or reticulated.
The Greek plant referred to this species in Prodr. Fl. Grcpc.v. 1. 327, proves on a more accurate inspection, to differ in having broader leaves, smooth angles to the capsule, and larger seeds, which are neither dotted nor reticulated. Hence this new species has received the name of leiosperma, in Fl. Grcec.v. 5. ol.t. 465.
Tithymalus of Barrelier, t. 822, though quoted by Linn^us and Jacquin, and of course by Willdenow, is a mountain species, not
MONOECIA— MONANDRIA. Euphorbia. 63
well answering in characters to our portlancUca, which seems confined to the shores of Britain.
6. E. paralia. Sea Spurge.
Umbel about five-branched, forked. Bracteas heart-kid- ney-shaped. Leaves imbricated upwards, concave. Nec- taries five. Capsule nearly smooth.
E. paralia. Fi.Br.b\^. Engl. Bot. v.3. t. 195.
E. Paralias. Linn. Sp. Pl.6b7. fVilld. v. 2. 9 12. Jacn. Hort. Vind. i;.2.88. M88.
Tithymalusparalius. Rail Syn. 3\2. Dod.Pe}npt.370.f,f.' Bauh. Hist. U.S. p. 2. 674./. G75. Ger. Em. 498./. Matth. ra/gr. v. 2. 590./. Camer. Epit. 9G2./. Dalech. Hist. 1 647./. Lob. Ic. 354./
On the sandy sea coast in many places, but not very common.
Perennial. August, September.
Root woody and tough, sending up several flowering stems about a foot high 5 with others of humbler growth, clothed with leaves only. The whole herb is smooth and glaucous, whitish when dry. Leaves on all the stems very numerous, imbri- cated upwards, in several rows, elliptic-oblong, varying in breadth, sessile, concave, entire j convex at the back. ' VmbeL of from 4 to 6 forked branches. Bracteas heart-shaped, or somewhat kidney-shaped. Nect. 5, of a roundish crescent- shape, with short points. Caps, externally roughish, or wrinkled. Seeds brown, smooth.
7. E./ie/ios'co/na. Sun Spurge. CominonWart-wort.
Umbel ot^five three-cleft, then forked, branches. Bracteas and leaves obovate, serrated. Nectaries four, undivided. Capsule smooth.
E. helioscopia. Linn. Sp. PL 658. ff'illd. r. 2. 9 1 1. Fl. Br. 5 1 6.
Engl. Bot. V. 13. t. 883. Curt. Lond.fasc. 1. t. 'dti. Hook. Scot.
148. E/ir/i. PL Of. 345. Tithymalus n. 1050. Hull. Hist. v. 2. 10. T. helioscopius. Raii Sijn.3\3. Matth. Talgr. v. 2.59 l.f, not f,oo(\.
Camer. Epit. 963./ Fuchs. Hist.Sll.f. /c.468./. Ger. L'm. 498. / Dalech. Hist. 1648./ Dod. Pempt. 371./ Esula vulgaris. Trag. Hist. 294./
A common weed in cultivated ground.
Annual. Juli/, August.
Root tapering. Ihrh smooth, of a full grass c:reen, abounding with milk, which is used by rustics to tkstroy warts, wheni e the name Wart-wort, usually corrupted into Kat-weed. Yet HuUer says this juice is rather salt than acrid. On the con-
64 MONOECIA— MONANDRIA. Euphorbia.
trary, Linnaeus declares it to be corrosive and ulcerating, like Cantharides ; and he further asserts in Fl. Suec. on the authority of a Dr. Hagstrom^ that the plant, eaten by cattle, gives a dis- agreeable smell to meat. Sheep that feed upon it are attacked with diarrhcea. The stem is erect, a span high, or more, leafy, generally branched at the bottom, and terminated by a large green umbel, of 5 branches, each of w^hich divides into 3 others which are forked ; the whole copiously furnished with obovate serrated bracteas, of which the uppermost are rather heart- shaped. Leaves obovate, finely serrated, tapering at the base, or stalked. Nect. 4, roundish, entire, at first green, then turn- ing yellow. Caps, smooth and even in every part.
8. E. strict a. Upright Warty Spurge.
Umbel of about five three-cleft, then forked, branches. Leaves lanceolate, finely serrated. Nectaries four, rounded, entire. Capsule warty. Seeds smooth.
E. stricta. Linn. Sijst, Nat, ed. 10. u. 2. 1049. Fl. Grcec v. 5. 53.
^.469. E. platyphylla. Huds.209. Herb. D.Rose. Fl. Br. 517, a.Comp.
ed. 4. 148. Tithymalus platyphyllos. Rail Syn. 312 ; synonyms doubtful, /3. Euphorbia stricta. Ejigl. Bot.v. 5. t. 333. E. verrucosa. Huds. 209; not of Linn. Tithymalus verrucosus. Raii Syn. 312 t not of Bauhin, nor of
Dalechamp. In cornfields, but rare. a. Wild in Mr. Ray's orchard at Black Notley, Essex. Raii Syn.
Near Northfleet, Kent. Hudson. jS. In Essex, Mr. Dale : near York, Dr. Robinson. Ray. On the
north side of Eversden wood, Cambridgeshire. Rev. Mr. Relhan,
Gathered near Harefield, in 1793.
Annual. July, August.
Fev.' British plants are involved in more confusion than this. Our first variety, only 12 or 18 inches high, has been confounded by Linnaeus with his E. platyphylla, Jacq. Justr. t.376, which is Haller's Tithymalus n. 1053, very abundant by road sides in Switzerland. This, in every part but the flowers and fruit, is so much larger than our's that they can hardly be supposed the same. However this may be, our's is precisely the Linnsean stricta, first described in the 10th edition of *Sv5^. Nat. v. 2. 1049, though not in either edition of Sp. PI. Our /3 is the same species in a starved condition. It is scarcely credible that Ray, or anybody, should have taken this for the large creeping- rooted Tithymalus verrucosus of J. Bauhin, v. 3. p. 2. 6/3, and Dr. Robinson's plant, found near York, requires therefore to
MONOECIA—MONANDRIA. Euphorbia. 65
be investigated. The following description will identify our E. stricta. Root small, tapering, zigzag, with several lateral fibres. Whole herb light green, somewhat tawny, not black, when dried, quite smooth, except a few occasional hairs on tlie rib of the leaves, or of the hravteas, at the back. Stem erect, from G to 12 or 15 inches high, straight, round, hollow, very smooth, copiously leafy in the upper part, often naked and purplish below. Leaves spreading, ordeflexed, scattered, sessile, lanceolate approaching to obovate, acute, finely but unequally serrated ; dilated in some degree at the base, so as to be heart-shaped, or auricled ; the lowermost often slightly stalked. Umbel of 5 branches in strong plants ; in weaker ones of only 3 or 4 5 each in 3 subdivisions, once or twice forked, when luxuriant ; otherwise simply forked, or scarcely at all subdivided. Several branches, once or twice forked, spring from some of the uppermost leaves. There is often a iio^iiiwy Jiuwer in the centre of the main umbel, whose branches are, as usual, accompanied by an equal number of ovate bracleas, all serrated like the partial' ones above them, which are rather heart-shaped. A^ec^ 4, roundish, yellow, entire. 6' 6?;v72. granulated. Cap^. covered with small obtuse warts, scarcely more prominent than those of the germen. Seeds somewhat lenticular, very smooth, of a brownish lead- colour. In Fl. Br. the partial bracteas are said to be occasionally hairv all over, a mistake arising from some erroneous specimens. Several exotic species, allied to this, require elucidation. E. verrucosa, Linn. Mant. 2, 393, from the Levant, is very different from the original one, and might well be named muricata, in allusion to the prickly capsules.
***** Umbel of Of or more branches.
9. E. Esitla. Leafy-branched Spurge.
Umbel of iiiinieroiis forked braiiclies. Bracleas ncailv hcart-slia})ed. All the leaves iinifonii. Nectaries rhom- boid with two horns. Capsule smooth.
E. Esula. Linn. Sp. PI. GGO. Willd. v. 2.919. Fl. Br. r> 1 8. £//-/. Bot. V. 20. M399. Khrh. Herb. SG. lluok. Scot. 148. See Lhr/uf 1135. ^
Tithymalus n. lOlfi. Hall. IFist.v. 2. 8. A doubtful Swi.ss plant. T. |)ineus, Ger. Em. 499./. Lub. /c. 357. f. T. Cyparissias. Fuclts. IJist. H\2.j: /c. 4G9./. Esula. Riv Tcfrap. Jrr.t. 113.
E. minor. Dod. Ptmpt. 374./ Dalcch. UUt. 1G53./. In shady woods, rare.
In a wood near a rivulet at .^bercorn, 13 miles west of Edinburgh. Mr. B. CharUsworth, and Mr. J. Mackaij. In some other spotJi
66 MONOECIA— MONANDRIA. Euphorbia.
a few miles from Edinburgh ; Mr. Maughan. Hooker, At SHnfold, Sussex. Mr. W. Borrer.
Perennial. July.
Root creeping, woody. Herb smooth, light green, not glaucous. Stems \2 or 1 8 inches high, erect, round, solid, leafy, with several lateral axillary, leafy branches, destitute of flowers. Leaves of the branches, as well as of the main stem, numerous, scattered, on short stalks, linear, inclining to obovate, entire, all uniform. Umbel of 8 or 1 0 branches, which are once or twice forked, and there are similar ones from the bosoms of some of the upper leaves. Bracteas broadly heart-shaped, entire, with a small point. Nect. 4, of a tawny brown, rhomboid, with 2 lateral horns. Germen smooth. I have not seen the capsule or seeds, which perhaps are rarely perfected, the plant increasing much by root.
The cuts of Fuchsius surely represent this, and not the following.
