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^117
L
-^
THE CHINESE CLASSICS.
VOL. V.
THE CH'UN TS'EW, with THE TSO CHUEK
^c M
Mbkcito, V. Pt. i. IV. 2.
^
7i
THE
CHINESE CLASSICS:
WITH
A TRANSLATION, CRITICAL AND EXEGETICAL NOTES, PROLEGOMENA, AND COPIOUS INDEXES.
BT
JAMES ^EGGE, D.D., LL.D.,
OV THB I.OKDON MIBSIONABT 800IBTT.
IN SEVEN VOLUMES.
VOL. V-PARTIL,
coRTJinnire
DUKES SEANG, CH'AOU, TING, AND GAE, WITH TSO'S APPENDIX j
AND THE INDEXES.
HONGKONG: LANE, CBAWFOBD & CO.
LONDON : TRUBNEE & Co., 60, PATERNOSTER ROW.
1872.
PL
HONGKONG: Pbimikd at tbe Lomdom Mibbionart Socikiy's
Fsimiiio Ofvicb.
r
THE CH'UN TS'EW;
WITH THE TSO CHUEN.
BOOK IX. DUKE SEANO.
First year.
3E :^ Ai
A.
A. A.
3E <&►
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5fc'i
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THE CH*UN TSEVV, WITH THE TSO CIIUEN.
BOOK IX.
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III his first year, in spring, in the king's first month, the duke came to the [vacant] seat.
2 Chung-sun Meeh joined Lwan Yin of Tsin, Hwa Yuen of
Sung, Ning Chih of Wei, an officer of Ts*aou, an officer of Keu, an officer of Choo, an officer of T'&ng, and an officer of Seeh, in besieging P'Sng-shing in Sung.
3 In summer, Han Keueh of Tsin led an army, and invaded
Ch'ing. Chung-sun Meeh joined Ts*uy Ch'oo of Ts'e, an officer of Ts'aou, an officer of Choo, and an officer of K'e, and halted, [with iheir forces], in Ts&ng.
4 In autumn, the Kimg-tsze Jin-foo of Ts'oo led a force, and
made an incursion into Sung.
5 In the ninth month, on Sin-yew, the king [by] Heaven's
[grace] died.
6 The viscount of Choo came to Loo on a court-visit.
7 In winter, the marquis of Wei sent the Kung-sun P'eaou to
Loo on a visit of friendly inquiries. So did the marquis of Tsin send Seun Ying.
Title of this Book.— ^S^, *Dake Seang.' Dak9 Seaiig*4 name wna Woo(-4p). He whb
the son of duke (/hing, and as we lenm from the Chuen after IX. 6, at the tihie of his acces- aion was only 4 years old. His mother was not the daughter of Ts'e, of whose marriage with Ch*iQg we have an account in his 14ih year, but
of a Sie (illj[)« ft ia<ly of K'e, whose death ap- pears in the 4th year. His posthumous title Seang denotes — 'Socceasful in his conduct of
,m» (£9 ^ ^ Jd 0 ||).'
Seang's Ist year synchronized with the 14th of king Keen (|g ^); the 1st of Taou (JH^)
of Tsin ; the 10th of Ling (^) of Ts*e ; the 6th
oi iSeen (j|^) of Wei ; the 20th of KiDg of
Ts'ae; the Idth of Ching (Jj^) of Ch*iDg; the
6th of Ching (^) of TsHiou ; the 27th of Chlng of Chin; the 65th of Hwanof K*e; the4th of Ping (^) of Rung ; the 5th of King (-^) of Tsin ;
Teae 1.
DUKE CIMNG.
413
the 19th of Rung (^) of T«*oo ; and the 14th
of Show-niong of Woo (^ ^ ^).
Par. 1. See on VIII. i.l;et al
Far. 2. The Chuon says:— *ThU year, in spring, on Ke-hae, there was the siege of P'ftng- sliing. It dicf not now helong to Sung; — the text calls it Sung's retrospectiyely. At this time [the States] were punishing Yu Shih for Sung, and therefore the city is called Sung's, and moreorer the text would not sanction the exaltation of a rebel. The language has respect to the wishes of Sung [in the matter].
*P*&ng-shing surrendered to Tsin, and the people of Tsin took the fiye great officers of Sung who were in it back with them, and placed them in Hoo-k*ew. The troops of Ts'e were not present at [the siege of] P'&ng-shing, which Tsin thought was a ground for punishing [that State], and in the 2d month the eldest son of [the marquis of] Ts*e became a hostage in Tsin.'
According to Tso-she's own remarks in the above Chaen, the ^t^ before ^^ ^{^ in this par. is Confucius' own, — an instance not of his pruning, but of liis correcting pencil. But the reasons for his view are very shadowy. Ts*oo had not taken P*&ng-shing from Sung, afid ap- propriated it to itself. King Kung had indeed placed Yu Shih in it, as a thorn in the side of Sung, and had supplied him with a force to en- able him to maintain his position, but he had not nuule him its ruler with the title of baron, or viscount, or any higher dignity. Nothing had occurred which should make the historio- graphers not speak of the city as Sung's.
Par. 8. Ts&ng was a city of Ch'ing,— in the pres. Suy Chow, dep. Kwei-tih. It must not be confounded with the State of Ts&ng, V. xiv. t\etaL For E^ Kung-yang has Ij^, and for
15!
P|-
The Chuen says: — *In summer, in the 5th month, Han Keueh and Seun Yen of Tsin invaded ChHng, with the forces of [several of] the States, and entered its outer suburbs. They defeated its infantry near the WeL At this time the armies of the [other] States were halt- ing at Tsftng, waiting for the army of Tsin. When that came fh>m Ch*ing, it made a junction with them, and made an incursion into Tseaou-e of Ts*oo, and u&to ChHn. The marquis of Tsin and the marquis of Wei remained in Ts'eih, to vender any aid that might be needed.'
Chaou P*&ng-fei says on this paragraph:-^ *Tsin, as chief among the States, invaded Ch4ng many times. The reason why it thought
it necessary to maintain its grasp of it with the forces of the other States was not the strength of Ch'ing, but the fear of Ts*oo. Had there been no Ts*oo to come to the help of Ch*ing, Tsin might have penetrated to its outer suburbs with a small force. The manner in which it now took its measures in reference to Ching may be pronounced prudent and skilful. With Han Keueh alone attacking the capital of Ch'ing in front, and the soldiers of the five States ready to succour him in the rear, if the forces of Ts'oo did not come forth, the single Han Keueh was abundantly able to take the city ; if they did come forth,- the armies of the five States were sufficient to fight them without fear. These arrangements showed the care with which Tsin made use of the other States, and did not lightly expose their people in bat- tle. Therefore the sage by the terms ''in- vaded ** and ** halted " indicated his admiration of its measures in dealing with the offending Ch4ng. Expositors, regarding only the state- ment in the next paragraph, that an army of Ts'oo made an incursion into Sung, say that the States halted at Ts&ng to save Sung. But it was not till the autumn that Ts'oo made that incursion ; — ^how should the States have halted here beforehand with a view to save Sung? Such a view shows no consideration of the order of the paragraphs. Moreover, Tsftng was in the territory of Ch'ing;— would they have halted in Ch'ing to save Sung ? '
Par. 4. The Chuen says : — * In autumn, Tsze- sin of Ts*oo went to succour Ch*ing, and made an incursion on Leu and Lew of Sung. Tsze-jen of Ch*ing made an incursion into Sung, and took K*euen-k*ew.'
Por. 5. This was king Keen (ffi). He was
succeeded by his sou, king Ling (^E)*
Par. 6. Tso-she says this visit was ' proper,* — ^to congratulate, I suppose, the child-marquis on his accession.
Par. 7. The Chuen says : — *• In winter Tsze- shuh of Wei, and Che Woo-tsze of Tsin, came to Loo, with friendly inquiries; which was proper. On the accession of any prince, smaller States appeared [by their princes] at his court, and larger ones sent friendly missions ; — ^for the continuance of their friendship, and cementing their good faith, to take counsel on aflkirs, and to repair deficiencies. These were the greatest of ceremonies.'
These courtesies to Loo, it must be supposed, were sent before the States had heaid the news of the king's death, because after such an event there was an intermission for a time of those observances.
4U
THE CHUN TSEW, WITH TFIE TSO CHUEV.
BOOK IX.
Second year.
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In the [duke's] second year, in spring, in the king's first month, there was the burial of king Keen.
An army of Ch'ing invaded Sung.
In summer, in the fifth month, on Kjing-yin, [duke Ch'ing's] wife, the lady Keang, died.
4 In the sixth month, on Kang-shin, KwSn, earl of Ch'ing,
died.
5 An army of Tsin, an army of Sung, and Ning Chih of Wei,
made an incursion into Ch'ing.
416
THE CH»UN TSEW, WITH THE TSO CHUEN.
BOOK I3k.
6 In autumn, in the seventh month, Chung-sun Meeh had
a meeting with Seun Ying of Tsin, Hwa Yuen of Sung, Sun Lin-foo of Wei, an officer of Ts'aou, and an officer of Choo, in Ts'eih.
7 On Ke-ch'ow, we burled our duchess, Ts'e Keang.
8 Shuh-sun P'aou went to Sung.
9 In winter, Chung-sun Meeh had a meeting with Seun Ying
of Tsin, Ts'uy Ch'oo of Ts'e, Hwa Yuen of Sung, Sun Lin-foo of Wei, an officer of Ts'aou, an officer of Choo, an officer of T'ang, an officer of Seeh, and an officer of Little Choo, in Ts'eih, when they proceeded to wall Hoo-laou. 10 Ts'oo put to death its great officer, the Kung-tsze Shin.
Par. 1. This burial, 5 months after death, was sooner than * the rule * prescribed.
Par. 2. Ace. to Tso, this *inTa$ion* was merely *an incursion/ at the command of Ts*oo.
[The Chuen appends here: — ^The marquis of Ts'e invaded Lae, the people of which sent Ching Yu-tsze to bribe Suh Sha-wei [Chief eunuch in Ts^eJ witli a hundred choice horses and as many oxen. On this the army of Ts'e returned. From this the superior man might know that duke Ling of Ts'e was indeed ling (A play on the meaning of the term as a post- humous epithet)].*
Par. 3. This was duke Ch*ing's wife proper^ called the * wife-mother '(^ -^y of duke Suang. The Chuen says: — * Before this, Muh Keang [Duke Ch*ing*s mother] had caused some fine hea trees to be chosen, to make for herself a coffin and a sung lute. Ke Wftn-tsze now took tlie coffin to bury Ts'e Keang in. The superior man will pronounce this proceed- ing contrary to propriety. Propriety admits of nothing unreasonable. A wife should nourish her mother-in-law; — nothing could be more un- reasonable than to take from the mother-in-law to supply the wife. The ode (She, III. iii. ode II. 9.) says,
"There is indeed a wise man ; — I tell him good words. And he yields to them the practice of docile virtue."
BtttKe-Bun in this showed himself not wise. And [Ts'e] Keang was the duke's mother. The ode (She, IV. i. Bk. ii. ode IV.), aays,
" With spirits and sweet spirits, To present to our deceased parents, And in supply for all ceremonies ; — Very abundant is the blessing conferred upon us." •
Par. 4. The Chuen says:— * Duke Ching of Ch*ing was ill, and Tsze-sze begged hint to ease
his shoulder upon Tsin, but he said, "For the sake of Cii'ing, the ruler of Ts'oo received an arrow in his eye. it was for me he underwent this, and for no other man. If I revolt from him, I cast away his efforts in our behalf and my own promise ; — who in such a case would care for my friendship? It is for you, my officers, to save me from such a course." In autumn, in the 7th month, on K&ng-shin, Kw&n, earl of Ching, died.'
In this last sentence of the Chuen, K&iig- shin, the day of the earl's death, is said to have been in the 7th month, and not in the Gth as in the text. And the Chuen must be correct, for K&ng-yin of par. 3 being in the 5th month, there cannot have been a KAng-shin day in the 6th. Ace. to Too's scheme of the calendar, KAng-shia was the 9th day of the 7th month.
There is no mention subsequently of the burial of the earl of Ch'ing; * because,' ace. to K'aou K'ang, ' he had joined the party of Ts'oo, and the other States therefore did not observe the usual measures at his funeral.'
Par. 5. The Chuen says : — ' At this time, Tsze-han [of Ching] had charge of the State, Tsze-sze was chief minister, and Tsze-kwoh was minister of War. All the other great officers wished to give in the adhesion of the State to Tsin, but Tsze-sze said, " The charge to us offi- cers is not yet changed."'