10. E. Cyparissias. Cypress Spurge.
Umbel of numerous forked branches. Bracteas somewhat heart-shaped. Stem-leaves lanceolate ; those of the la- teral branches linear and very narrow. Nectaries lu- nated. Capsule nearly smooth.
E. Cyparissias. Linn. Sp. PL 661. Willd. v. 2. 920, excl. var. (3.
H.Br. 519. Engl.Bot.vA2.t.840. With. 451. Winch Guide 46.
Hook. Scot. 148. Jacq. Austr. t. 435. Tithymalus n. 1047. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 8. T. Cyparissias. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 592./. Dod. Pempt. 371./.
Dalech. Hist. 1644. f. 1648./. Moris, v. 3. 338. sect. 10. t. 2.
/29. T. cupressinus. Ger, Em. 499./. Lob. Ic. 356./.
In groves, thickets, and the barren borders of fields.
In the Earl of Stamford's woods, at Enville, Staffordshire. With- ering. Barton Leat wood, Bedfordshire. Rev. Dr. Abbot. Near Alnwick, Northumberland. Mr. Winch.
Perennial. June, July.
Root woody, creeping extensively, but not rapidly. Herb smooth, smaller in its leaves, bracteas and flowers than the preceding, from which it differs strikingly in the greater abundance, very narrow shape, and more glaucous colour of the leaves of its la- teral branches, which though they generally bear no flowers, often rise above the central umbel in great numbers. The branches of the umbel are from 10 to 15, twice forked. Bracteas pointless, assuming a beautiful scarlet hue after the flowers are past. Nect. 4, yellow, crescent-shaped, correctly distin- guished in Engl. Bot. from those of E. Esula. Caps, mostly smooth and even, but not unfrequently warty in an early state.
MONOECIA— MONANDRIA. Euphorbia. 67
Haller notices the nectaries of this and the last, which he consi- ders as affording good distinctive marks of the two species. Yet he misquotes Rivinus and Fuchsius. C. Bauhin Hkewise appears to confound these Euphorhice under his Tltlnjmalus cyparissias, Pin. 291. n. 1 and 2 ; but there are few species more distinct.
11. E. hiberna. Irish Spurge. Makinboy.
Umbel of six forked branches. Bracteas ovate. Leaves obtuse. Stem simple. Nectaries kidney-shaped, point- less. Capsule warty, erect.
E. hvberna. Linn. Sp. PI. 662. mild. v. 2. 923. Fl. Br, .519.
Engl.Bot. V. 19. t. 1337. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 18. 14. Tithymalus hibernicus. How Phijt. \2\. Raii Syn. 312. T. hibernicus, vasculis muricatis erectis. Dill. Elth. 387. t. 290. T. platyphvllos. Clus. Hist.v.2. 190./. Dod. Pewpt.372.f. Ger.
£m.50d./. Dalech. Hist. 1649./ T. latifolius hispanicus. Bank. Pi«.29l. Plataphyllum hispanicum. Lob. Ic.SGl.f. Broad Spurge. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 53./ 7.
In fields, thickets and woods.
In Ireland. Ray. Common in the county of Kerry, Dr. Wade. Near Belfast. Mr. Templeton. About the lake of Killarney, also in other parts of Kerry, as well as in Cork. Rev. T. Butt. Among the corn near Twickenham park, against Richmond, and near Otterspool j Mr. Doody. Dill, but this appears, by the Hortus Elthamensis, to have proved a mistake. Mr. Hudson nevertheless found it between Feversham, and Sittingbourn in Kent.
Perennial. June.
Root tapering. Whole /><an< nearly smooth, deep green, abound- ing with very acrid milk. Stem nearly 2 feet liigh, erect, round, solid, leafy, destitute of lateral branches, except now and then from the bottom. Leaves scattered, sessile, numerous, 2 or 3 inches long and one broad, entire, more or less obtuse, and often regularly obovate,asin the old wooden cuts j the youngest having hairy midribs. Umbel largo, almost constantly of 6 rays, whicli reach but little beyond the large, eihi)tic-ol)long gtntral bracteas. The partial bracteas are ovate and much smaUer, often yellowish, their ribs smooth. Ned. 4, broad and sliort, inversely ki(hiey-shaj)e(l, entire, pointless, of a tawny, or brown-purplisli, colour, with large, intermediate, upright, pale, rounded scales. Barren Jl. numerous, the joint of the fHamcnt with its stalk very evident. Fertile Jl. as well as the /r«i/ always erect, which Dil- lenius justly notices, as very peculiar in this genus. Germen and capsule covered with very prominent warts. Seeds roundish, smooth.
p2
68 MONOECIA.— MONANDRIA. Euphorbia.
12. E. amygdalokles. Wood Spurge.
Umbel of about six forked branches; with numerous ax- illary stalks beneath. Bracteas rounded, perfoliate. Leaves obtuse, hairy. Capsule smooth.
E. amvgdaloides. Linn. Sp. PL 662. Jm.Jcad. v.3. 126. Willd. V. 2. 924. Fl. Br. 520. Engl. Bot. v. 4. t. 256.
E. sylvatica. Linn. Sp. PI. ed. 1. 463. Am. Acad. v. 3. 126. Jacq. Austr. t. 375. Bull. Fr. t. 95.
Tithymalus n. 1045. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 8.
T. characias amygdaloides. Bauh. Pin. 290. RaiiSyji.3l2.Ger. Em. 500. f.
T. characias primus. Dod. Pempt. 368./. Dalech. Hist. 1646. f.
T. sylvaticus, toto anno folia retinens. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p. 2.671. /.
T. lunato flore. Column. Ecphr. v. 2. 56. t. 57.
Characias amygdaloides. Lob. Ic. 360. f.
In woods, groves, and thickets, common.
Perennial. March, April. y, \
Root branching, knotty, somewhat \voodY^-rMe.rb milky, soft and downy. Stems several, rather shflEby, biennial, simple, leafy, round ; purple in the lower part when stripped of its leaves -, many-flowered above. Leaves scattered, numerous, spreading, stalked, entire, oblong or obovate, obtuse. Umbel usually of 5 or 6 simply forked branches, accompanied beneath by nume- rous similar branches, solitary from the bosoms of the paler, or purplish, more remote, upper leaves. Bracteas yellowish, pale, combined, rounded, pointless, nearly or quite smooth. Nect. 4, crescent-shaped, acute, yellow. Caps, elliptical, smooth.
Sometimes each bractea has a minute point. On this Linnaeus founded the character of his original E. sylvatica, which how- ever is a very trivial variety. What he afterwards took for syl- vatica is segetalis. For ascertaining this I am obliged to my friend Prof. DeCandolle, and at his persuasion I do not scruple to unite amygdaloides and sylvatica, whose descriptions and figures are generally much confounded by authors. Haller went far enough to discover this j but declined pursuing the investi- gation of numerous species, not natives of either Switzerland or Britain, involved in the confusion.
13. E. Characias, Red Shrubby Spurge.
Umbel of numerous forked downy branches ; with many axillary crowded stalks beneath. Bracteas somewhat pointed, perfoliate. Leaves lanceolate, downy. Capsule hairy.
E. Characias. Linn. Sp. PI. 662. Willd. v,2. 925. Fl. Br, 521. Engl. Bot. v.7.t. 442. Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 89. Coll. v. 1 . b7 .
MONOECIA— MONANDRIA. Zannichellia. 69
TithymalusCharacias. Matth.P'algr.v. 2.588./. Ccnner.Epit.960.f.
Clus.Hist. V. 2. 188./. Dalech.H'ist. \*42.f. T. Characias rubens joeregrinus, Bauh. Pin. 290. T. Characias Monspeliensium. Rail Syn. S\2. Ger. Em. 499./. T. Characias seciindus. Dod. Pe)npt.'SG8./ T. amygdaloides sive Characias. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p. 2. G72./. Churacias Monspelliensis. Lob. Ic.3d9./. Esula caule crasso. Riv. Tetrop. Irr. t. 115.
In bushy mountainous places, rare.
In the forest of Needwood, Staffordshire,, very plentifully, undoubt- edly wild. Mr. IVhatelij.
Shrub. March, April.
Stems shrubby, perennial, three feet high, or more, downy, very milky, purplish brown, hollow, simple ; leafy in the upper part. Leaves numerous, evergreen, crowded, on winged stalks, spread- ing every way, lanceolate, acute, entire, dark green, paler be- neath, downy and soft to the touch, though rather more coria- ceous than the last J the upper ones gradually shorter and broader. Umbel large, of 12 or 15 downy stiff branches j besides many axillary ones from the u))permost leaves ; each once or twice forked. Bracleas of a lighter green, downy, broadly heart- shaped, partly pointed ; combined at the base. Nect.4, cres- cent-shaped, obtuse, dark purple. Caps, drooping, of 3 tumid hairy lobes.
The scent of the /lowers is powerfully fetid, and disagreeable, though the aspect of the plant is not unhandsome. It is evi- dently distinct from the last, and from numerous foreign shrubby species, which approach it in general habit, but whose nectaries are mostly yellow, or reddish, and their leaves smooth.
424. ZANNICHELLIA. Horned-pondweed.
Linn. Gen. \7C). Juss.\9, Fl.Br.9:ro. Mich. Gen. 70. t.3\. Lam.
t.74l. Gcertn. t.\9. Graminifolia. Dill. Giss.suppl. 1G8.
Nat. Ord. Inundatcv. Linn. 15. Xaiades. Juss. G. Flu- viales. Hook. Scot. j). 2. \9'3.
Barren fl. Cal. none. Cor. none. Filam. solitary, sessile, simple, erect, taller tlian iha Jrr/./l. Arit/i. ovale-oblon«^% erect, of 2 or 4 parallel cells.