Tsin was now taking advantage of the death of the earl of Ching to attack the State. The other officers wanted to submit to it, but Tsze- sze held that the charge of the deceased earl, that they should adhere to TsHw, was binding on them, till his successor should give them different instructions, and it was too early for him to have done so. To attack a State when suffering from the death of its ruler was con- trary to the rule and practice of those times. The commentators have much to say on this point.
Ybar UI.
DUKE SEANG.
417
Par. 6. The Chuen Bays: — 'This meeting at 1*8'eih was to consult in reference to Ch'ing. Mftng Heen-tsze (Meeh) proposed that they Bliould fortify Hoo-iaoa. to bring a pressure to bear on Cii'ing. Che Woo<tsze said, **Good. At the meeting in Tsflng (the year before), you [mentioned] some remarks uf the minister Ts'uy tviiich you liad heard; and now he is not here. Keither have T'ftng, Sceh, and Little Choo come; — ^all in consequence of Ts'e^s [disaffec- tion], and to the grief of my ruler. I will report the thin^ to hinif and we will ask Ts^e [to join in the fortification]. If it accede, and we give notice accordingly, the merit will be yours. If it do not accede, our business will lie in Ts^e. This proposal of yours is for the happiness of all the States. Not our ruler on- ly is indebted to you for it." '
Par. 7. The Chuen says:— *TIie marquis of TB*e made the wives of all his great officers of his own surname come to Loo to attend the funeral. He sent for the viscount of Lae also to come; but he was not present. On this ac- count Gan Job walled Tung-yang to exert a pniMure on Lae.*
Par. 8. Shuh-sun P*sou. — see the Clmen on VIII. xvi. 14. Tso says : — ' This friendly mission of Muh-shuh (P'aou) to Sung was to open com- munications between it and the young marquis.'
Par. 9. Little Choo; -see V. vii. 2. The Chuen says:— * In winter there was a second meeting at Ts'eih, when Ts*uy Woo-tsze of Ts*e, and great officers of T^ftng, S4eh, and little Choo were all present, in consequence of the words of Che Woo-tsze [at the former meeting]. They then proceeded to fortify Hoo-laou, and the people of Ch'ing tendered their submission [to Tsin].' Hoo-laou was a city which had belonged to Ching, but was now held by Tsin. It was in the pres. dis. of Sze-shwuy, dept. K*ae-fung. The K*ang-he editors say that the fortifying of this city was * grasping Ch4ng by the throat, so that it could not look towards the south.'
Par. 10. The Chuen says :->' The Kung-tsze Sliin of Ts*oo was marshal of the rights and by means of the bribes which he received from many of the small States exercised a pressure on Tsze-chung and Tsze-sin till the people of Ts^ put him to death. Hence the language of the text, **Ts*oo put to death its great officer, the Kung-toze Shin." '
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418
THE CH'UN TS'EW, WITH THE T80 CHUEN.
BOOK IX.
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In the [duke's] third year, in spring, the Kung-tsze Ying- ts'e of Ts'oo led a force and invaded Woo.
The duke went to Tsin.
In summer, in the fourth month, on Jin-seuh, the duke and tlie marquis of Tsin made a covenant in Chang-ch^oo.
The duke arrived from Tsin.
In the sixth month, the duke had a meeting with the vis- count of Shen, the marquis of Tsin, the duke of Sung, the marquis of Wei, the earl of Ch'ing, the viscount of Keu, the viscount of Choo, and Kwang, heir-son of Ts*e; and on Ke-we they made a covenant together at Ke-tsih.
The marquis of Cli*in sent Yuen K'eaou to be present at the meeting.
On Mow-yin, Shuh-sun P'aou, and the great officers of the various princes, made a covenant with Yuen E%aou of Ch'in.
In autumn, the duke arrived from the meeting.
In winter, Seun Ying of Tsin led a force, and invaded Heu.
Par. 1. We have here the commencement of those hostilities between Ts^oo and W^oo, which did more than all the power of the northern 8tates to repress the growth of Ts'oo. Tsin had fostered the jealousy and ambition of Woo, until Ts'oo saw that the most prudent course for itself was to take the initiative in making war.
The Chuen says:— * Ihiji spring, Tsze-chung of T8*oo invaded Woo with an army selected for the purpose. He subdued Kcw-tsze, and proceeded as far as mount Hftng. Thence he sent Tang Lcaou to make an incursion into the country, with a force of ;iOO men, wearing buif- coats lacquered as if made of strings, and 3,000, whotfe coats were covered with silk. The people of Woo intercepted and attacked him. Tftng Lcaou himself was taken, and of tlie men whose buff-coats looked as if made of strings only 80 escaped, and of the otliers only 800. Tsze-chung had returned [to Ying]; and three days after he had drunk his arrival fin the ancestral temple], the people of Woo invaded Ts'oo, and took Kea. Kea was a good city, as TAng Lcaou was a good officer of Ts*oo. Superior men observed that what Tsze-chung gained in tliis expedition was not equal to what he lost. Tiic people of Ts'uo on this account blamed Tsze-chung, who
was so much distressed, that he fell into mental trouble, and died.'
Par^ 2 >-4. Tso says that this court- visit was made as being proi)er on ^le duke*s accession to tiie Slate. Of course the child was in the hands of his ministers, and did as they directed him. Uis guide at this time was (^hung-sun Meeh. As t))e duke had gone to the capital of Tsin, and the name of the place where the marquis and he covenanted is given, it is supposed by Too that the latter had courteously left the city, and met ids yuung guest outside. Hence Ying- tah says that Ciiang-ch'oo was a place near the wall of tiie capital of Tsin.
The Chuen says:-.^ At the covenant in Chang- ch*oo, Mfing Hcen-tsze directed the duke, who bowed with his head to the ground. Che Woo- tsze said, "The son of Heaven is alive; and for your ruler to bow his head to the ground be- fore him makes my ruler afraid." llcen-tsze replied, " Considering how our poor State stands there in the cast, in proximity to our enemies, all our ruler's hoiM? is in yours;— dare he but bow his head to the ground?"*
[The Chuen apiiend.-* here:— *K'e He (seethe CImcn after VIlI.xviii.3) asked leave to resign his office on account of age. The marquis of
420
THE CH*UN TS«EW, WITH THE TSO CHUEN.
BOOK IX.
Tain asked htm about hla successor, and he re- conimend(*d Heae Hoo, who was his enemy. HtKi, however, died, as he was about to be ap- pointed, and the marquis consulted He again. He replied, ** Woo fhis own son) may do." About the same time Tang-sheh Ciiih died, and the marquis askcfl He who should take his place, when he replied, '*Ch'ih (Chih's son) will do.** Accordingly K^o Woo was appointed tran- quilliaser of the army of the centre, and Yang- sheh Ch4h assistant to him.
The superior man will say that K'e He thus showed himself capable of putting forward good men. He recommended his enemy ; — evidently no flatterer; he got his own son appointed; — but from no partiality ; he advanced his subordi- nate;— ^but with no partizanship. One of the Books of Shang (Shoo, V. iv. 14) says,
^Without partiality, and without deflection. Broad and long is the royal path ;"
— words which may be applied to K*e He. Heae Hoo, was recommend^ ; K*e Woo got his position; and Pih-hwa (Yang-sheh ChHh) got his office: — ^in the filling up of one office three things were accomplished. He was indeed able to put forward good men. Good himself, he could put forward those who were like him. The ode (She, II. vi. ode X. 4) says,
tc
They have the ability. And right is it their actions should show it ; " —
so was it with K'e He I']
Par. 5- Ke-tsih was in Tsin, — in the north- east of the pres. dep. of Kwang-p*ing, Chih-le. The Olioen says: — *In consequence of the submission of ChMng, and wishing to cultivate the friendship of Woo, Tsin proposed to call a meeting of the States, and therefore [the marquis] sent Sze Kae to inform Ts'c, saying, "My ruler has sent mc, because of the difficulties of every year, and the want of preparation against evils that may arise, [to say that] he wishes to have an interview witii his brethren, to consult about the case of States that are not in harmony with us, and begs your lordship to come to it. He has sent me to beg a convenant with you." The marquis of Ts*e wanted to refuse, but felt the difficulty of appearing to be among the discord- ant, and made a covenant [with Kae], beyond the E. In the 6th month, 4he duke met duke K*ing of Shen and the various princes; and on Ke-we they made a covenant together at Ke- tsih. The marquis of Tsin sent Seun Hwuy to meet the viscount of Woo on the Hwae, who, however, did not come [to the meeting].'
Most of the critics condemn this covenant on the ground that it was derogatory to the king to associate his representative, the viscount of Shen, in it. Too, however, and others think the viscount may have been specially commis- sioned to take part in it, to establish the leader- ship of duke Taou among the States. The heir-son of Ts*e was a hostage in Tsin (see on i. 2), and was therefore present at the meeting.
Parr. 6, 7. Here is another proof that the power of T8*oo had received a check, and that the States which had adhered to it were now seeking the alliance of Tsin. The Chuen says: — -'Tsze-sin of Ts*oo, being made chief minister of the State, was exorbitant in his desire [tor bribes] from the small States. [In conse-
quence], duke Ching of Ch*in sent Yuen K*Saoii to the meeting [of tlie States], to seek for re- conciliation and peace. The marquis of Tfiii mnde Ho Tsoo-foo inform the princes of H. In the autumn, Shuh-sun P'aou and the great officers of the [other] States noade a covenant with Yuen K^ou;— on Chin's thus bagging to tender its submission.' No stress is to be lai«l
on the two T^ in p. 7, as Kuh and Kung would
do.
[Tlie Chuen appends lierc: — 'Yang-kan, m brother of the marquis of 1'stn, having thrown the ranks into confusion at K*cuh-leang (near Ke-tsih), Wei Keang (marshal of the army of the centre) executed his charioteer. The mar- quis was angry, and said to Yang-sheh ChMh, "We assembled the States for our glory, and now this execution has been done on Yang-kan ; —the disgrace is extreme. You must put Wei Keang to death without fail." Chih replii*d, "K§ang is not a man of double purpose. He will avoid no difficulty in the service of his ruler, and will evade no punishment due to any offence he may commit. He will be here to state his case; why should you send such an order about him?" When he hail done, Wei Keang arrived, gave a written statement to one of the [marquis's] attendants, and was about to fall upon his sword, but was stopped by Sase Fang and Chang Laou. The marquis read the statement, which said, "Formerly, being in want of servants, you gave to me this office of marshal. I have heard that in a host submis- sion to orders is the soldier's duty, and that when the business of the army may require the infliction of death, not to shrink from in- flicting it is the officer's reverential duty. Your lordship had assembled the States, and I dared not but discharge my reverential duty. If your lordship's soldiers had failed in their duty, and your officers in theirs, the offence wcmld have been extreme. I was afraid that the death which I should incur would also extend to Yang-kan; I do not dare to escape from the consequences of guilt, for I was unable to give the necessary instructions previously, and proceeded to use the axe. My offence is heavy, and I dare not shrink from accepting the due, so as to enrage your mind. Allow mc to return, and die at the hands of the minister of Crime."
The duke ran out barefoot, saying, **I spoke out of my love for my brother; you punished in accordance with military law. I was not able to instruct my brother, which made him violate your great orders ; — that was my fault ; do not you render it still heavier. Let me presume to request this of you." The marquis [now] con- sidero<l that Wei Keang was able by his use of punishments to aid [in the govt, of] the people. When then they returned from the service, he gave him a feast of ceremony, and made him assistant-commander of the new army]. Chang Laou was made marshal of the army of the centre, and Ssse Foo was made scout-master.'
There follows another brief notice: — *The Kung-tsze llo-ke, minister of War of Ts'oo, made an incursion into Ch'in, because of the revolt of that State].'
Par. 9. The Chuen says:— * Duke Ling of Hcu adhere<1 to Ts^oo, and was not present at the meeting in Ke-tsih. In winter Che Woo- tsze of Tsiu led a force, and invaded Heu.'
Tbab IV.
DUKB SEANQ.
421
Fourth year.
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422
THE CH*UN TS*EW, WITII THE TSO CHUEN.
BOOK IX.
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1 In the [duke's] fourth year, in spring, in the king's third
month. Woo, marquis of Ch'in, died.
2 In summer, Shuh-sun P'aou went to Tsin.
3 In autumn, in the seventh month, on Mow-tsze, [duke
Ch'ing's] wife, the ladv Sze, died.
4 There was the burial of duke Ch'ing of Ch'in.
Tbab IV.
DUKE SRANG.
423
5 In the eighth month, on Sin-hae, we buried our duchesSy
Ting Sze.
6 In winter, the duke went to Tsin.
7 A body of men from Ch'in laid siege to the capital of Tun.
Piir. I. The Chtien says: — *This spring, the army of Ts^oo, in consequence of the revolt of Ch'in, was still in Fan-yang. Han Heen-tsze was troubled about it, and said in the court [of Tsin], "When king Wftn led on the revolted States of Yin to seryc Show, he knew the time. It is different now with our course. Alas!" In the 3d month, duke Ch*ing of Chin dic<] ; and when the people of Ts'oo, who were then about to invade Ch'in, heard of the event, they stayed their movement. Nevertheless, the people of Ch*in would not hearken to Ts^oo*s commands. When Tsang Woo-chung heard of it, he said, ** Ch*m, thus refusing to submit to Ts'oo, is sure to perish. When a great State behaves with courteous consideration, not to submit to it would be deemed blameworthy in [another] great State; how much more must it be deemed so in a small onel " In summer, P'ftng Ming of Ts^oo made an incursion into Ch4n, because of the want of propriety which Chin liad mani- fested.* Tlie KSing-he editors are indignant at the remurks which Ts^oo's persistence in attack- ing Chin elicited from tlie two statesmen of Tsin and Loo. Now, they think, was the time to have taken the field in force against Ts*oo.
Tar. 2. 'J so-she thinks this visit of F'aou to Tsin was in return for that of Seun Ying in the 1st year; but that courtesy of Tsin had been already more than responded to. We do not know what now took F*aou to Tsin.
The Chuen says: — *Muh-shuh went to Tsin, in return for the friendly mission of Che Woo- tsze. The marquis gave him an entertainment ; and when the bells gave the signal, [there were sungj three pieces of the Kae-hea, but he made no tow in acknowledgment. The musicians then sang the first three pieces in the first Book of the Greater odes of the kingdom ; but neither did he bow in acknowledgment of these. They sang finally the first three pieces in the 1st Book of the Minor odes, in acknowledgment of which he bow- ed three times. Uan Heen-tsze sent the inter- uuncius Tsze-yun to him, saying, "You have come by the command of your ruler to our poor State. We have received you with the cere- monies appointed by our former rulers, adding the accompaniment of music. Where the honour was the greatest, you overlooked it; and where it was the least, you acknowledged it: — I presume to ask by what rules of propriety you were guided." ITie envoy replied, The first three pieces were those proper to an occasion when the son of Heaven is entertaining a chief among the princes; I did not presume to seem as if I heard them. The se<*.ond three were those proper to the music at an interview between two princes; I did not presume to appear as if I had to do with them. But in the first of the last three, your ruler was couiplinienting mine;— I could not but presume to acknowledge the compliment. In the second, your ruler was cheering me for the toil of my emlmssy; — I dared not decline deeply to acknowledge [his kindness]. In the third, your ruler was instructing me, and telling me to bo prosecuting my inquiries among the good. I
have heard that to inquire about goodness is
(the proper] questioning; to inquire about re- ative duties is [the proper] seeking for infc»nna« tion; to inquire about propriety is [the proper! deliberation; to inquire about governmental affairs is [the proper] consultation ; to inquire about calamities is [the proper] devising: — thus I obtained five excellent instructions, and I dared not but deeply to acknowledge [the favour]." '
Parr. 8, 5. Here Kung-yang makes the sur- name of the lady to have been "x) ^^ud not inJ.
It is plain from the Chuen that she was the mo- ther of duke Seang. The death of duke Ching's wife — Ts^ Kcang — ^appears in the second year. The Sze could only have been a concubine; yet she appears here as if she had been his wife, and was buried as such. The K'ang-he editors can- not help calling attention to this impropriety, and they suppose that the entries were made just to call attention to itl The whole thing it the more remarkable, as it appears fVom the Ciiuen that it was not thought necessary at first to bury Ting Sze with any distinguished ceremonies at all. It says: — *• In autumn. Ting Sze died, and [it was proposed] that her cofSin should not be carried into the ancestral temple on occasion of her interment; that there should be no [double] coffin ; and that the subsequent ceremony of lamentation should be omitted. The artificer King said to Ke Wftn-Uce, *' Yoa are our chief minister, and in making the fUneral rites of the duchess thus incomplete, you are not doing your duty to our ruler. When he is grown up, who will receive the blame?"
* Before this, Ke-sun had planted for himself six kSa trees in the P'oo orchard outside the east gate. King asked him for some trees [to make the cofiin], and when he gave a half assent, the other used the kSas in that orchard, without Ke- sun's forbidding him. The superior man will say* "Might not what we find in an [old] book, that he who is guilty of many breaches of pro- priety will find his conduct rvcoil upon himself, be spoken of Ke-sun?"' The funeral must have been hurried on.
Par. 4. The State of Chin had revolted from Ts^oo, and was now on the side of Tsin. Lob in consequence, as one of the northern party, now sent an officer to be present at the burial of the marquis.
Par. 6. The Chuen says:— -* The duke now went to Tsin, to receive its orders (as to the services to be rendered to the leading State). The marquis of Tsin entertaine<l iuni, and the duke requested that Ts&ng might be attached to Loo. The marquis not agreeing to this, Mftng Heen- tsze said, " Our ruler in Loo is in proximity to your adversaries, and wishes to serve your lord- ship firmly, without failing in any of the re- quirements of your officers. Tsftng contributes no levies to your minister of War. Your officers are continually laying their commands on our poor State, which being of small dimensions is liable to fail in discharging them, aud may be
424
THE CH*XJN TS*EW, WITH THE TSO CHUEN.
BOOK IX.
charged with some offence. Our ruler therefore vished to borrow the assistance [of Ts&ng].** On this the marquis assented to the application/
Par. 7, Tun, — sec V. xxv. 6. It was one of the many small States acknowledging the suprema- cy of T8*oo. The Chuen says:— * The people of Ts*oo made Tun watch for opportunities in Ch4n, and attack it or make inroads into it. In consequence, the people of Ch*in laid siege to its principal city.*
^The Chuen gives here a long narrative about Tsm and the Jung. * Kea-foo, viscount of Woo- ehung (a tribe of the Hill Jung) sent Mftng Loh to Tsin, and through Wei Chwang-tsze (Wei Keang) presented a number of tiger and leopard skins, begging that Tsin would agree to be in harmony with the various tribes of the Jung. The marquis said, **Thc Jung and Teih know nothing of affection or friendship, and are full of greed. The best plan is to attack them." Wei Keang said, "The States have only recent- ly declared their submission to Tsin, and Ch4n Jias recently sought our friendship. They will all be watching our course. If that be one of kindly goodness, they will maintain their friend- sliip with us; if it be not, they will fall off and separate from us. If we make a toilsome ex- pedition against the Jung, and Ts*oo [in the muan timej invade Chin, we shall not be able to relieve that State ; — we shall be throwing Ch'in nway. The States also will be sure to revolt from us;— shall wo not be acting an impolitic course, if we lose the States, though we gain the J ung? And in the Book of Instructions of Hea (Shoo, III. iii. 2) mention is made of **E, prince of K*eung." The marquis said, •* What about the prince E?** He replied, "Formerly, when the princes of Hea were in a decaying State, prince £ removed from Seu to K'eung-shih, and took ad- vantage of [tlie dissatisfaction of] the people to su|)ersede ttie line of Hea. Relying [afterwartls] on his archery, he neglected the business of the pi'ople, and abandoned himself to the pursuit of the beasts of the plains. He put away from him Woo Lo, Pih Yin, Heung K*w&n, and M&ng Yu, and employed Tsuh of Han. This Tsuh was a slanderous scion of the House of Pih-ming, prince of Han, who cast him out. E, fprince of Keung], received him, trusted him, and made him his chief minister. Tsuh then fell to flat- tering all inside the palace, and gave bribes to all outside it. He cajoled the people, and en- couraged E in his fondness for hunting. He plied more and more his deceit and wickedness to take from E his kingdom, until inside and outside the palace all were ready to acknowledge him. Still E made no change in his ways ; and as he was [on one occasion] on his return from the field, his own servants killed him, boiled him, and gave his flesh to his sons to cat. They could not bear to eat it, and all died in the gate of K'eung. Mei then fled to the State of Yew- kih. Tsuh took to himself E's wife, and by her had Kcaou and He. Belying on his slanderous villanies and deceit, he displayed virtue in gov- erning the people, and made Kcaou with an army extinguish the States of Chin-kwan and
Chin- sin. He then placed Keaou in Ko (j||^).
and He in Ko (]^)« [In the meantime], Mei
went from Yew-kih, and collected the remnant of the people of those two States, witli whom he extinguished Tsuh, and raised Shaou-k'ang to
the throne. Shaou-k*ang extinguished KSaou in Ko, and [his son], the sovereign Ch*oo, extin- guished He in Ko. The princes of K'eung thus perished because they had lost the people. Formerly, in the times of our own Chow, when Sin Keah was grand historiographer, he ordered each of the ofllcers to write some lines reproving the king's defects. In the lines of the forester it was said,
* Wide and long Yu travelled about, When the nine regions he laid out, And through them led the nine-fold route. Tlie people then safe homes possessed ; Beasts ranged the grassy plains with zest. For man and beast sweet rest was found. And virtue reigned the empire round. Then took E E the emperor's place, His sole pursuit the wild beasts' chase. The people's care he quite forgot. Of does and stags alone he thought Wars and such pastimes kings should flee; Soon passed the power of Hea frooi £. A forester, these lines I pen, And offer to my king's good men.'
Such were the lines of the forester; — ^Is there not matter of admonition in them?** At thia time the marquis of Tsin was fond of hunting; and therefore Wei Keang took the opportunity to touch on the subject. The marquis then said, " Well then, will it not be our best plan to be on good terms with the Jung?" Keang replied, "To be on good terms with the Jung has five advantages. The Jung and Teih are continually changing their residence, and arv fond of exchanging land for goods. Tlielr lands can be purchased ; — this is the flrst advantage. Our borders will not be kept in apprehension. The people can labour on their fields, and the husbandmen complete their toils; — ^this is the second. When the Jung and Teih serve Tsin, our neighbours all round will be terrified, and the States will be awed and cherish our friend- ship;— this is the third. Tranquillizing the Jung by our goodness, our armies will not be toil^, and weapons will not be broken; — this is the fourth. Taking warning from the sove- reign E, and using only measures of virtue, the remote will come to us, and the near will be at rest; — this is the fifth." The marquis was pleased, and sent Wei Keang to make a cove- nant with all the Jung. He also attended to the business of the people, and hunted [only] at the proper seasons.'
There is another narrative regarding Loo and Choo: — *In winter, in the 10th month, a body of men from Choo and another from Keu in- vaded Tsftng. Ts&ng-sun Heih succoured Ts&ng, * and made an incursion into Choo, when he was defeated at Hoo-t*ae. The people of the State went to meet the dead [who were being brought back], and all had their hair tied up with sack- cloth. It was now that this style commenced in Loo. The people sang these lines on the occasion: —
"The fox-fur robe of Tsftng, Caused our loss at Hoo-t*ae. Our ruler a child; Our general a dwarf. O dwarf, O dwarf, You caused our defeat in Choo!'* ']
Team V.
DUKE SEANG.
425
Fifth year.
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VOL. ▼.
54
1
426
THE CU'UN TS'EW, WTPH THE TSO CHUEN.
Mt y^ ^
BOOK IX;
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In his fifth year, in spring, the duke arrived from Tsin.
In summer, the earl of Ch'ing sent the Kung-tsze Fah to Loo on a mission of friendly inquiries.
Shuh-sun P'aou and Woo, heir-son of TsSng, went to Tsin.
Chung-sun Meeh and Sun Lin-foo of Wei had a meeting with Woo at Shen-taou.
In autumn, there was a grand sacrifice for rain.
Ts'oo put to death its great officer, the Kung-tsze Jin-foo.
The duke had a meeting with the marquis of Tsin, the duke of Sung, the marquis of Ch'in, the marquis of Wei, the earl of Ch'ing, the earl of Ts'aou, the viscounts of Keu, Choo, and T'ang, theearlof Seeh, Kwang, heir-son of Ts'e, an officer of Woo, and an officer of Tsang, in Ts'eih.
The duke arrived from the meeting.
In winter, we went to guard Ch'in.
The Kung-tsze Ching of Ts'oo led a force, and invaded Ch4n.
The duke joined the marquis of Tsin, the duke of Sung, the marquis of Wei, the earls of Ch'ing and Ts'aou, and Kwang, heir-son of Ts'e, in relieving Ch'in.
In the twelfth month, the duke arrived from the relief of Ch4n.
On Sin-we, Ke-sun HSng-foo died.
Par. 1. nriie Chuen appends here: — 'The king sent Wang-shuh Ch4n-s&ng to accuse the Juiip to Tsin. The people of Tsin seized and held him prisoner, while Sze Fang went to the Gipital, to tell how Wang-shuh was playing douhle with the Jung.']