Fcrt. fl. solitary, by the side of the burr. JL ('(d. of 1 small, tumid, cloven leaf, inferior. (\>r. none. ( irnn. l or 5, rarely more, stalked, ohlon*:;, ohtuse, incurved. Sli/lr 1 to each germen, terminal, simple, erect, shorter than the germen. Sfi<^ni. solitary, sprcaclin'T, peltate, ovale, dilated, entire, or toothctl. Cajjs. stalked, oblong, incurvetl, iome-
70 MONOECIA— MONANDRIA. Zannichellia.
what compressed, of 1 cell and 1 valve, not bursting ; tumid and rugged at the outer edge ; tipped vi^ith the permanent style. Seed solitary, of the form of the cell, monocotyledonous, with a very thin, simple, membra- nous skin. Embryo central, tapering, incurved. Alhimen none. Slender, branched, floating Jierhs; submersed, except when in flower. Leaves simple, alternate, or partly opposite, linear, entire. Fl. axillary, in pairs.
1. Z. palustris. Common Horned-pondweed.
Anther of four cells. Stigmas entire.
Z. palustris. Lmn.Sp,Pm7o. Willd. v.4. \S\. Fl.Br.955.
Engl. Bot. V. 26. t. 1844. Hook. Scot. 258. Mill. Illustr. t. 77,
Fl. Dan. t. 67. Z. n. 1604, Hall. Hist. V. 2. 279. Z. palustris major, foliis gramineis acutis, fiore cum apice quadri-
capsulari, embryonis clypeolis integris, et vasculo iion barbato,
capsulis seminum adcostam dentatis. Mich. Gen. 71. t.34.f. 1. Aponogeton aquaticum graminifoHum, staminibus singularibus.
Ponted. Anthol. I 17. Rail Syn. 135. Potamogeton capillaceum^capitulis ad alas trifidis. Bauh. Pin. 193.
Prodr. 101. Potamogeito similis^ graminifolia ramosa, et ad genicula polyce-
ratos. Pluk. Almag. 305. Phyt. t.\02.f.7. Horned Pondweed. Pctiv. H. Brit. t. 6.f. 2.
In ponds and ditches.
Annual. July.
Root of several very slender fibres. Herb smooth. Stem thread- shaped, much branched, leafy, 12 or 18 inches long, floating. Leaves very narrow, acute, generally opposite under the Jlowers. Bractea axillary, solitary, tubular, membranous, oblique ; in- cluding one barren flower, consisting of a simple stamen ; and a fertile one on a short stalk. Anth. oblong, with 4 furrows and as many cells. Germens 4 or 5, their stigmas ovate, spreading, quite entire at the edges. Caps, tubercular, or rugged, at the outer edge.
Z. dentata of Willdenow, separated by him at my suggestion from our British plant, was long ago well distinguished by Micheli, t. 34./. 2 3 and if he be correct as to the 2 cells of its anther, and the toothed stigynas, nothing can be more distinct. It may probably be found in England.
[ 71 ]
MONO EC I A TRIJNDRIA. 425. TYPHA. Cat's-tail, or Reed-mace.
Linn. Gen. 479. Juss.2o. Fl.Br.9j9. Tourn.t. 301. Lam. t. 748. Gcsrtn. t. 2.
Nat. Ord. Calamaricc, Linn. 3. Piperitce. Linn. Ms. Zy- phcs. Juss. 8. Avoid ecu. Br. Prodr. 338. A^. 426 the same.
Ba?T, Jl. numerous, in a dense, soft, cylindrical, terminal catkin, whose common receptacle is hairy or scaly. CaL none. Cor.. none. Anth. 3, more or less, drooping, ob- long, obtuse, furrowed, on one common ^fil am C7if.
Fert.Ji. numerous, in the lower part, continuous or inter- rupted, of the same c^/^/-/^. C«/. none. Cbr. none. Germ. superior, stalked, elliptic-oblong. Stijle capillary. Stigma simple. Seed solitary, ovate, crowned with the style, and beset with several capillary bristles, attached to the base of its stalk.
Cree})ing-rooted, aquatic, upright herbs, with wand-like, cylindrical, simple stems, leafy at the bottom only. Leaves linear, erect, long, narrow, entire, smooth. Catkin ter- minal, erect. Aiith. yellow, deciduous. Fert.Ji. brown, l^erhaps this genus ought to be referred to Monoecia Mo- Jiadelphia.
1. T. latifolia. Great Cat's-tail or Reed-mace.
Leaves somewhat convex beneath. Catkin continuous. Re- ceptacle hairy.
T. latifolia. Linn. Sp. PL 1377. mild. v. 4. 197. Fl. Br. D.VJ.
Engl. But. v.2\. t. 1455. Hook. Scot. 259. Lecrs207. Fl. Dan.
t.G4:>. T. major. Curt. Lond.fasc. 3. t.G\. T. n. 1305. Hall. Hist, v 2. 1G3. Typha. Had Syn. 430. Fuchs. Hist. 823./. Ger. Em. 40./. Lvb,
Ic. 8 1 ./. Matth. / algr. v. 2. 210./. Camer. Epit. 007.'./'- T. aquatica. Trag. Hust. 08!./ Daltrli. Hist. DIM./ T. palustris major. Bauh. Pin. 20. Theatr.X\7 . f. Bank. Hist. v.'l.
531)../'. Moris. V. 3. 240. sect. H. /. 1 3./ 1 . Junciis aspcr Dodoniui, Dalcili. llist. 9>^9. J. In ponds, ditches, and slow streams, often among reeds. Perenninl. Juhj.
72 MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Typha.
Root stout, creeping, furnished with many thick hairy fibres. Herb smooth. Stems about 6 feet high, erect, round, solid, perfectly straight and simple, without joint or knot, leafy at the very bottom only. Leaves several, upright, almost as tall as the stems, linear, entire, tapering to a bluntish pointy rather convex at the back ; ^.lightly concave in front ; their bases sheathing, with a blunt membranous edge 3 the outer ones short and abortive. Catkin terminal, erect, about a foot long, uninterrupted • the barren part longest and thickest while in blossom, and furnished with a few scattered lanceolate scales. After the yellow stamens have fallen, the fertile part swells, becomes of a dark brown, and an inch thick, resembling coarse plush, finally dissolving into a mass of innumerable minute seeds, each wnnged under- neath w^ith fine hairs, and carried away by the wind. Haller says this downy substance serves to stuff pillows.
2. T. angiistifoVia. Lesser Cat's- tail or Reed-mace.
Leaves slightly semicylindrical ; channelled above. Barren catkin separated from the fertile one. Receptacle scaly.
T. angustifolia. Linn. Sp. PL 1377. fiWd. v. 4. 1 98. FL Br. 959.
Engl. Bot.v.2\. t. 1456. Hook. Scot. 259. FLDan.t.8l5. T. minor. Curt. Lond.fasc. 3. t. 62. T. n. 1306. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 163. T. palustris media. RaiiSyn. 436. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 540. Moris.
v.3.246.sect.8.t. 1 3./ 2. T. palustris clavR gracili. Bauh. Pin. 20. Theatr. 340./.
In pools and ditches, less frequent than the foregoing.
About the middle of Woolwich Common. Curtis. In clay-pits near Bungay. Mr. Woodward.. Between Norwich and Hing- ham, and in some other parts of Norfolk^ Suffolk, and Essex.
Perennial. June, July,
Like the T. latifoUa in general habit, but much more slender. Leaves not half so broad, but more concave 3 semicylindrical in their lower part. There is a smooth naked portion of the stem^ from J an inch to an inch, between the barren and fertile cat- kins, and the co)umon receptacle of both is rather scaly, or tu- berculated, than hairy.
The Rev. Revett Sheppard found, in the marshes of Great Oakley, Essex, what seems a variety of this species, growing among the latifoUa, having much thicker/er/i/e catkins than such as grew in the neighbourhood of Little Oakley unaccompanied by the latifoUa. The receptacle in these specimens however agrees with angusfifoUa, and there is a naked space above the fertile catkin. Mr. Sheppard suspected the pollen of the neighbouring large species might have affected these catkins, or it may per- haps be conjectured that they were the produce of mule plants,
MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Sparganium. 73
originating from former impregnation. The fertile catkins of T. angustifolia aometlmes split longitudinally in growing. See Engl. Bot.
3. T. minor. Dwarf Cat's-tail or Reed-mace.
Leaves linear, convex beneath. Catkins a little distant ; barren one leafy ; fertile short and turgid ; often inter- rupted. Anthers nearly solitary. Receptacle naked.
T. minor. Fl. Br. 960. Engl. Bot. v.2\. t.] 457. M'illd. Sp. PL v. 4. 197. Bauh.Hist.v.2.540.f. Dalech. Hist. 995. f. Lob, /c. 81./.
T. minima. fVilld. Sp. PL v. 4. 1 97.
T. angustifolia /3. Li)in. Sp. PL 1378. Huds. 400.
T. n. I30G p. HalL Hist. v. 2. 163.
T. palustris minor. Bauh. Pin. 20. Theatr. 34\ ./. Dill, in Rail Si/n. 436.
T. minima, duplici clava. Moris, v. 3. 246, secf.S. t. 13./. 3.
In marshes, but rare.
Found by Mr. Dandridge on Hounslow Heath. Dillenius.
Perennial. July.
Much smaller than either of the preceding. Stem very slender, about a foot, or foot and half, high. Leaves about a line in breadth ; channelled above ; convex beneath ; as tall as the stem ; pale and blunt at the point, being rather more tumid in that part than the other species. They are accompanied by nu- merous broad sheathing scales, the innermost of wliich arc half as tall as the stems, and have been taken for leaves. W'illdenovv not having seen a remark to this effect in E.ugl. Bot. has been led to make two species out of one. The barren catkin often bears a membranous leaf, or scale, at the base, or at the sum- mit. The anthers are short and thick, mostly solitary on each filament. Recept. apparently naked. Feri. catkin short and thick, becoming tumid, and oval, as it ripens, frequently inter- rupted about the middle ; its u))per half is sometimes' conti- nuous with the barren catkin. Seeil with numerous bristles at the base of its stalk. I have seen no English specimen of this very distinct species ; but tlic older writers could not possibly mistake it, nor would Linnanis, had he ever examined the plants, have confounded it with tlie last.