Par. 2. Tso-shc says : — * This mission of Tsze- kwoh of Ch'ing was to open communication between Loo and the new earl of dicing.' The new earl of Ch*iiig had succeeded to that State in the duke's 2d year; he might have sent a mission to Loo before this, but through Ch'ing's long adherence to Ts^oo, its intercourse with tlie northern States had bettome irregular. Fah was son of duke Muli. and was styled Tsze- kwoh. He was the father of the famous Tsze-
ch'an (-^ 0).
Par. 8. The Chuen says:—' Muh-shuh (P'aou; procured an interview with [the marquis of' Tsin for the eldest son of [the viscount of^ Ts&ng, in order to complete the attaching oT Ts&ng [to I^. The style of the text, joining Shuh-s\m P*aou and Woo of Ts&ng together, [without a conjunction between their names], exhibits the latter as a great offlcor of Loo.'
Par. 4. Shen-taou was in Woo. Kung and
Kuh make the name ^ lES. It appears to
have been in the pres. Sze-chuw (|^ Mi ), dep.
Fung-yang, Ngan-hwuy. The Chuen says;
* The viscount of Woo sent Show-yueh to Tsin, to explain the reason of his not attending the meeting at Ke-tsih, and to ask for another op- portunity of joiuing tlie alliance of the other
Ybae VI.
DUKE SEANG.
427
SUtea. The people of Tsin proposed on his account to assemble the States; and made Loo and Wei have a meeting with Woo beforehand, and convey to it the time of the [general] meet- ing. On this account Mftng Heen-tsze and Sun W&n-tsze had a meeting with Woo at Shen-taou.' The names of Chung-sun Meeh and Sun Lin-foo are joined together like those of Shuh-sun P^aou and the prince of Ts&ng in the previous par., becsuse they went to Woo by orders of Tsin, — indeed, as its ofScers.
Par. 5. See on II. v. 7. Tso adds here that the sacrifice was offered because of a prevailing drought.
Par. 6. The Chuen says: — 'The people of Ts*oo were inquiring into the cause of the revolt of Ch4n, and it was said, **It was in consequence of exorbitant demands upon it of onr chief minister Tsze-sin ; '* and on this they put him to death. The woids of the entry show that it was his covetousness [which brought his fate on Jin-foo]. The superior man will say that king Kung of Ts^oo here failed in his use of punishment. The ode (a lost ode) says; —
'* The great way is level and straight; My mind is exact and discriminating. In deliberating on things which are
not good, We should collect the [wise] men to
determine them/'
He himself did not keep faith, and he put others to death to gratify his resentment; — was it not hard to have to do with him? One of the Books of Hea (Shoo, II. ii. 14) says, " When one*s good faith is established, he can accom- plish his undertakings." '
Par. 7. The Chuen says : — 'In the 9th month, on Ping-woo, there was a covenant at Ts^eih, the business being — the presence of Woo at the meeting, and giving charge [to the States^ about the guarding of ChMn. Muh-slmh, considering that to have Tsftng attached to Loo was not advantageous, made a great officer of Ts&ng receive the charge [from Tsin] at the meeting.' This last sentence would seem to be added to
explain the presence of a representatiye of Tsftng at the meeting. As attached to Ix>o, that State could not be separately represented at such a time; but Muhsliuh thus publicly renounced the superiority which Loo had a short time obtained over it.
Par. 9. Not Loo alone sent forces to g^ard the territory of Ch*in ; but the other States had also received orders from Tsin at Ts^ih to do the same. There must have been a gathering of troops from several of them.
Parr. 10, 11. Between '& Yj^ and ^ the text of Rung and Kuh adds ~^ -^, {fcK -^,
^ "f^> ^ "fQ- The Chuen snys:— •Tsze- nang became chief minister of Ts^oo, on which Fan Seuen-tsze said, * We shall lose Ch'in. The people of Ts^oo, having found the cause of its disaffection and made Tsze-nang minister, are sure to change their ways with it. And they are rapid in their measures to punish. Ch4n is near to Ts*oo ; — is it possible that the people, distressed morning and night, should not go to it? It is not ours to hold command of Ch*in, Let us let it go, as our best plan." In winter, the States commenced to guard the territoiy of Ch'in, and Tsze-nang invaded it. In the 11th month, on Keah-woo. [Tsin and its allies, all] met at Shing-te to relieve it.*
Par. 18. The Chuen says :— .* When Ee Wftn- tsze died, the great officers went to his coffining, and the marquis was present in his proper place, l^e steward had arranged the furniture of the house in preparation for the buriaL There was not a concubine who wore silk, nor a horse which ate grain. There were no stores of money and gems, no valuable articles accumulated. The superior man hereby knows that Ke Wftn- tsze was loyal to the ducal House. He acted as chief minister to three dukes, and yet he had accumulated nothing for himself; — is he not to be pronounced loyal?'
Wftn-tsze was succeeded by his son Suh (/fS)t known as Ke Woo-tsze (^fe -S^ •¥*)•
Sia:th year.
428
THE CH*UN TS*KW, WITH TTTE TSO CHUEN.
BOOK IX.
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In the [duke's] sixth year, in spring, in the king's third month, on Jin-woo, Koo-yung, earl of Ke, died.
In summer, Hwa Joh of Sung came a fugitive to Loo.
In autumn, there was the burial of duke Hwan of Ke.
The viscount of T*ang came to Loo on a court-visit.
The people of Keu extinguished TsSng.
In winter, Shuh-sun P*aou went to Choo.
Ke-sun Suh went to Tsin.
In the twelfth month, the marquis of Ts*e extinguished Lae.
Far. 1. Tso-flhe says: — 'When dnke Hwan of Ke died this spring, the announcement of his death was made with his name for the 1st time [on occasion of the death of a prince of Ke], the reason being that he and our dukes had cove- nanted together.' This canon is applicable in the case of the only previous notice which we have of the death of a prince of Ke, where no name is given ;— -see V. xxiii. 4. Generally, how- ever, throughout the classic, it will not apply. £,g., ill I. viii. 4, we have the name of the mar- quis of Ts^ae in the record of his death, though duke ITin had never covenanted with him. A- gain, in VIII. xiv. 7, we have the death of an earl of Ts^in without his name, tho' in ii. 10 there is the record of a covenant made by Loo witli Ts*in.
Par. 2. The Chuen says ; — * Hwa Joli of Sung a grandson of Hwa Tseaou, in the Chuen on
n. zii. 5) and Yoh Pe, were great companions when young, and when growu up tiiey made
^
sport together, and went on to revile one another. [OnceJ, Tsze-tang (Yoh Pe), in a passion with the other, twisted his bow ^-string] about hia neck in the court. Duke P*mg saw the thing, and said, **It would be strange if a minister of War, who is dealt with thus in tlie court, were equal to his ofBce.** He then drove Joh out of the State ; and in summer he came, a fugitive, to Loo. Tsze-han, minister of Works, said, '^To inflict different penalties on parties guilty of the same offence is improper punishment. What offence could be greater than [for Pe] to take it on himself [so] to disgrace [Jon] in the court?" [Accordingly he proposed] also to drive out Tsze-tang, who shot an arrow at his door, saying, '^ In a few days, shall you not be following roe?" Tsze-han then became friendly with him at before.'
Par. 8. Loo had not before this sent an officer to attend the burial of a prince of Ke. The State was small and at a distance. But
Tear Vn.
DUKE SEANG.
429
duke Hwnn had married a daagliter of Loo, and Sze,— 11ug-8ze,— duke Seang'a mother, had been from Ke. These circumstances drew the States together more than had been the case before.
Par. 4. Tso says that this visit of duke Ching of T^ftng was the first on the part of T*&ng since duke Seang's accession.
Par. 5. This calamity came upon Tsftng, ace. to Tso-shs, 'through its trusting in bribes,* — bribes which it had paid to Loo for its protection. Nothing could be plainer than the statement herethat Ts&ng was extinguished by Keu. Men- tion, however, is made, in the 4th year of duke Ch'aou, of Loo's taking Ts&ng, as if it had not been extinguished now. The language there can only be equivalent to *■ Loo took from Keu what had formerly been Tsftng.' Kung-yang, however, suggests another view of the * extin- guished ' in the text ; — that Keu now superseded the Sze line in Tsftng by the son of a daughter of Tsftng married to one of its scions. There is DO necessity for this view, and no evidence of it.
Par. 6. Tso-she says : — ' In winter, Muh-shuh went to Choo, with friendly inquiries, and to cultivate peace ;' — after the battle of Foo-tHie, in the end of last year.
Par. 7. Suh was the son of Hftng-foo, and had succeeded to his father at chief minister of Loo. It would seem that it was necessary for him to get the sanction of the leading State to his i^pointment. The Chuenaays: — *An offi-
cer of Tsin came to Loo to inquire about [the loss of] Tsftng, and to reprove us for it, saying, "Why have you lost Tsftng?" On this, Ke Woo-tsze went to Tsin to have an interview [with the marquis], and to hear his commands.' Par. 8. The Chuen says:— 'In the 11th month, the marquis of Ts*e extinguished Lae, through its reliance on the bribes [which it had offered to Ts'e], (see the Chuen after ii. 2). In tlie 4th month of the last year, when Tsze-kwoh of Ch*ing came on his friendly mission to Loo (see V. 2), Ngan Joh fortified Tung-yang, and proceeded to lay siege to the capital of Lae, On Keah-jin, he raised a mound round the wall, which was [gradually] brought close to the parapet. In the month [of this year] wlien duke Hwan of Ke died, on Yih-we, Wang Tseaou (see the Chuen on VIII. xviii.8), Ching Yu-tsze (see the Chuen after ii. 2), and the people of T'ang attacked the army of Ts'eu which inflicted on them a great defeat, and entered Lae on Ting-we. Fow-jow, duke Kung of Lae, fled to T'ang. Ching Yu-tsze and Wang Tseaou fled to Keu, where they were put to death. In the 4th month, Ch*in Woo-yu pre- sented the most precious spoils of Lae in the temple of [duke] 8eang. Ngan Joh laid siege to T'ftng, and on Ping-shin, in the Uth month, he extinguished it. Lae was removed to E. Kaou How and Ts'iiy Ch*oo superintended the laying out of its lands [anew].'
Seventh year.
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THE CH»UN TS*EW, WITH THE TSO CHUEN.
BOOK IX.
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VII. 1
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In the [duke's] seventh year, in spring, the viscount of
T 'an came to Loo on a court- visit. In summer, in the fourth month, we divined a third time
about the border sacrifice. Tlie divination was adverse,
and the victim was let go. The viscount of Little Choo came to Loo on a court-visit. We walled Pe.
In autumn, Ke-sun Suh went to Wei. In the eighth month, there were locusts. In winter, in the tenth month, the marquis of Wei sent
Sun Lin-foo to Loo on a mission of friendly inquiries;
and on Jin-seuh [the duke] made a covenant with him. The Kung-tsze Ching of Ts'oo led a force and besieged
[the capital ofj Ch'in. In the twelfth month, the duke had a meeting with the
marquis of Tsin, the duke of Sung, the marquis of
Ch'in, the marquis of Wei, the earl of Ts'aou, and the
viscounts of Keu and Chbo, in Wei. KSvSn-hwan earl of Ch'ing [set out] to go to the meeting;
but before he had seen the [other] princes, on Ping-
seuh, he died at Ts'aou. The marquis of Ch'in stole away [from the meeting] to
Ch'in.
Par. 1. See on p. 4 of last year. Par. 2. See on V. xxxi. d-l5. There, how- ever, the divination had been tried 4 times, while here the tortoise-shell was only consulted a 3d time; and it is understood that to divine thrice was in accordance with rule. But on this occasion, as we learn from the Chuen, the 8d divination was made after the equinox, when it was no longer proper to offer the border sacri- fice. The Chuen says: — *0n this occasion, Mftng Heeu-tsze said, " From this time forth I know the virtue of the tortoise-shell and the milfoil. At this service we sacrifice to How- t«eih, praying for a blessing on our husbandry. Hence the border sacrifice is offered at the seas- on of K*e-chih (the emergence of insects from their burrows ; see on II. v. 7), and afterwards the people do their plonghing. Now the plough- ing is done, and still we divined about the lar- der sacrifice. It was right tlie divinations should be adverse.'
Par. 3. Like p. 1. See on p. 4 of last year.
Par. 4. Pe was the city belonging to the Ke or Ke-sun clan; — its name remains in the district so called, dep. of £-chow. The old city was 20 /e north-west from the pres. dis. city. Pe was granted orignially by duke He to Ke Yew, the founder of the Ke clan; — see the Chuen on V. i. 9. The Chuen says: — *Nan E was commandant of Pe, and Shuh-chungCh^aou- pih was superintendent of workmen. Wishing U* be on good terras with Ke [Woo-tsze] and to flatter Nan £, he proposed to him to ask that
Pe might be fortified, saying that he would allot a great number of workmen for the undertaking. On this the Head of the Ke clan fortified Pe.*
This ^vent deserved record, as illustrating the gradual increase of the power of perhaps the most influential family in Loo.
Par. 5. Tso-she says this visit to Wei was in return for that of Tsze-shuh or Kung-sun P^eaou in the duke*s 1st year, to explain the delay that had taken place, and assure Wei that it was from no disaffection. Maou thinks it unreason- able to suppose that we have here the response to a visit seven years before; what really occa- sioned it, however, he cannot tell.
Par. 6. See II. y.S;et al,
[The Chuen appends here: — *In winter, in the 10th month, Han Heen-tsze announced his [wish to retire from duty on account of] age. [His son], Muh-tsze (Han Woo-kc; see .the Chuen after Vin. xviii. 8), the Head of. one of the branches of the ducal kindred, had an in- curable disease ; and when it was proposed to appoint him his father's successor, he declined [the office] saying, ^'The ode says (She, I. ii. odeVL 1):—
* Might I not have been there in the early
morning ? I said, ** There is too much dew on the path."'
And another says (She, II. iv. ode VII. 4) : —
' Doing nothing personally and by himself. The people have no confidence in him.'
432
THE CH'UN TS*EW, WITH THE TSO CHUEN.
BOOK IX
I have not the abUity [for the place]; may I not decline it in favour of another? I would ask that K*e (his younger brother) may be ap- pointed. He associated much with T*een Soo, and may be pronounced a lover of virtue. The ode says (She, II. vi. ode III. v.) :—
* Quietly fulfil the duties of your office. Loving the correct and upright. 80 shall the Spirits hearken to you. And increase your brilliant happiness.'
A compassionate attendance to the business of tlie people is goodness. The rectification of one's-self is real rectitude. The straightening of others crookedness is real correctness. These three things in harmony constitute virtue. To him who has such virtue^ the Spirits will listen, and they wUl send down on him bright happiness. Would it not be well to appoint such an one ?**
*On Kftng-seuh, [Han Hcen-tsze] made [his son], Seuen-tsze appear in court before the marquis, and then retired from office himself. The marquis, considering [also] that Han Woo- ke was possessed of high virtue, appointed him director of the Heads of all the branches of the ducal kindred].'
Par. 7. The Chuen says : — • Sun W&n-tsze cftnie on a friendly mission ; to acknowledge alxo the [satisfactory] language of Woo-tsze (on his mission to Wei m autumn); and to renew thu covenant of Sun Hwan-tsze (in the third year of duke Ching; sue VIII. iii. 18). When the duke was ascending the steps, he ascended them along with him, on which Shuh-sun Muh- tsze (P^aou), who was directing the ceremonies, hurried forwanl, and said, "At meetings of the States, our ruler has never followed after yours ; and now you do not follow after our ruler ; — he docs not know wherein he has erred. Be pleased, Sir, to be a little more leisurel}'.*' Sun-tsze made no reply, and did not change his deport- ment. Muli-simh said, "Sun-tsze is sure to pt'rish. For a mini8ter to play the part of a ruler, to do wrong and not cliange one*s con- duct, are the first steps to ruin. The ode says (She, I. u. ode VII.) ;
*They have retired to their meals from the court ; Easy are they and self-possessed.*
It speaks of officers acting naturally as they ought to do ; but he who assumes such an ap- pt'aranve of ease in a cross and unredisonable course is sure to be broken." '
Parr. 8, 9. For Q|S Kuh-leang has |{^ The
place was in ChUng. The Chuen says :— • Tste- nangofTsVx) having laid siege to the capital of ChHn, there was the meeting at Wei to suo- cour it.' The meeting came to nothing, as we shall see, and thenceforth there was an end of any adherence to the northern States on the part of Chin.
Par. 10. For -^ ^ Kung and Kuh have
^ M ' '^^ ^^^ ^ ^^^ ^'^^^ ^' '^*'^^ was in Ch4ng. The Chuen says :— * When duke He of Ch*ing was [only his father's] eldest son, in the I6th year of duke Ch*ing he went with Tsae-han to Tsin, and behaved improperly. He did the same in Ts*oo, to which he had gone with Tsze-f^ing. In his first year, when he went to tibe court of Tsin, Tsze-fung wished to accuse him to the marquis, and get him displaced, but Tsze-han stopped the attempt. When he was proceeding to the meeting at Wei, Tsze-sxe was with him as director, and to him also he behaved with impropriety. His attendants remonstrated, but be did not listen to them. They repeated their remonstrance, and he put them to death. When they got to Ts'aou, Tsze-sze employed some ruffians to kill the duke, and sent word to the States that he had died of fever. [His son], duke Keen, though but 5 years old, was raisc-d to be earl.' Chaou K^wang and some other critics deny
the account of the earl's murder which is given
in the Chuen (and also by Kung and Kuh), and
suppose from the language of the text, that he
died a natural death, lliere can be no doubt,
however, that the truth is to be found in the Chuen.
Par. 11. The Chuen says:— * The people of Ch'in were troubled by [the action of] Ts*oo ; and [while the marquis was absent at Wei], K'ing Woo and K^ing Yin proposed to the com- mander of Ts'oo's army that they should send the Kuug-tsze Hwang to it, to be held as a pri- soner This was agreed to and acted on ; and the two K*ing then sent to the marquis at the meet- ing, saying, " The people of Ts'oo have seised and hold your brother Hwang. If you do not at once come back, your ministers cannot bear to see the impending fate of our altars and an- cestral temple. We fear there will be two plans [for the future in debate]." On this the mar- quis stole away back.'
Eighth year.
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THE CH'UN TS*EW, WITH THE TSO CHUEN.
BOOK IX.
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In his eighth year, in spring, in the king's first month,
the duke went to Tsin. In summer, there was the burial of duke He of Ch*ing. A body of men from Ch'ing made an incursion into
Ts'ae, and captured duke [Chwarig's] son, Seeh. Ke-sun Suh had a meeting with the marquis of Tsin, the
earl of Ch'ing, an officer of Ts'e, an officer of Wei,
and an officer of Choo, in Hing-k'ew. The duke arrived from Tsin.
A body of men from Keu invaded our eastern borders. In autumn, in the ninth month, there was a grand sacri- fice for rain. In winter, the Kung-tsze Ching of Ts'oo led a force, and
invaded (Jh'ing. The marquis of Tsin sent Sze Kae to Loo on a mission
of friendly inquiries.
Par. 1. The duke was at the meeting of Wei the month before tliis, and now went on to Tsin, witliout first returning to Loo. He went to Tsin, says Tso-she, 'on a court-visit, ond to ]iear how often such visits, ami visits of friendly inquiry, whould be paid.' From the Chuen after X.iii. 1, we learn that, when dulces Wftn nnd Keaag of Tsin led the States, the rule was tliat the otiier princes sliould appear in the court of Tsin once in 5 years, and send a friendly niis»ion once in 3 years. This rule had ceased to be observed, and duke Taou was now encouraged by his strength and success to regulate anew the relations between his own and oUier States.
Par. 2. The K'ang-he editors observe that the clastic, having giren above the death of the
earl of Ch*ing as it had been announced to Loo, — a natural death, and not a murder, — was now bound to give his burial. I suppose tlie burial is reconletl, becHUse it took place, and was at- tended by an officer of Loo.
[The Chuen adds here: — 'The sons of pre- vious enrls of Ch'ing, in consequence of the death of duke Me, were planning to take off T«ze-sze, wlien he anticipated tlieir movement. On Kftng-shin, in the 4th month, this summer, on some cliarge of guilt, he put to death Tsae- hoo, Tsaee-he, 1 sze-how, and Tsze-ting. Sun Keih and Sun Goh (sons of Tsze-hoo) fled to Wei'].
Par. 3. Here and afterwards Kuli-lcang has.
for
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ybui vni.
DUKE SEANG.
435
The Chnen mjs:— ' On Kftng-yin, Tsz^-kwoh and Tsze-urli vntkAc an incursion into Ts^ae, and cap- tured its minister of War, duke [Cliwan^^'sJ son 8eeh. The people of ChMng were all glad, with the tingle exception of Tsze-ch'an, who sai<l, " There can be no greater misfortune to a small State than to hare success in war while there is no virtue in its civil administration. When the people of Ts^oo come to punish us [for tliis exploit], we must yield to their demands. Yield- ing to TS*oo, the army of Tsin is sure to come upon us. Both Tsin and Ts'oo will attack Ch'ing, which, within 4 or 5 years, will have no quiet." Tsze-kwoh (his father) was angry, and said to him, ** What do you know ? 1*he ex- pedition was a great commission of the State, «nd conducted by its chief minister. If a boy like you talk about it so, you will get into dis- grace."'
Far. 4. Hing-k*ew was in Tsin,— 70 le to the ■outh-cast of the dis. city of Ho-nuy, dep. Hwae- kHng, Ho-nan. The Chuen says: — *In the 5th month, on Keah-shin, [the marquis of Tsin] held a meeting at Hing-k^ew; to give out his rales about the times for appearing at his courts ftnd for friendly missions, when he made the great officers attend to receive his orders. fOur] Ke-sun Suh, Kaou How of Ts'e, Hcang Seuh of Sung, Ning Chih of W^ei, and a great officer of Choo, were present. The earl of Cli Ing prvsented the spoils [of Ts^ae] at the meeting, and so received the charge of Tsin in person. The names of the great officers are not given, in deference to the marquis of Tsin.' The Chuen on the 1st par. says that the duke went to Tsin to receive the instructions of that court about the relations between the States and it. He was not present, however, at Hing-k'ew; and the earl •of ChHng was present only through his own for- wardness, and wish to pay court to Tsin. The marquis of Tsin seems to have felt tliat, if he as- aembled the princes in person at Hing-k*ew, the proceedings would approximate Um closely to a usurpation of kingly functions. Tso-slie*s
canon about the different K lias little value.
Par. 5. Tso says this invasion had reference to the defining the borders of the lands of Taftng. W^e can easily suppose that Loo had encroached, or was now endeavouring to en- croach, on the west of what had been the terri- tory of Tsftng, supplying Kcu with a etuus belli.
Far. 6. See on v. 5.
Par. 7. Tlie Chuen says : — *In winter, Tsze- nang, of Ts'oo invaded Cli*ing, to punish it for its raid on Ts'ae. Tsze-szc, Tsze-kwoh, and Tszc-urh wished to follow Ts'oo. T.sze-k*ung Tsze-keaon, and Tsze-chen, wished to [hold out, and] wait for Tsin. Tsze-szc said, ** There is an ode (a lost ode) of Chow which says,
• If you wait till the Ho becomes clear. The life of man is too short [for such a thing].'
Tliere are the decisions of the tortoise-shell, and various opinions of our counsellors; this is like making a net with cimflicting views. 'I'he great families have many different plans, and the people are much divided. It is more and more difficult to conduct our affairs successfully. The people are in distress; let us for the time give way to Ts*oo, to relieve our people. When the army of Tsin arrives, we cau also follow it.
To wait tlie comer with reverent offerings of silks is the way for a small State. With cattle, gems, and silks, on our two borders, we can wait the approach of the stronger Power, and thui protect the people. The enemy will then do tit no harm, and the people will not be distressed: — is not this a course that can be followed?'*
*Tsse*chen said, **It is by good faith that % small State can serve a great one. If the small one do not observe gcxxl faith, war and disorder will be constantly coming on it. and the day of its ruin will not be distant. We are bound to faith [with Tsin] by five meetings, and if we violate it, though Ts*oo may help us, of what use will it be ? With [Ts'in] that would be- friend us yon do not seek peace; with [Ts*oo] that would make our State a border of its own you wish to [treat]: — this plan is not to hf$ followed. We had better wait for Tsin. Its ruler is intelligent ; its four armies are all com- plete ; its eight commanders are all harmonious : — it will not abandon Ching. l*he army of Ts^oo has come from far; its provisions will soon be exhausted; it must shortly retire: — why be troubled about it ? Acconling to what I have heard, no supp;»rt is like go«Ki faith. Let us firmly hold out, to tireTs'oo, and let us lean on good faith, awaiting Tsin: — is not this the course that should be f oUowe<l ? Tsze-sxe replied, *' The ode (Slie, II. v. ode I. 3) says,
•The counsellors are very many,
And so nothing is accompli slie«1.
The words spoken fill the court.
But who will take the respoiisihility of decisi(m ?
We are as if we consulted [about a jour- ney], without taking a step in advance. And therefore did not get on on the road.'