426. SPARGANIUM. Bur-rcod.
Linn Gcn.\m. Juss.2G. Fl.Br.9u\. Tourn.t. 302. Lam.t.74S. Geerln. t. 19.
Nat. Orel, see //. 42.5.
Burr. /L numerous, aggregate, in one, or moic, dense, su- perior balls. CaL of.'), or more, oblong, obtuse, equal,
74 MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Sparganium.
deciduous leaves. Cor. none. Filain. 3, capillary, erect, longer than the calyx. Aiith. roundish, of 2 cells.
Fert.Jl. numerous, in similar balls, beneath the former. Cal. as in the barren fl. Cor, none. Germ, superior, ovate. Style short, terminal. Stigma awl-shaped, or ovate, oblique, downy at one side, mostly solitary, rarely 2, permanent. Dnipa obovate, beaked, dry, of 1, rarely 2, cells. Nut solitary, ovate. Embri/o cylindrical, straight, in the centre of a mealy albumen. Common recept. glo- bose, naked.
Creeping-rooted, aquatic, juicy, smooth, upright or float- ing herbs. Stem round, solid, leafy ; in some species branched at the top. Leaves alternate, simple, linear, flat, entire, pliant. Balls oijlowers alternate, on a com- mon stalk. Anth, whitish. Germ, green.
1. S. 7'amosum, Branched Bur-reed.
Leaves triangular at the base, with concave sides. Com* mon flower-stalk branched. Stigma linear.
S. ramosum. Hwh. 40 1 . F/. Br. 1)6 1 . Engl. Bot. v.]]. t. 744.
fVilld. Sp. PL V. 4. 199. Curt. Lond.fasc. 5. t. QQ. Hook. Scot.
260. Rail Syn. 437. Bauh. Pin. 15. Theatr. 228. f. Ger. Em,
45./. Moris, v. 3. 247. sect. 8. t. 13./. 1 . Ehrh. Calam. 138. S. erectum. Linn. Sp. PL 1378. Leers 207. t. 13./, 11. S. n. 1303. a. HalL HisL v. 2. 162. Sparganium. Matth. Falgr, v. 2. 339./. Camer. Epit.7 32. f. Lob.
Ic. 80./ S. quibusdam. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 541./ Phleos foemina. Dalech. Hist. 1017./
In ditches, and the margins of ponds and rivers, common.
Perennial. July, August.
Stem upright, about 3 feet high, very vascular, terminating in seve- ral alternate flower-branches, the lower ones accompanied by short clasping leaves. Radical leaves triangular at the base, the spaces between their angles somewhat concave, not flat j sword- shaped, erect, and elongated in their upper part, ending rather obtusely. Balls ofjlowers alternate, sessile ; the barren ones white, above the rest, and most numerous. Calyx-leaves spatu- late, brown. Style short. Stigmalong, oblique, downy at one side, mostly solitary. Drupa with rarely more than one seed.
The herbage serves for package, along with similar coarse grassy plants, and is softer and more pliant than most of them, not cutting the hands by any sharp edges, like Carices or Fern.
MONOECIA— TKIANDRIA. Sparganium. 75
2. S. simplex. Unbranched Upright Bur-reed.
Leaves triangular at the base, with flat sides. Common flower-stalk simple. Stigma linear.
S. simplex. HudsA^l. FLBr. 902. Engl. Bot.v.W. t. 745. IVilld.
Sp. PL V. 4. 199. Curt. Lond.fasc. 5. t. 67. Hook, Scot. 260.
Dic/is. H. Sice. fasc. 6.7. S. superaxillare. Ehrh. Calam. 129. S. erectum /3. Lbin. Sp. PL 1378.
S. n.34j.* Linn. EL Lapp. ed. 1.271, ed.2. 280. Herb. Linn. S. n. 1303 p. HalL Hist. v. 2. 162. S. non ramosum. Raii Sijn. 437. Bauh. Pin. 15. Theatr. 231. f.
Moris. v.'S. 245. sect. 8. t. 13./. 3. S. alterum. Lob. Ic. 80./. Dalech. Hist. 1019./ i^aw/i. //ii/.u. 2.
541./ S. latitolium. Ger. Em. 45./. Sparganium. Tillands. Ic. \5.f.
In pools and ditches, especially on a gravelly soil.
Perennial. Julij, August.
Linnteus, Ilaller and Leers have considered this as a variety of the preceding, but Hudson, Curtis, Ehrhart and succeeding botanists have well distinguished them. Tlie present is a smaller plant. Tlie intermediate spaces, between the 3 angles, at the base of each radical leaf, is flat, not concave, as Curtis, I believe, first remarked. The stem is erect, perfectly simple, not branched or panicled, the lowermost head o( flowers only being usually ele- vated on a partial stalk. Calyx green, or not of so deep a brown as in the former. /^«//?eri- rather yellower. 67i^^wa long and li- near, for the most part solitary.
o. S. natans. Floating Bur-reed.
Leaves floating, flat ; concave at the base. Common flower- stalk simple. Stigma ovate, very short. Ball of barren flowers mostly solitary.
S. natans. Linn. % 7'/. 1378. /r7//(/. r.4. 200. ElBr.Wl. Engl.
Bot. V. 4. t. 273. Jlook. Scot. 260. EL Dan. t. 260. Dicks. H.
Sicc.fasc. 6. 8. Ehrh. Calam. 110. S. simplex /3. JJHds.4()\. 8. n. 1301. HalL Hi^it. v. 2. 163. S. minimum. RaiiStjn.437. Bauh. Pin. 15? Prodr.24}
In muddy fens, or slow rivers.
In the Norwich river. Mr. Rose. Ponds in Scotland. Dickson.
Common in tiie lakes about Lochmaben, Dumfries.shire. Mr. J.
Burqcss, 1/82. In Hurwell fens, Cambridgeshire. Rcv.Mr.Hnn-
sfcd. Near Manthester. />>. HulL Perennial. Julu.
76 MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex.
Herb floating, about half the size of the last, of a pale transparent green, with nearly flat, or slightly channelled, leaves, not trian- gular at the base. Globules of fertile^owjers 2 or 3, alternate, the lowermost stalked ; the barren one terminal, mostly soli- tary. Cal. pale green. Stigma solitary, very short, ovate, pel- tate, oblique, on a short thick style. Seed solitary.
The form of the stigma clearly distinguishes this species.
427. CAREX. Carex, or Sedge.
Linn, Gen. 482. Juss. 26. Ft. Br. 963. Br. Pr. 241. Dill. Gen.
165. t. 14. Mich. Gen. 66. t. 33. Lam. t. 752. Gcertn. t. 2. Cyperoides. Tourn. t. 300. Mich, Gen. 55. t.32.
Nat. Ord. Calamarice. Linn. 3. Cyperoidece, Juss. 9. Cype- racece, De Cand. 134-. Br. Pr. 212.
Barr. fl. numerous, aggregate, in one, or more, oblong, dense catkins^ their scales imbricated every way. Cal. a single, lanceolate, undivided, permanent scale to each floret. Cor, none. Filam, 3, rarely fewer, capillary, erect or drooping, longer than the scales. Aiith. vertical, long, linear, of 2 cells.
Fert.Jl. numerous, in the same, or more usually in a dif- ferent catJdn, very rarely on a separate plant. Cal, as in the barren fl. Cor. a single, hollow, compressed, ribbed, often angular, permanent glume to each floret ; contracted, mostly cloven, and often elongated at the extremity. Genn. superior, roundish, with 3, rarely but 2, angles, very smooth. Style 1, terminal, cylindrical, short. Stigjn. 3, more rarely 2 only, awl-shaped, long, tapering, downy, deciduous. Seed the shape of the ger- men, with unequal angles, loosely coated with the en- larged, either hardened or membranous, permanent corolla, both together constituting the fruit.
A very extensive genus of the true Calamarice, distinguished from all the rest, as from every one of the Gramina, see V. \. 49 and 71, by the presence of a single- valved, tumid, finally enlarged or hardened, glume., loosely in- vesting the seedy about the proper denomination of which botanists are not well agreed. I have hitherto called it a tunic {arillus) as apparently belonging to the seed; for an arillus may exist without a seed-vessel. But Mr. Brown's having met with it in some barren florets of Carex acuta, unaccompanied by any pistil, invalidates this opinion ; see his Prodr, v. 1. 242 ; and I have now termed it a corolla, which in this case is synonymous
MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex. 77
with his perianth. Linnaeus called it a nectary, which is properly, in most cases, an a}:)pendage to the corolla. The part itself is easily recognised in the flower, and along with the seed constitutes the fruit, affording a most clear and certain generic character, as well as excellent distinctions of the species. The roots in the genus Carcx are, perhaps without excep- tion, perennial, mostly creeping ; sometimes fibrous and tufted only. Herbage grassy, ^tem simple generally with three, finely serrated and sharply cutting, angles, without knots or joints. Leaves linear, pointed, flat, roughish, with similarly cutting edges ; their bases more or less tubular and sheathing; membranous at the sum- mit, often auricled ; the upper ones becoming hracteas. Stipulas hardly any. Catkins one or more, variously disposed and constructed in the different species ; solitary or aggregate, in a very few dioecious ; generally monoe- cious. In several the barren and fertile florets occur in the same catkin, or in the same general spike. When aggregate the catkins, or spikelefs, being separately bracteated, constitute a spike, rather than a compound catkin.