Please let us follow Ts'oo, and I will take the responsibility." Accordingly they made peace with Ts'oo, and sent the king's son, Pih-pHng to inform [the marquis of] Tsin, saying, " Your lonlship commaaded our State to have its cha- riots in repair and its soldiers in readiness to punish the disordcrl}' and remiss. The people of Ts*ac were disobedient, and our people did not dare to abide quietly [looking onj. We called out all our levies to punish Tt^ae, took captive Scuh its minister of war, and presented him to your lordship at Hing-k*ew. And now Ts'oo has come to punish us, asking why we commenced hostilities with Ts*ae. it has burn- ed all the stations on our borders ; it lias come insultingly up to our walls and suburbs. The muliitudcs of our people, husbands and wives, men and women, had no houses left in which to save one another. They have been destroyed with an utter overthrow, with no one to appeal to. It* the fathers and elder brothers have not perished, the sons and younger brothers have done so. All were full of sorrow and distress, and there was none to protect them. Under the pressure of their destitution, tltey accepted a covenant with Ts*oo, which I and my ministers were not able to prevent. I dare nut but now* inform you of it." Che Woo-tsze made the in- tenuincius Tsze-yun reply to Pih-p-ing, ** Your ruler received such a message from Ts'oo, and at the same time did not send a single messenger to inform our ruler, but instantly sought for rest under Ts'oo:--it was your ruler's wish to
436
THB CH*U1I TSfEW, WITH THE TSO CHIJKN.
BOOK IX.
do to ] who would dase to oppose him ? Bot our ruler will lead on the States and see him beneath his walls. Let your ruler take meas- ures accordingly.***
Far. 9. The Chuen says :— * Fan Seuen-tsze (Sze Kae) came to Luo, oo a friendly mission, and also to acknowledge the duke's risit [to Tsin, in spring], and to gire notice about taking the field against Ch'ing. The duke feasted him, on which occasion he sang the F*eaou yew mei (She, I. ii. ode IX.)f and Ke Woo-tsze (Ke-sun Suh) rejoined, ^ Who will dare [not to obey your orders] ? If you compare your ruler fo a plum-tree, ours is to him as its fragrance, [a pcnrtion of the same plant]. Joyfully we le-
ceire your orders, and will obey them without regard to time." With this he sang the Keoh kung (She n. rii. ode IX.). When tlie guest was about to leave [the hall], Woo-tsie [also] sang the T*nng kung (She, II. iii. ode I.), Senea- tsze said, ** After the battle ol Sliing-puh, our former ruler, duke Win, presented [tlie trophies of] Ills suct«ss in Hing-yung (see the Chuen on V. xxTiii. 8), and receired tlie red bow from king Seang, to be preserred by his descendants. I have inherited the office held by my ancestor under that previous ruler, and dare not but re- ceive your instructions?*' The superior man considers that Seoen-tsn was acquainted with propriety.'
Ninth year.
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DUKE SEANO.
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THE ch*x;n ts*ew, wrrn the tso chuen.
BOOK IX.
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DUKE 8RAN0.
439
IX. 1
2 3
In the [duke's] ninth year, in spring, there was a fire in Sung.
In summer, Ke-sun Suh went to Tsin.
In the fifth month, on Sin-yew, duke [Seuen's] wife, Keang, died.
In autumn, in the eighth month, on Kwei-we, we buried our duchess Muh Keang.
In winter, the duke joined the marquis of Tsin, the duke of Sung, the marquis of Wei, the earl of Ts'aou, the viscounts of Keu, Choo, and T'ang, the earls of Seeh and Ke, the viscount of Little Choo, and Kwang, heir-sou of Ts'e, in invading Ch'ing. In the twelfth month, on Ke-hae, these princes made a covenant together in He.
The viscount of Ts'oo invaded Ch'ing.
Par. 1. Eung-yang has here y^ instead of ^i, and we moy doubt whether the canon of
Tso-she, that SfS denotes a cahiniity produced
by Heaven is applicable to this passage. The Cliuen makes it clear that the event thus briefly chronicled was a fire which desolated the capital of Sung. This is another instance of the record In the Ch^un Ts'ew of the prodigies and calami- ties that occurred in Sung. Ace. to Rung and Kuh, such events in;other States ought not to be mentioned in the Classic, but they make an exception in the case of Sung, as being entitled to preeminence among tlie other States, because its princes were the representatives of the line of Stiang, or because Confucius was descended from a lamily of Sung I But calamities in other States are sometimes chronicled in the text ;--- e.^, X. xviii. 2. Too is, no doubt, correct in saying wc have this record here, because an announcement of the event was sent from Sung to Loo.
The Chuen says :— * In the duke's 9th year, In spring, there was a fire in Sung. Yoh He (Tsze-han) was then minister of Works, and made in consequence [the following] regulations ffor such an event]. He appointed the officer I'ih to take charge of the streets where the fire had not reached. He wns to remove small houses, and plaster over large ones. He was to set forth baskets and barrows for carrying earth; provile well-ropes and buckets; prepare 'water jars; have things arranged according to their weight ; dam the water up in places where it was collected; have earth and mud stored up; gi> round the walls, and measure off the places where watch and ward should be kept ; and signalize the line of the fire. He appointed II wa Shin to have the public worknr.en in readi- ness, and to order the commandants outside (he city to march their men from the borders and various stations to the place of the fire. He appointed Hwa Yueh to an'iin};e that the officers of the right should be prepareil for all they might be called on to do; and Heang Siiuh to arrange similarly for the officers of the left. He appointed Yoh Ch^uen in the same vay to prepare the various instruments of punishment. He appointed Hwang Yun to give orders to the master of the horse to bruig out horses, and the
chariot-master to bring out chariots, and to be prepared with bu£f -coats and weapons, in readi- ness for military guard. He appointed Se T8*oo-woo to look after the records kept in the different repositories. He onlered the superin- tendent and officers of the harem to maintain a careful watch in the palace. The masters of the right and left were to order the headmen of the 4 village-districts reverently to offer sacri- fices. The great officer of religion was to sacrifice horses on the Malls, and sacrifice to Pwan-k&ng outside the western gate.
'The marquis of Tsin asked Sze Joh what waa the reason of a saying which he had heard, that from the fires of Sung it could be known there was a providence. **The ancient director of fire," replied Joh. *' was sacrificed to either when the heart or the beak of the Bird culminated at sun-set, to regulate the kindling or the extin- guishing of the people*s fires. Hence the beak is the star Shun-ho, and the heart is Ta-ho. Now the director of fire under T*aou-t*ang (Yaou) was Oh-pih, who dwelt in Shang-k*ew, and sacrificed to Ta-ho, by fire regulating the seasons. Seang-tH)0 came after him, and hence Siiang paid special regard to the star Ta-ho. The people of Shang, in calculating their disas- ters and calamities, discovered that they were sure to begin with fire, and hence came the saying about thereby knowing there was a pro- vidence." ** Can the thing be certainly [known beforehand]?" asked the marquis, to which Joh replietl, ** It depends on the ruler's course. When the disorders of a State have not evident indications, it cannot be known [beforehand]"'
Par. 2. Tso says this visit of Ke Woo-tsze to Tsin was in return for that of Fan Scuen-tsze to Lkn) in the end of last year.
Far. 3. This lady was the grandmother of duke Scang. Her intrigue with K*eaou-joo, and her threats to duke Ching, have appeared in different narratives of the Chuen. It would api>ear that she had been put under pome re- straint, and confined in the palace a|ipn)priate to the eldest son and heir-apparent of the State. The Chuen says: — *Muh Keang died in the eastern palace. When she first went into it, she consulted the milfoil, and got the second line of the diagram Kin (^^ , E'=)* '^^^ diviner said, 'This is what remains i«^en Kin beconiea
440
THE Cnmi tS'EW, WITH THE TSO CHUEN.
BOOK IX.
^uy (|^> =^)- ^^y ^ ^^ symbol of getting out; your ladyship will soon get out from this." She replied, " No. Of this diagram it is said in the Chow Tih, *Suy indicates being great, nenetrating, beneficial, firmly correct, without blame.' Now that greatness is the lofty distinc- tion of the person; that penetration is the jasseuibiage of excellences; that beneficiainess is the harmony of all righteousness; that firm correctness is the stem of all affairs. The per- son who is entirely virtuous is sufficient to take the presidency of others; admirable virtue is enflicient to secure an agreement with all plro- priety. Beneficiainess to things is sufficient to effect a harmony of all righteousness. Firm correctness is sufficient to manage all affairs. But these things must not be in semblance merely. It is only thus that Suv could bring the assurance of blamelessness. Now I, a wo- man, and associated with disorder, am here In the place of inferior rank. Chargeable more- over with a want of virtue, greatness cannot be predicated of me. Not having contributed to the quiet of the State, penetration cannot be predicated of me. Having brought harm to myself by my doings, beneficiainess cannot be predicated of me. Having left my proper place for a bad intrigue, firm correctness cannot be predicated of me. To one who has those four virtues the diagram 8uy belongs; — ^what have I to do with it, to whoni none of them belongs? Having chosen evil, how can I be without blame? I shall die here; I shall never get out of this." * [The Chuen appends here: — * Duke King of Tsin sent Sze K*cen to beg the assistance of an army from Ts'oo, intending to invade Tsin. The viscount granted it, but Tsze-naug objected, saying,' "We cannot now maintain a struggle with Tsin. Its ruler employs officers according to their ability, and his appointments do justice to his choice. Every office is filled according to the regular rules. His ministers give way to others who are more able than themselves; liis great officers discharge their duties; his scholars vigorously obey their instructions; his common people attend diligently to their husbandry ; his merchants, mechanics, and in- ferior employes know nothing of changing their hiTeditary employments. Hftn Keuch having retired in consequence of age, Che Ying asks for his instructions in conducting the government. Fan Kae was younger than Chung-hang Yen, but Yen had hint advanced and made assistant- commander of the army of the centre. Han K*e was younger than Lwan Yin, bnt Yin and Sze Fang hatl him advanced, and made assistant coiimmnder of the 1st iirniy. Wei Keang had perfomied many services, but considering (/haou Woo superior to himself, he became assistHUt under him. With the ruler thns intelligent and his servants thus loyal, his high officers thus ready to yield their places, and the inferior officers thus vigorous, at this time Tsin cannot be resisted. Our proper course is to serve it ; let your Majesty well consider the case.** The king said, "I have granted the request of TsMn. Thougli we are not a match for Tc«in, we must tend an army forth." In autumn, the viscount of Ts*oo took post with an army at Woo-shing, in order to aflbrd support to Ts*in. A body of men from Ts'in made an incursion into Tsin, which was suffering from famine, and could not fetsliate.*]
Par. 4. Here, as elsewhere, Kung-yang has for £3. The duchess was buried soouer
than the rule required.
Far. 5. He was in Ch4ng. It was the same place which, in the Chuen on VIII. xvii. 2, is called He-fung (jK "^i )>~~ii^ ^^^ pres, dis. of
Fan-shwuy (yQ yiO* ^^P* ^^'^^^8' Ace. to Too there was no Ke-hae day in the 12th month, and we should read -+-' >& — - instead of -4-'
^^ "^t The Choen says: — *In winter, on the 10th month, the States invaded Ch'iiig. On
K&ng-woo, Ke Woo-tsze, Ts'uy ChSx) of Ts<e, and Hwang Tun of Sung, ftdlowcd Seun Ying and Sze Kae, and attacked the Chuen gate. Pih-knng Kwoh of Wei, an officer of Ts'aou, and an officer of Choo followed Seun Yen and Han K% and attacked [the gate] Ssw-che-leang. Officers of T'&ng and Seeh followed Lwan Yin and Sze Fang, and attacked the north gate. Officers of Ke and E followed Cliaou Woo and Wei Keang, and cut down the chesnut trees along the roads. On Keah-seuh, the armies collected in Fan, and orders were given to the States, saying, **Look to your weapons that they be ready for service; prepare dried and other provisions; send home the old and the young; place your sick in Hoo-laou; forgire those who have committed small faults: — we are going to lay siege to the capital of Ch'ing." On this the people of Ch^ng became afraid, and wished to make peace. Chung-hang Hcen-tsie (Seun Yen^ said, " Let us hold the city in siege^ and wait the arrival of the succours from Ts^oo, and then fight a battle with them. If we do not do so, we shall have accomplished nothing.** Che Woo-tsze, however, said, ^*Let us grant Ch4ng a covenant, and then withdraw our armies, in order to wear out the people of TsHx). We shall divide our 4 armies into 3, and [with one of them and] the ardent troops of the States, meet the comers: — this wHl not be distressing to us, while Ts*oo will not be able to endure it. lliis is still better than fighting. A struggle is not to be maintained by whitening the plains with bones to gratify [our pride]. There is no end to such great labour. It is a rule of the former king^ that superior men should labour with their minds, and smaller men labour with their strength."