* Catkin solitarij, simple.
1. C. dioica. Creeping Separate-headed Carex.
Catkins simple, dioecious. Fruit ovate, ribbed, ascending, finely serrated at the edges. Root creeping.
C. dioica. Linn. Sp. PL 1379. mild. v. 4. 207. Fl. Br. 963.
Engl. But. V. 8. t. hA'd. Gooden. Tr. of L. Sue. v. 2. 139. Hock.
Scot. 200. H. Dan. t. 3G!). Sch/c. Car. t. A./. I. Ehrh. Phij-
toph. (i. C. cupitata. lluds. 402; Mr. E. Forster.
c. n. i:):>i. Hall. Hist. V. 2. is3.
(jramcn cvpcroidcs minimum, ranunculi capitulo rotundo. Ddl. in
Rail Sy'n. 12:). Moris, v. 3. 2 1."). ;/. 3(i. sect. 8. /. 12./. 3G. Cyperoides parvum &c., n. 2. Mich. Gen. od. t. 32./. 2.
In sponfjy bogs, not uncommon.
I'cTcnnial. May, June
A span iiigli at most. Hoot and Iwrhniic slend»T, smooth. Leaves ket'U'd. .S7//>///r/ short, al)ruj)t. rw/Ai/ji- linear, crtct. Scales brown, with a green rib and wliite edges. Jnth. whitish. Sti^ni. 2. Permanent corolla spreading nearly horizontally, ovate, ribbed at the outer side (-nly, edged with fine serratures in the upper part, searcely notched at the tip. Seed triangular.
78 MONOECIA—TRIANDRIA. Carex.
There is now and then a fertile T^ore/ at the base of the barren catkin, or a few barren^ore^s at the summit of the fertile one.
C, capitata, Fl.Dan. t. 372. Schk, ^. Y./. 80, is always monoecious, and has a smooth-edged corolla ; nor has it ever been found in Britain.
2. C. Davalliana. Prickly Separate-headed Carex.
Catkins simple, dioecious. Fruit lanceolate, triangular, ribbed, deflexed ; its angles rough towards the summit. Root tufted.
C. Davalliana. Sm. Tr. of L. Soc.v. 5. 266. H. Br. 964. Engl.
Bot.v. 30. t. 2123. mild. Sp. PL V. 4.208. Hook. Scot. 260. C. dioica. Huds.40\. E. P'orster. JVilld.Car. Berol.n. 16. Schk.
Car, 6.^.A,Q,W./. 2. ''Host. Gram. v. 1.32.^.41." C. n. 1350. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 182 j the synonyms confused. Gramen cyperoides minus, ranunculi capitulo longiore. Slierard
in Rail Syn. ed. 2. 270. ed. 3. 425. G. cyperoides spica simplici cassa. Scheuchz. Agr.497. t. 11./. 9,
10 J with the synonyms of C. puUcaris. Cyperoides parvum, &c. n. 1. Mich. Gen. 56. t.32.f. I ; not good.
In boggy mountainous situations, but rare, though very common in Switzerland.
In marshy ground in Mearns-shire, North Britain. Prof. James Beattie, jun. In a bog near Crossgate-toll, and by the side of Guillon loch, Edinburgh ; Mr. Maughan. Hooker. On Lands- down near Bath. Mr. GrouU, and Mr. E. Forster. On spongy bogs in the county of Down, Ireland. Sherard, thefrst observer of this species. Near Belfast. Mr. Templeton.
Perennial. May, June.
Taller than the preceding j the root tufted, with strong zigzag fibres, not creeping. Stem sometimes very rough. Catkins twice the length of C. dioica, from which moreover the long-beaked, more or less reflexed, strongly ribbed corolla, rough-edged near the top, but not serrated as in that species, clearly distinguishes the present. The generally accurate Dr. Wahlenberg neverthe- less unites them j an error almost as great as that relating to my Eleocharis multicaulis, v. 1. 64.
Mr. Sieber sent me specimens, from the alps of Carinthia, having several barren as well as i^txtWe florets, in each catkin.
3. C pulinaris. Flea Carex.
Catkin simple ; florets in the upper half barren ; in the lower fertile. Fruit spreading, deflexed, polished, taper- ing at each end. Stigmas two.
C. pulicaris. Linn. Sp. PI. 1380. Willd. ?;. 4. 213. Fl. Br. 965. Engl. Bot.v. 15. t. 1051. Hook. Scot. 261. Lond.t. ]77. Fl.
MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex. 79
Dan.tAGG. Leersl94.t.\4.fA. Schk. Car. 9.t. A.f.3. Ehrh.
Phjtoph.7. C. Psyllophora. Ehrh, in Linn. Suppl. 413. C. minima, caulibus et foliis capillaceis, capitulo singulari tenui-
ori, capsulis oblongis, utrinque acuminatis et deorsiim reflexis.
Mich. Gen. GG. t.'SA.f. 1. Gramen cypeioides minimum, seminibiis cleorsum reflexis pulici-
formibus. Raii Sijn. ed.2.2G9.ed. 3.424. Pluk. Phijt.t.3\.
f. 10. Moris. V, 3. 244. sect. S.i. 12./. 21.
In spongy or muddy bogs, frequent. Perennial. June.
Root tufted, of many slender, smooth, branched fibres. Stems from 6 to 12 inches high, slender, quadrangular, smooth, leafy at the base only. Leaves equally slender and smooth, trian- gular, not quite so tall ; sheathing and ribbed at the base, with hardly any stipula. Catkin slender when in flower ; subsequently its lower half becomes tumid, consisting of fertile. /Zore^s, the upper of barren ones. Scales lanceolate, the lower ones forced oft' by the reflexed, triangular, brown, smooth and nhrn'mg fruit ; so that W'llldenow, as often happens, has altered the specific character for the worse, few Carices having scales so deciduous. The stamens with us are certainly 3. Stigmas 2. The original Linnsean name being latin, like the classical generic one, was most unadvisedly translated into Greek by Ehrhart ; who being entrusted with the printing of the Suppl. Plant. abused that trust, by corrupting the text in this and many other instances, to the great displeasure of the younger Linnseus. He therefore ought not to be followed in any such alterations. Dr. Wahlenberg informs us, in his Ft. Lapp. 224, that C.puUcaris is not found in Lapland, so that n.'339 of the Linnoean Fl. Lapp. must be eitlier the following species, or C.dioica. I should, by the description, take it rather for the following, which Lin- naeus in his herbarium mistook for puiicaris.
4. Qj. pancijlora. Few -flowered Carex.
Catkin sim))ie, lax, of few flowers; the uppermost barren.
Friiit sprea(lin<^-, dcflexed, awl-shajied, smootli. Stigmas
three. C. pauciflora. Li^htf.:y\3.t.G.f.2. Ililld. Sp. Pl.v.4.2\\. El.Ih:
IHiG. Eui^'l. Hot! V. '29. t.2()\\. Ji'mrh Guide v. \ .S3. lUndc.
Scot. 2G I. Dicks. IL Sice. fuse. 1 . 1 G. Don //. Dr. G8. Schk. Car.
10. t. A./. 1. *' Host Grani. v. 1 . 33. t. 42." C. patula. Uuds. 402. and G't? . C. Lcucoglochin. Ehrh. in Linn. Suppl. 4\3. Phjtoph.S. ll'ahlcnb.
Lapp. 22 L FL. Dan. t. 1279, not 1379.
In al|)ine bogs, but rare.
About lialf way up the mountain of Goat-fell, isle of .\rran, in a
so MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex.
peat bog. Light/. Near Glasgow. Hiids. On wet moors in the Highlands. Dicks. On Ben Lomond. Rev. Dr. Walker. Ben Nevis. Dr. Hooker and Mr. Borrer. To the north of Blair, Mr. Winch ; who found it also, for the first time in England, in a peat moss near the south-west end of Crag lake, Northum- berland.
Perennial. June.
Root creeping, scaly, with long fibres. Herbage smooth. Stems from 3 to 5 inches high, ascending, or erect, triangular, fur- rowed. Leaves 2 or 3, sheathing the base of the stem, narrow ; channelled above. Catkin with one, rarely 2, terminal barren Jl'Orets ; and 2 or 3 fertile ones, reflexed as the seed ripens. Stam. 3. Stigm. 3. Fruit of a pale rusty yellow, awl-shaped, pointed, striated, rather longer than the scales of the catkin, which are usually broken off by its reflexed position, as in the last species.
** Catkins or spikelets, aggregate^ each composed of barren and fertile fiorets. Stigmas tivo.
5. C. stellulata. Little Prickly Carex.
Spikelets three or four, roundish, slightly distant. Barren florets inferior. Fruit spreading, with a tapering undi- vided beak.
C. stellulata. Gooden. Tr. ofL.Soc v. 2. 144. Fl. Br. 966. Engl.
Bot. V. 12. t, 806. Hook. Scot. 263. Forst. Tonhr. 103. Willd.
Sp. PL i;.4.236. Schk. Car. 45. t. C.f. 14. Wahlenh. Lapp.
23 1 3 excluding the reference to Schreber. C. muricata. Huds. A()6. Lightf.^A9. Leers \96. t. \A.fS. FL.
Dan. t. 284. C. echinata. Sibth. 28. Ehrh. Calam. 68. C. n. 1366. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 187. C. minor, radice fibrosa, foliis angustioribus, caule exquisite tri-
angulari, spica sesquiunciali mutilata. Mich. Gen. 68. t. 33.
/• 9-
Gramen cyperoides spicatum minimum, spica divulsa aculeate. Raii Syn. 424. Scheuchz. Agr, 485. t. 1 1./. 3.
G. nemorosum, spicis parvis asperis. Baiih. Pin. 7. Moris, v. 3. 244. sect. 8. t. 12./. 26.
G. sylvaticum parvum tenuifolium, cum spica aculeata. Bank. Hist.v. 2.509./. 510.
In boggy meadows, especially on a barren soil, common.
Perennial. May, June.
Root tufted, rather woody, with many strong fibres. Herbage of a grass green. Stem 6-12 inches high, triangular, its edges roughish. Leaves flat, sheathing the base of the stem ; tapering and rough at the point. Spike erect, of 3 or 4 alternate, roundish spikelets, sometimes with a small bractea under the lowermost.
MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex. 81
each consisting of a few barren^ore^s in their lower part^ and several fertile ones above. Fruit spreading, ovate, ribbed, brown, with a flat beak, which is green and rough at the edges, scarcely cloven at the extremity.
6. C. curia. White Carex.
Spikelets about six, elliptical, slightly distant, scarcely bracteated. Scales ovate, membranous, about as long as the ovate, tumid, smooth fruit.
C.curta. Gooden. Tt.o/L. Soc.v. 2.145. Fl.Br.967. Engl. Bot. v.20.t.}3SG. Hook.Scot.263. For s t. Tonbr. \ 03. mild. Sp. PI. V. 4, 241. Car. Berol.\9. t.2.f.3. " Ilust. Gram. v. 1.37. t. 48." Schk. Car. 43. t. C.f. 13. Don. II. Br. 194.
C. brizoides. Iluds. 406.
C. canescens. Light/. 5.30. Fl. Dan. t. 285. JVahlenh. Lapp. 232.
C. elongata. Leers 197. 1. 14./. 7.
C. tenella. Ehrh. Calam. 98.
C. n. 1360. Hall. IIist.v.2. 185.
Gramen cvperoides palustre elegans, spica composita asperiore. Raii Syn. 423.
G. cyperoides elegans, spica composita molli. Dill, in Raii Syn. 423. Pluk.Almag.MS. Phyt. t. 34. f, 4. Rel.Rudb. 2. f. 34.
G. cyperoides, spicis curtis dividsis. Lccs. Pruss. 1 17. ^.32.
In watery meadows, and about the borders of pools and ditches, rather uncommon.
In a pool at Middleton, \\''arwickshire, towards Cole's hill j also near Wrexham, Denbighshire, and in other places. Ray. In bogs in Isla, about two miles from the Sound ; also in ditches by Loch Leven. Herb. Light/. Common in marshy ground in Mearn's shire. Pro/. Beattie. At Virginia water, Windsor forest. Bishop (/ Carlisle. Near Blundeston, Suffolk. Mr. D. Turner.
Perennial. June.
Root slightly creeping. Stem a foot high, with 3 angles rough in the upper part only. Leaves narrow, erect, taper-pointed, rough at the edges and keel, not quite so tall. Spikelets from 4 to (I, scarcely more, alternate, of a sliort, tumid, oval shape, and a ])ale silvery hue j tlie upj)er ones crowded • lowermost now and then accompanied l)y a sKnder bractea. A few of tiie lower Jlorets barren ; tlie rest fertile. Scales all ovate, membranous, acute, with a gncn ril> not reacliing to tlie point. Fruit broadly ovate, rather tumid, finely ribln'd, not furrowed, smooth, with an undivided j)oint. Seed exactly ellij)tica!, flattened, tipped with the permanent style.
The neat, tumid, pale, silvery-white spikelets readily distinguish this ( a rex.
vol. IV. a
82 MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex.
7. C. elongata. Elongated Carex.
Spikelets numerous, oblong, rather distant, without brac- teas. Fruit ovate-oblong, tapering, cloven, many-ribbed, recurved, longer than the scales.
C. elongata. hinn. Sp. PI. 1 383 j omitting the references to Fl. Suec. Bauhin and Morison. Willd. v. 4.240 j excluding the reference to Leers. Schk. Car. 49. t. E.f. 25. Fl. Dan. t. 1236.
C. multiculir.is. Ehrh. Calam. 88.
C.n. 1359. Hall. Hist. V. 2. \S5.
Cyperoides polystachyon, spicis laxis paniculam veluti componen- tibus. Scheiichz. Agr. 487. t.U.f.A.
In marshes, rare.
At Aldwark, near the river Don, below Sheffield, Yorkshire. Mr. Jonathan Salt. 1807.
Perennial. June.
Root tufted, of several stout fibres. Herb rather taller and larger than the last, with more numerous and less tumid spikelets, not white or silvery, but particoloured with green and a rusty hue. Scales ovate, glossy, brown, with a green rib, and dilated pale edges. Fruit near twice their length, strongly ribbed, greenish, ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a short, broad, cloven, spreading or recurved, rough-edged point. Barrenjlorets few, in the lower part of each spikelet.
8. C. ovalis. Oval-spiked Carex.
Spikelets about six, oval, crowded, alternate, with a bractea
under the lowermost. Fruit lanceolate, rough- edged,
striated, nearly entire, the length of the lanceolate acute
scales. C. ovalis. Gooden. Tr. ofL. Soc. v. 2. 148. Fl. Br. 968. Prod. Fl.
Grcec.v.2.227. Engl. Bot. v. 5. t. 306. Hook. Scot. 263. Willd.
Sp. PI. V. 4. 229. Schk. Car. 39. t.B.f.S. C. leporina. Huds. 404. Lightf.547. Leers ]9d. t.\4.f.6. Ehrh.
Phijtoph. 38. Wahlenh. Lapp. 228. C. n. 1361. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 186. Gramen cyperoides, spica e pluribus spicis brevibus mollibus com-
posita. Raii Syn. ed. 2. 268. ed. 3. 422. Scheiichz. Agr. 456.
t. 10./. 15. G. cyperoides palustre majus, spica divisa. Moris, v. 3. 244. sect.
8.t.\2.f.29.
In marshes and watery meadows.
Perennial. June.
Root creeping, scaly. Stem 12 or 18 inches high, hollow, with rough angles. Leaves deep green j roughish at the edges and midrib , sheathing at the base. Spikelets usually 5 or 6, rather crowded together, alternate, erect, elliptical, greyish, soft to the
MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex. 83
touch, larger than in the foregoing, each accompanied at the base with an ovate scale, half its own length ; the lower one generally with a bristle-shaped bracten, not rising so high as the common spike. Florets most of them fertile ; a few of the lower ones, in each spikelet, barren. Scales lanceolate, or some- what ovate, acute, about the length of the corolla, which is rough-edged, scarcely cloven at the summit, its surface becom- ing striated as the seed ripens. The real C. leporina, certainly, by an original specimen, Ji. 322 of the Linngean FL Lappon'ica, is an alpine species, but half the size of this, with 3 or 4 nearly globular spikelets, and an ovate smooth-edged corolla, longer than the scales. It is C. Laclte- nalii of Schkuhr, t.Y.f. 79. Linneeus undoubtedly confounded both together under u. 837, of FL Suec. ed. 2, where the de- scription answers to the alpine plant; which therefore I cannot but consider as C. leporina, though very sorry to differ from Dr. Wahlenberg, who zealously contends for a contrary opinion, and calls my leporina by the name of lagopina. ^\'illdenow, Schkuhr, and Fl. Dan. t.294, agree wiMi me ; as did the late Mr, Davall, from a comparison of Swiss specimens with the LiniicEan characters. The question is indeed a matter of fact rather than of opinion.
U C. tenella. Slender-headed Carex.
Spikelets three, bracteated, distant, minute, of about three florets. Fruit elliptical, convex at each side, very smooth and even, with a blunt, entire beak. Stamens two.
C. tenella. Schk. Car. 23. t. P, p./ 10-1, exclusive of i, k, I
C. straminea. Don. Cant.ed.5. 220.
In moist shady places, in Scotland.
In a wood by the river Esk, Angusshire, very rare. Mr. G. Don.
Root creeping, very slender, like the whole of the herbage, which is smooth, of a pale green. S/em.s; a span high, erect, almost capillary. Leaves several, acute, slieathing the lower ])art of the stem, rather above half its height, and about twice its dia- meter in breadth. Spike erect, weak, of usually 3 rather distant, alternate, sessile, very small, round spikelets, each of 1 or 'J fertile y/o;-t'/.9, with ovate, membranous, pale scales, and 2 stif[- mas ; and one terminal, barren floret, witli a lanceolate scale, and only 2 stamens. Fruit elliptic-oblt)ng, compressed, beaked. ))crfectly smooth all over, without any ribs or furrows, and equally convex at both sides ; tlie Ixak nearly half as long ns the seed, somewhat |)yramidal, obtuse, entire. .SV/^'-wm.f 2.
Willdenow and Wahlenberg refer this plant of Schkuhr to C. lo. liacea, which differs essentially in having many-flowtTed spike- lets, without bracteas, ribbed fruit, tlat on one side, and I be- lieve 3 stamens. It is Schkuhr's gracilis, 18. /. K./. 2-1. Tat author appears to have drawn the ripe fruit of his C. ttnella,
Q 2
84 MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex.
jig. i, k, I, from a starved specimen of C. loliacea. His^g. h is far more correct.
10. C. remota. Remote Carex.
Spikelets several, solitary, simple, remote, nearly sessile, Bracteas very long, overtopping the stem. Fruit ovate, with a slightly cloven beak.
C. remota. Linn. Sp. PL 13S3. TViUd. v. 4. 239. Ft. Br. 969. Engl.Bot.v.\2.t.S32. Flook. Scot. 263. Fl.Dan.t.370. Leers 197. t. 15./. 1. Rel.Ruclb.l.f.27. Schk. Car. 46, t.E.f. 23. Ehrh. Calam. 58.