^None of the States wished to fight ; so they granted peace; and in the 11 th month, on Ke- hae, they made a covenant together in He,— on the submission of Ch*ing. When they wers abtmt to covenant, the six ministers of Ch^ng, — the Kung-tszes, Fci TTsze-sze), Fall (Tsie- kwoh), and Kea (Tsze-k^ung), and the Kung-* suns, Cheh (Tsze-urh), Ch*ae (Tsze-keaou), and Shay-che (Tsze-chen), with the great officers and younger members of the ministerial clans, all attended the earl of Ch'ing. Sze Chwang- tsze made the words of the covenant to this ef- fect, " After the covenant of to-day, if the State of ChMng hear any connnands but those of Tsin, and incline to any other, may there happen to it according to what is [inipi:ecate<1] in this cove- nant I*' The Kung-tsze Fei rushed forward at this, and said, ^' Heaven has dealt unfavourably with the State of Ch*iog, and given it its place midway between two ^reat Statea, which do
Tbak IZ.
DUKE dfiANG.
441
not bestow on it the marks of favour which could be appreciated, but demand its adherence by Tiolence. Thus its Spirits cannot enjo/ the aacriflces which should be presented to them, and its people cannot ei\juy the advantages of its soil. Its husbands and wives are oppress- ed and straitened, full of misery, having none to appeal to. After this covenant of to-day, if the State of Ch'ing follow any other but that ^irtiich extends propriety to it and strength to protect its people, but dares to waver in its ad- nerence, may there happen to it according to [•he imprecations in] this covenant I" Seun Yen said, '* Change [the conditions of] this covenant" Kung-sun Shay-che said, **TheDe are solemn words In which we have appealed to the great Spirits. If we may change them, we may also revolt fh>m your great State.'* Che Woo-tsze aaid to Heen-tsze " We indeed have not virtue, and it is not proper to force men to covenant with us. Without propriety, how can we pre- side over covenants? Let us agree for the pre- sent to this covenant, and withdraw. When we come again, after having cultivated our vir- tue, and rested our armies, we shall in the end win Ch'ing. Why nmst we determine to do so to-day ? If we are \Tithout virtue, other people will cast us off, and not Ch^ng only; if we can rest and be harmonious, tliey will come to us from a distance. Why need we rely upon Ch*ing ? " Acconlingly they covenanted [as re- lated above], and the forces of Tsin withdrew. * The people of Tsin had thus not ^ot their will with Ching, and tliey again invaded it with the armies of the States. In the 12th month, on Kwei-hae, they attacked the [saniej three gates,
and persevered for five days at each (^M M
ought to be p^ 3Bl H )• '^®° ®" Mow-yin, they crossed [the Wei] at Yin-fan, and over- ran the country. After halting at Yin-k*ow, they withdrew. Tsze-k*ung proposed to attack the army of Tsin, saying that it was old and exhausted, and the soldiers were all bent on re- turning home, so that a great victory could he gained over it. Tsze-clien, however, refused to sanction such a movement.'
[The CImen here relates tlie capping of duke Seang: — ^The duke accompanied the marquis of Tain [back from ChMnt;], and when they were at the Ho and he was with the marquis at a feast, the latter asked how old he was. Ke- Woo-tsze replied, " He wa.s born in the year of the meeting at Sha-suy (^ee VIII. xvi. 8)." He is twelve then," said the marquis. "That is a full decade of years, the period of a revolution of Jupiter. The ruler of a State may liave a son when he is fifteen. It is the rule that he should be capped before he begets a son. Your ruler may now be capped. Why should you not get everything necessary for the ceremony ready?" Woo-tsze replied, "The capping of our ruler must be d<me with the ceremonies of libAtion and offerings ; its different stages must be defined by the music of the bell and the mu- sical stone; it must take place in the temple of his first ancestor. Our ruler is now travelling, and those things cannot be providcil. Let us get to a brother State, and borrow what is necessary to prepare for the ceremony." The marquis as- sented ; so, when the duke had got as far as Wei on his return, he was capped in the temple of duke Ch^iug. They borrowed the bell and
musical stone of it for the purpose ; —as was proper.'
This capping of duke Seang out of Loo was a strange proceeding, and was pn)bably done in the wantonness of the marquis of Tsin, amusing himself with the child. Maou supposes that it is kept out of the tezt^ to conceal the disgrace of it.J
Par. 6. Here Ts'oo Is down again upon Ch*ing, because of its making the covenant with Tsin. The Chuen says: — *The viscount of Ts*oo invaded Ch'ing, and Tsze-sze proposed to make peace with him. Tsse-k'ung and Tsze- keaon said, " We have just made a covenant with the [other] great State, and, while the blood of it is not dry on our mouths, may wo break it?" Tsze-sze and Tsze-chen replied, "At that covenant we said that we would fol- low the strongest. Here now is the army of Ts*oo arrived, and Tsin does not come to save us, so that T8*oo is the strongest; — ^we are not presuming to break the words of the covenant and oath. Moreover, at a forced covenant where there is no sincerity, the Spirits are not present. They are present only where there b good faith. Good faith is the gem of speech, the essential point of all goodness; and therefore the Spirits draw near to it. They in their in- telligence do not require adherence to a forced covenant; — it may be broken." Accordingly they made peace with Ts'oq. The Kung-tsze P*e-jung entered tiie city to make a covenant, which was done in [the quarter] Chung-fun. [In the meantime], the widow of [king] Chwang of Ts'oo died, and [king] Kung returned [to Ying]i without having been able to settle [the affairs of] Ch*ing.'
[The Chuen appends hfsre a notice of the measures of internal reform in Tsin:— * When the marquis of Tsin returned to his capital, he consulted how he could give rest and prosperity to the people. Wei Kcung begged that he would confer favours on them and grant remis- sions. On this all the accumulated stores of the State were given out in benefits. From the marquis downwards, all who had such stores brought them forth, till noue were left unap- propriated, and there was no one exposed to the endurance of want Tlie marquis granted access to every source of advantage, and the people did not covet more than their proper share. In religious services they used offerings of silks instead of viciims; guests were entcrtaine<i with [the flesh of] a single animal ; new articles of furniture and use were not made; only such chariots snd ro!)es were kept as sufficed for use. When this stvle had been pnictised for twelve months, a riglit metliod and order prevailed throughout the State. Then three expeditions were undertaken, and Ts^oo was not able to .contend [any more] with Tsin].'
VOL. T.
56
442
THE CHUN TS'EW, WITH THE TSO CHUEN.
BOOK IX.
Tenth year.
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BOOK IX.
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1 In his tenth year, in spring, the duke joined the marquis of Tsin, the duke of Sung, the marquis of Wei, the earl of Ts'aon, the viscounts of Keu, Choo, and T'Sng, the* earls of S6eh and Ke, the viscount of Little Choo, and! Kwang, heir-son of Ts'e, in a meeting with Woo at Cha:»
2 In summer, in the fifth month, on Keah-woo, [Tsin] went on [from the above meeting] to extinguish Peih-yang:
The duke arrived from the meeting.
The Kung-tsze Ching of Ts*oo, and the Kung-sun Cheh of
Ch'ing, led a force, and invaded Sung. An army of Tsin invaded Ts'in. In autumn, a body of men from Eeu invaded our eastern'
borders. The duke joined the marquis of Tsin, the duke of Sung, the
marquis of Wei, the earl of Ts'aou, the viscounts of Eei(
and Choo, Ewang, heir-son of Ts*e, 'the viscount of
T'Sng, the earls of Seeh and Ee, and the viscount of
Little ChoOy in invading Ch'ing. In winter, some ruffians killed the Kung-tszes Fei and Fah^
and the Euug-sun Cheh, of Ch'ing. We (sent troops] to guard Hoo-laou.
The Kung-tsze Ching of Ts*oo led a force to relieve Ch*ing, The duke arrived from the invasion of Ch'ing.
3 4
5 6
8
9 10 11
Par. 1. Too says Cha was in the territory of Ts'oo, and the K'ang-be editors identify it with
the pret. Kea-k*ow (^ P )i in the dis. of
Tih, dep. of Yen-chow. The one or the other must be wrong. Hie territory of Ts*po would thus liare extended as far north as Loo. We may accept the statement of Too, and leave the question as to any more exact identification. The object of the meeting was, no doubt, to call forth the hostility of Woo to more active mea»- uea flgainsi T»*oo, so that that State should be
obliged to relax its efforts to hold ChMng. Th0 phrase *a meeting with Woo (^^ -^^V ^^h- ont specifying the viscount himself or his re* presentative on the occasion, has occarioned the critics a good deal of diflSculty. The Fame style has occurred before, in VIII. xv. 10 and IX. ▼. 4^ and we meet with it again, in xiv. 1. The most
likely account that can be given of it is the re- mark, probably of 8oo Ch'eh, that only the name of tbe btate is given because [to get the help of]
446
THE CH'UN TS*EW, WITH THE TSO CHUEN.
BOOR IX.
I
tliat State WHS the objc^ct (if the meeting (!l^
llie (^liuen sa^s:— *The nieetinK at (.ha was a meeting with Show-niung, viscount uf Woo. In the Sd month, on Kwci-ch'ow, Kaou How of T8*o came with his marquis's eldest son Kwang, and had a previous nKH^:i^g with (he princes in Chung-le (j«ee VIII. xv. 10)» when tliey behaved disrespectfully. Sse Chwang-tsze (Sze Job) said, ** Kaou-tsze, coming in attendance on his prince to a meeting of the States, ought to have in mind the protection of 'J's^e's altars, and yet they both of them behave disrespectfully. They will not, I apprehend, escape an evil end.** In auminer, in the 4th month, on Mow-woo, there was the meeting at Cha.'
Par. 2. Feih-yaug was a small State, whose
lords were viscounts, with the surname of Yun
CC^). It was under the jurisdiction of Ts'oo.
Tsin now led on the forces of the States from the meeting at Cha to attack it. Its principal town is said to have been 30/s to the south of the dis. of Yih, dep. Yen-chow. The Ctiuen •ays:— 'Seun Yen and Sze Kae of Tsin asked leave to attack l*eih-yang, and that it should be conferred on Heang Seuh of Sung. Seun Ying •aid, "The city is small but strtmg. If you take it, it will he no great achievement; if you do not take it, you will be laughed at.'* They persisted in their request ; and on Ping-yin they laid siege to it, but could not overcome it.
*TsMn Kin-foo, the steward of the M&ng fami- ly, drew after liim a large waggon to the service. The people of Pdh-yang having opened one of their gates, the soldiers of the States attacked it, [and had passed within]. Just then, the fiortcullis gate was let down, when lieih of Tsow raised it up, and let out the stonners who had entered. Teih Sze-me carried the wheel of a large car- riage, whicli he covered with hides and used as a buckler. Holding this in his left hand, and carrying a spear in his right, he took the place of a body of 100 men. Mftng Hcon-tsze said, '*To him we may apply the words of the o<ie (She, I. Hi. ode XIII. 2), * Strong as a tiger.'" The besieged hung strips of cloth over the wall, by one of which Kin-foo climbed up to the parapet, when they cut it. Down he fell, when they hung out another; and when he had re- rived, he seized it and mounted again. Thrice he performed this feat, and on the besieged declining to give him another opportunity he retired, taking with him the three cut pieces, which he showed all through the army for three days.
*The forces of the States were long detained at Peih-yang ; and Seun Yen and Sze Kae went with a request to Seun Ying, saying, ** The rains will soon fall and the pools gather, when we are afraid we shall not be able to return. We ask you to withdraw the troops.** Che Pih (Seun Ying) became angry, and threw at them the •tool on which he was leaning, which passed be- tween the two. '* You had determined," said he, ** on two things, and then came and informed me of them. I was afraid of confusing your plans, and did not oppose you. You have im- posed toil on our ruler; you hare called out I the forces of] the States ; you have dragged an old man like myself here. And now you have no prowess to show, but want to throw the
blame on me. Baying, that I ordered the retreat of the troops, and but for that you would liave sub- dued the place. Can I, thus old and feeble, sus- tain such a heavy responsibility ? If in 7 days you have not taken it, I shall take yourselves instead of it.'* On this, in the 5th month, on Kftng-yin, Seun Yen and Sze Kae. le<l on their men to the attack of the city, themselves en- countering [the shower] of arrows and stones. On Keah-woo they extinguishetl it.
* The language of the text, — "lliey went on to extinguish Peih-yang," shows that they pro- ceeded to attack it fnmi the meeting [at Cha]. ['Hie marquis of Tsin] would then have given Peih-yang to Heang Seuh, but he declined it, M3'ing, **If your lordship will still ctmdeseend to guard and comfort the State of Sung, and by the gift of Peih-yang distinguish my ruler and increase his territory, all his ministers will bo at ease ; — what gift can be equal to this ? If you insist on conferring it on nie alone, then I shall have called out the States to procure a fief for myself, — than which there could not be a greater crime. Though I die, I must entreat you not to do so." Peih-yang accordingly was given to the duke of Sung.