C. axillaris. Linn. Sp. PL \ 382. Linn. Ms.
C. n. 1357. HalL Hist. v. 2. 184.
C. angustifolia, caule triquetro, capitulis pulchellis, &c. Mich. Gen. 70. n. 2, 3. ^. 33./. 15, 16.
Gramen cypeioides angustifolium, spicis parvis sessilibus in folio- rum al is. Rail Sijn. 424. Pluk. Jllmag. \78. Phyt.L34.f.3. Moris. V. 3. 243. secLS. t. 12./. 17.
In moist shady places, by rivulets and ditches.
Perennial. May, June.
Root tufted, with stout smooth fibres. Herbage pale and slender. Stem about a foot high ; leafy, smooth and roundish below ; triangular and rough-edged in the upper part. Leaves narrow. Spikelets several, ovate, many-flowered, pale, yellowish -, the lower ones solitary, and about 2 inches asunder, each accom- panied by a very long, narrow, leafy imc/ea, whose bristly point rises above the stem -, the upper ones smaller, crowded toge- ther, destitute of bracteas. Barren Jlorets inferior, with 3 sta- mens. Fertile rather more numerous. Fruit ovate, ribbed, beaked ; evidently, though not deeply, cloven at the extremity, rather longer than the scales.
11. C. axillaris. Axillary Clustered Carex.
Spikelets several, remote, sessile; the lower ones com- pound, with very long bracteas. Fruit ovate ; its beak deeply cloven.
C. axillaris. Gooden. Tr. of L. Soc. v.2.\5\.t. 19./. 1. FL Br. 970. EngL BoL v. 14. t. 993. Willd. Sp. PL v. 4. 239. Schk. Car. 47. LR.f. 62.
In marshes, and the neighbourhood of wet ditches, on a strong soil.
Near Putney. Mr. Curtis. At Earsham, Norfolk. Mr. Woodward. Found in Switzerland by the late Mr. Davall.
Perennial. June.
Nearly akin to the last, but larger, with broader leaves, and smaller bracteas, except the lower one. The bracteated spikelets are generally compound in their lower part. Beak of the /rwi^ more
MONOECIA—TRIANDRIA. Carex. 85
deeply cloven perhaps than that of C. remota, though this dif- ference is not very striking. The spikelets are more turgid, and it may be suspected that Micheli had our present species in view at his ^.33./. 15, though the aggregate spiA:e/e^s escaped him.
12. C. inciirva. Curved Carex.
Spikelets crowded into a dense head. Lower florets fer- tile. Bracteas membranous. Stem roundish, smooth. Leaves channelled.
C. incurva. Light/. d44, t. 24./. \. Fl.Br.97\. Engl.Bot. v. \3. t. 927. Willd. Sp. PL v. 4. 217. Hook. Scot. 261 . Schk. Car. 27. t. H, h./.95.
C. juncifolia. Allion. Pedeni. v. 2. 2G-1. t. 92./. 4, Sm. Tour on the Continent, ed. 2. v. 3. 142.
C. Fl. Dan. t. 432.
C. n. 1354. Hall. Hist. V. 2. 183.
C. n. SQ. Gmel.Sib. v. 1. 145. ^.30./. 2.
About the mouths of alpine rivers, in a sandy soil, but rare.
In deep loose sea sand, at the mouth of the Naver, and near Skel- herry in Dunrossness, Shetland. Dr. Hope. On a sandy flat part of Aberdeen Links, near the mouth of tlie Don. Pro/, Beattie.
Perennial. July, August.
Root long and thread-shaped, creeping veiy extensively. Stem from 2 to 5 inches high, most generally ascending with a curve, nearly round, or bluntly angular, striated, smooth to the touch, leafy at the bottom only. Leaves shorter than the stem, linear, acute, curved, channelled, smooth. Spikelets sessile, ovate, densely crowded into a terminal, brown, somewhat three-lobed, head. Bracteas shorter than the spikelets, elliptical, concave, membranous, brown with pale edges, slightly keeled. Scales like them, but more acute, and flatter. Fertile Jlorcts in the bottom part of each spikelet, each with a very short style, and 2 long stigmas. Barren ones above them, rather more nume- rous. Stam. 3. Fruit ovate, smooth-edged, with a slightly notch- ed beak. Seed lenticular.
On the Alps the stem is almost always straight, and rather taller than on the driving sand of the northern coasts.
Scheuchzer's 1. 1 1 ./. 7, quoted by Haller, cannot surely be our plant.
13. C. aroiaria. Sea Carex.
Spikelets numerous, crowded into an dblon*,^ b|)ike ; upper ones chiefly of barren, lower of fertile, florets. Bracteas membranous; lower ones leafy. Stem trian^uhir. Leaves flat. Fruit winged.
C. arenaria. Li/m. .S>. iV. 1381. Fl. Suic.ed.2.'i2:>. mild. v. 4. 223. Fl. Br. 971. Engl. Bot. v. 13. t. 928. fi'ith. 90. t. 20.
86 MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex.
Hook. Scot. 26\. Schk.Car.\4.t.'B.f.6.D,d.f.6. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 5. 14. Don. H. Br. 195. Elirh. Phijtoph. 17. PL Of. 389.
C. repens. Bellard. Mem. de VAcad. de Turin, v. 5. 248 3 from the author.
C. maritima humilis, radice repente, caule trilatero, spica spadicea, nonnihil foliosa, capitulis crassioribus, capsulis marginatis. Mich. Gen. 67. t.33.f.4.
Gramini cyperoidi ex monte Ballon simile humilius, in maritimis et arenosis nascens. Raii Sijn. 423. Pluk.Alniag. \7S. Phyt. t.34.f.S.
Gramen cyperoides minus repens^ spica divisa. Lees. Pruss, 116. ^.31.
On the sandy sea shore in abundance.
Perennial. June.
Root very long and cord-like, spreading in the loose sand to a great extent, branching at the extremity, and sending out from the knots many shaggy fibres. Hence it powerfully binds the sand together, forming banks which resist the force of the ocean. Stems terminal, solitary, about a foot high, erect, except in a driving sand, triangular '5 rough-edged in the upper part ; leafy below. Leaves several, flat, rough-edged, taper-pointed, about as tall as the stem. Spike erect, 1 ^ or 2 inches long, of many, more or less crowded, roundish-ovate, brown spikelets ,• the upper ones consisting almost entirely of barrenjlorets, with 3 stamens; lower principally oi fertile ones, with 2 sessile stigmas, the latter being always inferior. Scales lanceolate, acute. Fruit ovate, ribbed, flattened, bordered in its upper half with a dilated rough- edged membrane, and terminating in a cloven beak. There is always a bristle-pointed leafy bractea, under one, or more, of the lower spikelets.
Haller's n. 1362, or his 1363, has been occasionally taken for C. arenaria, but the son of that distinguished writer assured Mr. Davall that this, truly maritime, species had never been found in Switzerland.
14. C. intermedia. Soft Brown Carex.
Spikelets numerous, crowded into an oblong dense spike ;
the lowermost and terminal ones fertile ; intermediate
ones barren. Stem upright, triangular. C. intermedia. Gooden. Tr.of L. Soc. v. 2. 154. Ft. Br. 972. Engl.
Bot. V. 29. t. 2042. • Willd. Sp. PL v. 4. 224. Hook. Scot. 262.
Schk.Car.lG.t.B.f."/. FLDan.t.\343. Dicks. H. Sice. fasc.7. 15. C. disticha. Huds. 403. Ehr h. Calam. 4S. C. arenaria. Leers 195. t. \4.f.2. C. n. 1363. HalL Hist. v. 2. 186 j omitting the references to Pluke-
net and Lcesel.
MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex. 87
Gramini cvperoidi ex monte Ballon simile, spica totali e pluribus spicis composita. Rail Sun 423. Pluk.Jlm. \78 Plujt.t. 34, f. 7 i bad.
In marshy watery meadows.
Perennial. Mcnj, June.
Root creeping, running deep into the ground. Stems erect, 12 or 18 inches high, with 3 rough, unequal angles. Leaves sheath- ing the lower part of the stem, but scarcely reaching its sum- mit, grass-green, flat, taper-pointed, rough at the edges and keel. Spike oblong, bluntish, of a rusty brown, soft, moderately compressed, but by no means two-ranked, composed of nume- rous ovate acute spikelets, whose upper/ore^s are barren, lower fertile. Several of the lower more distant spikelets, as well as one or more at the top, consist almost entirely oi fertile florets ; while the numerous crowded ones in the middle partof the com- mon sjnke or catkin are almost completely barren j and as these wither, leaving the others to ripen seed, they give a peculiar as- pect and character to the present species. Bracteas ovate, acute, rusty, keeled, with a white membranous margin, often torn ; the lowermost with a slender leafy point, not so long as the spike. Scales much like the bracteas. Fruit ovate, bordered, rough- edged, with a cloven beak. Stii^mas sometimes 3.
15. C. divisa. Bracteated Marsh Carex.
Spike dense, once or twice compounded. Spikelets of bar- ren and fertile florets, the latter inferior, most numerous. Bractea leafy, erect. Fruit not spreading. Root creep- ing.
C. divisa. Huds.eil.\.34S.ed.2.40'K Fl.Br.973. Engl Bat. v.\e.t.\096. Gooden.Tr.ofL.Soc.v.2A57.t.\9.f.2. mild. Sp. PL V. 4. 233. Hook. Scot. 262. Schk. Car. \9. t.R and V, v. /.CI.
Gramen cyperoides ex monte Ballon, spicfi divulsa. Ran Syn. 423 ; the synonyms doubtful.
In marshes, especially towards the sea.
Near the Hithe at Colchester, and elsewhere. Mr, Newton. By Hithe in Kent. J. Sherard. Near Acle WuVjrQ, Norfolk. Mr. C. Bryant. At Cley. Mr. ffoodward. Near Hull. Mr. Tcesdale. At Kennington. Mr. Groult.
Perennial. Majf, June.
Root stout anil contorted, creci)ing widely, with strong fibres. Stems uprigiit, but rather weak and slender, a foot or more m height, triangular ; rougliisli in tlie upper jiart. Leaves narrow, erect, bright green, sheathing tlie base of the stem, various in length. Spike about an inch long, dark brown, not reddish, ovate i with an upright, leafy, triangular hraclea, from 1 to 3
88 MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex.
inches in length. SpUcelets less numerous than in the last, irre- gularly clustered, ovate -, the lower ones often subdivided. Fer- tilejiorets most numerous in every spikelet, and below the bar- ren ones. Scales elliptical, strongly keeled and pointed, with a filmy border ; their disk dark brown ; base green. Stam. 3. Stigm. 2, twice the length of the style. Fruit shorter than the scales, ovate, dilated and rough at the edges, cloven at the point. The old authors cited by Ray, may or may not intend this species, nor can they be relied on for any illustration of a plant so nearly resembling several others.
16. C. inuricata. Greater Prickly Carex.
Spike oblong, dense, prickly vvit^ the broad, rough-edged, cloven, spreading beaks of the fruit. Spikelets roundish, mostly simple. Root fibrous.
C. muricata. Linn. Sp. PI. 1 382. mUd. v, 4. 234. Fl. Br. 974. Engl Bot. i;. 1 6. f. 1 097. Hook. Scot. 262. Schk. Car. 20. L E. f.22; nott.D,d. Ehrh.Calam.97 .
C. spicata. Huds. 405. Lightf. 548. Not of Linnceus.
C. n. 1365. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 187 j with confused references.
C. palustris media, radice fibrosa, caule exquisite triangulari, spica brevi compaction. Mich. Gen. 69. ^.33./. 14.
Gramen cyperoides spicatum minus. Haii Syn.424.
G. sylvaticum tenuifolium rigidiusculum. Moris, v. 3. 244. sect. 8. t. 12./. 27.
|S. Carex muricata /3. Fl. Br. 975. M^illd. Sp. PL v. 4. 235. Gooden. Tr. of L. Soc. v. 2. 160.
C. loliacea ? Schk. Car. 22. t. E, e./. 9 1 .
C. nemorosa, fibrosa radice, angustifolia, minima, caule exquisite triangulari, spica brevi interrupta. Mich. Gen. 69. t. 33./. 12, R.
Gramen cyperoides, spicis minoribus,minusque compactis. Scheuchz. j4gr.488.t.l].f.5.
In moist pastures and shady places^ especially wherfe the soil is sandy, frequent.
/3. On dry gravelly ditch banks, near Eaton, Shropshire. Rev. E. Williams.
Perennial. May, June.
Root tufted, of numerous shaggy fibres, not creeping. Herbage of a bright grass green. Stems erect, 12 or 18 inches high, naked, except at the bottom, triangular, striated ; the angles more or less rough in their upper part. Leaves narrow, acute^ rough at the edges and keel, various in height, sometimes taller than the stem ; pale, entire and sheathing at the base. Spike oblong, obtuse, an inch or inch and half long, of a rusty hue, mixed with green. Spikelets 8 or 10, partly bracteated, sessile, with a few barren florets in the upper part of each, and more
MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex. m
numerous fertile ones below, ovate when in blossom, afterwards globose and more spreading, all rather near together, even the lowermost not more than its own length distant from the next. This lowest spikclei is rarely somewhat enlarged, or compound. Bract eas ovate, membranous, keeled, the bristly point of the lower one sometimes rising much above the spikelet. Scales ovate, rusty-coloured, pointed, with a green keel. Fruit longer than the scales, ovate, green, finally brown, spreading, exter- nally convex, with a broad, flat, rough-edged, cloven beak, whose points render the whole spike prickly, as the name ex- presses. Stigmas 2, long and twisted.
In some Swiss specimens the fruit is partially elongated, and tu- mid ; apparently diseased.
/S appears to be a variety, caused by dryness of soil, having smaller rounder spikelcts, all quite sim])le, and a rather smoother stetn. Schkuhr represents the beak of the fruit shorter than in our Shropshire plant, but this is not always so correctly attended to in his exquisite figures as most other characters.
17. C. dividsa. Grey Carex.
Spike elongated, lax. Spikelets of its lower half finally very distant, mostly single. Fruit erect, smooth-edged ; rough- ish at the cloven point of the beak. Root fibrous.
C. divulsa. Gooden. Tr. of L. Soc. v. 2. 160. FL Br. 973. Engl.
Bot.v.9.t.620. mild.Sp. PL V. 4. 23j. Schk.Car.20. t.\V,w.
f 89. ''Host. Gram. v. 1 . 42. /. 55." C. canescens. Iluds. 403.
C. muricata /3. IVahlenh. in Stockh. Trans, for 1803. 1 13. C. divisa. Don H. Br. 196. C. nemorosa, fibrosa radice, caule exquisite triangulari, spica
longa, divulsa, sen interrupta, capitulis omnibus solitariis. Mich.
Gen. 60. t.33.f 11. Gramen cyperoides spicatum minus, spica longa divulsa seu in- terrupta. Rail Sijn. ed. 2. 269} uilh a good description : ed. 3.
421 ; wii/i a false reference to Lwsel, introduced by Dillenius.
Peliv.Conc. Gram. 6. 72. 184. G. cyperoides gracilealterum, glomeratis torulis sj)atio distantibus.
Lob. lllustr. 61. G. cyperoides, cchinata et rara spica, nemorosum minus. Barrel.
lc.L20.f2. /3. Carex nemorosa, fibrosa radice, caule exquisite triangulari,
spica longa, divulsa, seu interrupta, capitulis solitariis pra-ter-
quam ultimo. Mult. Gen. 69. t.lVA. f. 10 ; cojmd and 'olourtd in
Sclik.Car. /. I), d. /l SI).
In moist shadv pastures, not uncommon.
Perennial. May.
Hoot tufted, of many stout, partly shaggy, fibres. Ihrhngc bright
90 MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex.
grass green ; the spikes paler than the last, and rather white, or greyish, in every stage of their growth. Stems 12 or 18 inches high, weak, and partly reclining, with 3 acute rough angles. Leaves sheathing the bottom of the stem, and usually rising above its summit, rough at the edges and keel. Spike when in flower an inch^ or inch and half, long, of from 6 to 10, or more, sessile, erect, ovate,, acute spikelets, each subtended by an ovate, concave, close, membranous hractea, with a green taper point and keel, 2 or 3 of the lowermost bracteas being often length- ened out into an extremely slender, rough, capillary appendage. The spikelets are rarely in pairs ; the lowermost of all sometimes compound. Each consist^s of several barren^ore^5, with about as many fertile ones below them. As the latter ripen seed, the spikelets become roundish, or hemispherical, 3 or 4 of the lower ones being widely separated from each other. Scales ovate, or lanceolate, membranous, hardly so long as the fruit, which is broadly ovate, externally convex, flat or concave within, mode- rately spreading, not reflexed, pale, with a thick green margin, very smooth in every part, except a slight roughness near the cloven point of the heak, of ten scarcely perceptible. Stam. 3. Stigm, 2.
/3 is rather an accident than a variety, having a division, or branch, at the bottom of the spike, which perhaps Micheli alone has met with.
The figure in Engl. Bot. is very incomplete, as wanting ihe fruit, which in its ripening state clearly distinguishes this species from the last. Dr. Wahlenberg unites them, having apparently never seen C. divulsa, which though well known to English botanists, is rare on the continent. Specimens are in the Linnaean her- barium, without any place of growth or name, and I have some from Switzerland. Dr. Hooker follows Wahlenberg. Having carefully examined the question, I am satisfied, even without an appeal to the great names of Ray, Micheli, Hudson, and Good- enough.
18. C. vulpina. Great Compound Prickly Carex.
Spike thrice compound, dense, obtuse. Fruit spreading, with a notched rough-edged beak. Scales pointed. An- gles of the stem compressed, very sharp.
C. vulpina. Linn. Sp. PL \ 382. Willd.v. 4.231. Fl.Br.976. Engl.
Bot. v.b.t. 307. Hook. Scot. 262. Fl. Dan. t. 308. Leers 1 96.
t.]4.j.5. Schk. Car. U.t.C.f 10. Ehrh. Calam. 87 . C. n. 1364. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 187 ; excluding Barreliefs syn. C. palustris major, radlce fibrosa, caule exquisite triangulari,
spica brevi, habitiori, compacta ; also spic^ longa, divulsa, seu
interrupta. Mich. Gen. 69. t. 33. f. 13.
MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex. 91
Grumen cyperoides palustre majus, spica compacta. Rail Syn. 423. Bauh. Tlieatr. SJ.f. Moris. v. 3. 244. seel. 8. t. \2. f. 24.
G. cyperoides palustre triquetrum, spica integra. Bauh. Hist. v.2.497./.
G. palustre cyperoides. Ger. Em. 21. f. Lob. Ic. \9.f.
Scirpoides palustre majus, spica compacta. Mont. Prodr. \7 . f. F, H.
In watery places, and the margins of ponds and rivers.
Perennial. May.
Root fibrous, tufted, not creeping. Stems straight and firm, 2 feet high, leafy in the lower part only, very sharply triangular, with compressed, rough, cutting angles ; the interstices concave 3 the summit about twice as thick as the main stalk of the spike, into which it is suddenly contracted. Leaves deep green, taller than the stem, rather broad, with a rough keel and edges, to be handled cautiously. Spike twice or thrice compounded, oblong, obtuse, erect, 2 or 3 inches long, usually dense, or slightly in- terrupted, with several long, taper, rough, spreading bracteas, ovate at