* The duke entertained the marquis of Tsin in Ts'oo-k*ew, and asked leave to use, [on the occasion, the music of] Sang-lin (the mu^ic which had been used by the sovereigns of Shang). Seun Ying declined it, but Seun Yen and Sze Kae said, ** Among the States, it is [only] in Sung and L(m that we can see the ceremonies [of the kings]. Loo has the music of the grand triennial sacrifice, and uses it when entertaining guests and at sacrifices; is it not allowable that Sung should entertain our ruler with the S<mg-lin?" The master of the pantomimes began indicating to them their places with the great flag, when the marquis became afraid, and withdrew to another apart- ment. When the flag was removed, he return- ed and finished the entertainment. On his way back [from Sung], he fell ill at Choo-y ung. They consulted the tortoise-shell [about his sickness], and [the Spirit of] Sang-lin appeared. Seun Yen and Sze Kae wanted to hurry [back to Sung], and to pray to it Seun Ying, however, refused to allow them, and said, *' I declined the ceremony. It was they who used it. If there indeed be this Spirit, let him visit the offence on them." llie marquis got better, and took the viscount of Peih-yang back with him to Tsin. and pre- sented him in the temple of [duke] Woo, calling him an E captive. [The lords of] Peih-yang had the surname of Yun. [The marquis] made the historiographer of the Interior in Chow select one fVom the family of the [old] House to continue [its sacrifices], whom he placed in Hoh as its commandant ; — which was proper.
* When our army returned, Mftng llcen-tsze employed Ts4n Kin-foo as the s|)earman on the right of his chariot. He had a son, Ts^n Pe- tsze, who was a disciple of Chung-ne.'
A 8 Tso-she here mentions Confucius, it may be added that it was the sage's father, Shuh-lcang Heih, who performed the feat of strength with the portcullis of Peih-yang.
Far. 4. Sung had been rewarded for its
allegiance to Tsin with Peih-yang, and now it
has to pay the price to Ts*oo. The Chuen
says: — *In the 6th month, Tsze-nang of Ts*oo
( and Tsse-urh of Ch4ng invaded Sung, taking
Tsar X.
DUKB SEAN6.
447
post Ijflrat] at Tszc-moo. On Rftng-woo they laid 8iege to the capital, and attacked the T*ang gate.'
Far. 5, The Cliuen rays:— Seun Ying of Tsin Invaded Tsin, to retaliate its incursion.' Tlie Incursion of Ts4n is related in the Chuen after p. 3 of last year. ''i*8in was then unable to retaliate in consequence of a famine, but its yengeance had not slumbered long. At this time Ts'in was in league with Ts'oo, and the alliance between the States was drawn closer through the wife of king Kung being a sister of duke King of Ts*in.
[The Chuen gives here a narrative, wliich is the sequel of that on p. 4: — 'The marquis of Wei went to succour Sung, and encamped with his forces at Seang-ncw. Tsze-chen of Ching said, ** We must invade Wei. If we do not do so, we shall not be doing our part for Ts^oo. We have offended against Tsin, and if we also of- fend against Ts'oo, what will be the consequence to our State?" Tsze-sze said, ** It will distress the State ;" but Tsze-chen replied, ** If we offend against both the great States, we shall perish. We may be distressed, but is that not better than perishing?" The other great officers all agreed with him, and Hwang-urh accordingly lud a force and made an incursion iuto Wei, — [having receivetl] onlers from Ts*oo.
*Sun Wftn-tsze (Lin-foo) consulted the tor- toise-shell aliout pursuing the enemy, and presented the indication he had obtained to Ting Keang (the mother of the marquis of Wei), who asked what the corresponding oracle was. ''It is this," said W&n-tsze. 'The in- dication being like a hill, a party go forth on an expedition, and lose their leader.' " 'llie lady observed, '* llie invaders lose their leader ; — this is favourable for those who resist them. Do Vdu take measures acconlingly." 'Ilic people of Woi then pursued the enemy, and Sun Kwae captured Hwang Urh at K'euen-k'ew.'
[There follows the acctount of an invasion of Xkx) by Ts'oo. which ought to be given in the text. Too observes that, as it involved no disgrace to Loo, he cannot account for the silence about it. — * In autumn, in the 7th month, Taze-nang of Ts'oo and Tsze-urh of Ching in- vided our western borders. On their return they laid siege to Seaou (a city of Sung), and riKluc^ it in the 8th month, on Ping-yin. In the 9th month, Tsze-urh of Ch*ing made an in- cursion on the northern liorder of Sung. M&ng Hcen-tsze said, '* Calamity must be going to be- fall Ch'ing." The aggressions of its armies are excessive. Even Chow could not endure such violent efforts, and how much less ChingI 'I he calamity is likely to l)efall the three minis- ters who conduct its government! "J
Par. H. The Chuen says : — ' The i»eople of Keu taking advantage of the States being occupied, invadetl our eastern bonlers.' Wang K*ih-kwan oliiterves that this movement shows strikingly the daring of Keu, as its viscount had taken part in nearly all the covenants ordered by duke Taou of Tsin. It shows how incomplete the harmony was which the leading State s<iught to establish among the others which acknowledged its supremacy.
Par. 7. This was tlie first of the three ex- peditions of Tsin mentioned in the Chuen at the end of last year, by which that State wore out TsHio, and established its supremacy, for a
time, over Ch'ing. Tlie Chuen says: — 'The States invaded Clring. Ts'uy Ch'oo of Ts*« came with Kwang, the eldest son of the marquis, to the army early, and the prince therefore took precedence of T'ftng. On Ke-ryew, the whole army took post at Ngw-show.' The proper place of the heir-son of Ts'e was after all the princes, as in p. 1. If he had received, indeed, the ap- pointment of the king as his father's successor, and were administering for him the govt, of the State, he would have been entitled to rank as an earl, according to the rules of Chow. But he had not received such appointment, as we infer from the Chuen on the I9th year. The precedence now given to him was probably brought about as Tso-she says ; but ai we shall find that he continued to retain it, it is an instance of how the marquis of Tsin took it upon him to override the standing statutes of the kingdom. Par. 8. We have here the fulfilment of the
prognostication in the Chuen after p. 5. For ]jBat Kung and Kuh have SB. We have iu this
par. the first occurrence of y^ in the text, which
I have translated "rufllans." Too Yu observes that, as the paragraph commences with that term, the rank of the murdered could not bo mentioned in it. They were all ministers or great officers, and if their death hud been by onler or man^igement of the Stale, the text would have
■7^ -y-j*. If the murderers had been great of- ficers, their names and rank, and those of their victims as well, would have been ftiven. But being what they were in this case, their names were not admissible in the text, and consequent- ly we have the persons murdered without any intimation of their rank. No stigma is fixed upon them by the omission, as Kuh-lcang thought, and as Ch'ing £, Uoo Ngan-kwoh, and many other critics have contended. The men may have deserved their fate, but no evidence of that can be drawn from the style of the text.
The Chuen says:— 'Before this, Tsze-sze( the Kung-tsze Fei) had a quarrel with Wei Che, and when he was about to take the field against the army of the States, he reduced the numlier of the chariots [which Che wanted to contribute to the expedition]. He had another quarrel with Che about the captives whom he had taken, and kept him down, saying his chariots had been beyond the number prescribed by rule, and would not allow him to present his spoils [l)e- fore the marquis].
' Before this also, Tsze-szc, in laying put the ditches through the fields, had occasioned the loss of fields to the Sze, Too, How and Tsze-szo families; and these four, ahing with Wei Che, collected |a number of dissatittfleil individuals, and proceeded, with the adherents of the sons of the ruling House (kille<l in the 8th year by Tsze-sze; see the Chuen after viii. 2) to raise an insurrection. At this time the govt, was in the hands of Tsze-sze; Tsze-kwoh (the Kung- tsze Fnh) was minister of War ; Tsze-urh (the Kung-sun Cheh) was minister of Works ; and Tsze-k*ung was minister of Instruction. Iu winter in the 10th month, on Mow-shin, Wei Che, Sze Chin, How Tsin, Too Joo-foo, and Tsze-sze Pub, led a band of ruffians into the
448
THE CII*UN TS«EW, WITH THE TSO CHUEN.
BOOK IX
paliice, and early in the morning attacked the chief niinigter at Uie audience in the western palace, 'llwy killed Taze-sze, Taze-kwoli, and T«ze-arh, and carried < ff the earl to the northern palace. T^zt^k'unK had known of their design* and so escsped death. The word * rufl^ns ' in the text indicates that none of them were great officers.
* Tsse-ie, the son of Tsze-sze) hearing of the ruffians, left his house without taking any pre- cautions, went to [his father's] corpse, and pursued them. When they had entered the northern |ialace, however, he returned, and he-
S.n giving out their anus [to his followers], ost of the SiYvants and concubines had fl<M, and most of the articles of furniture and use were lost.
*T8ze-ch*an (the son of Tsze-kwoh), hearing of the ruffians, set a guard at his gate, got all his officers in readiness, shut up his storehouses, carefully secured his depositories, formed his men in ranks, and then went forth with 17 chariots of war. Having gone to [iiis father's] ci»ri>se, he proceeded to attack the ruffians, in the northern palace. Tsze-k*eaou (the Kung- suii Chae) led the people to his assistance, when the^' killed Wei Che and Tsze-sze Puh. The majority of their foHowers perialied, but How 'J'sin fled to T;»in, and Too J(K)-foo, Sze Shin, Wei Peen, and Sze Ts*e fled to Sung.
'Tsze-kMmg (the Kung-tsze Kca) then took charge of the State, and made a c<ivenant re- quiring that all in the variims degrees of rank should receive the rules enacted by himself. The great officers, ministers, and younger mem- bers of the great families refusing obeflience to tills, he wished to take them off; but Tsze-ch*an •to]>|)ed him, and begged that for their sakes he would burn the covenant. He objected to do so, sayinif, ** I wrote what I did for the settle- ment of the State. If I burn it because they all are dissatisfied, then the government is in their hands; — will it not be difficult to administer the affairs of the State?" Ttize-eh*an replied, **lt is difficult to go against the anger of them all; and it is difficult to secure the exclusive authority to yourself. If yon insist on both these difficulties in onler to quiet the State, it is the very way to endanger it. It is better to burn the writing, and so quiet all their mindn. You will get what you wish, and they also will feel at ease; — will not this be well? By insisting on your exclusive authority, you will And it difficult to succeed ; by g(»iiiK against the winlies of all, y<m will excite calamity: — you must follow my advice." On this Tszc-kning. burned the writing of the covenant outside the Ts^ang gate, after which the minds of all the others became composed.'
Par. 9. Hoo-laou,— see ii. 9. Tlie text would lead us to think that the keeping guanl over Hoo-laou was the action of Loo, and of Loo alone; whereas Tsin had taken possession of that city, fortified it and now held it with the troops of its confederate States, as a strategical point against Ch*ing and Ts'oo. Loo sent trtiops to guard it; and this alone the text men- tions, but other States did the same. Original- ly it belonged to Ching, but was not Ciring's How. Yet the text says — * Hoo-laou of Ch-ing.' Too Yu and others see in this the style of Con- fucius writing retrospectively, expressing him- aelf aooording lo his Itnowiedge of the purpoie
of Tsin to restore the pUce to Oh*ing, when tb«fc State should really have broken with TsHio. Hoo Ngan-kwoh, again, has his followers in maintaining that Confucius here assigned it to Ching to mark his disapproval of Tain's ever taking it. The probability is that neither the one view nor the other is correct. The place properly belonged to Ch'ing ; it was held against it by the confederates for a time; it was im- mediately restored to it:— what more natural than to mention it as * Hoo-laou of Ch*ing,' without any intention either *to praise or to blame.' The Chuen says :— *The armies of the States fortified [afresh] Uoo-laou, and guarded the country about, The army of Tsin fortified Woo and Che; and Sze Fang and Wei Keang guarded them. The text speaks of Hoo-laou of Ch*ing, though it was not [now] Cii'ing's, indi<- cating that it was to be restored to it. Ching [now] ouide peace with Tsin.*
Par. 10. The Chuen says: — 'Tsze-nang of Ts^oo came to succour Ching. In the 11th month, the armies of the States made a circuit round Ch*ing, and proceeded stmth to Yang-ling. Still the army of Ts^k) did not retire, [seeing which], Che Woo-tsze proposed that the con- federates should withdraw, saying, " If we now make our escape from Ts^oo, it will become arrogant, and can be fought with when in that mood. Lwan Yin, said, ** To evade T8H>o will be a disgrace to Tftin. < >ur having assembled the States will increase the disgrace. We had better die. I will advance alone." On this the [whole] army advanced, and on Ke-hae it and the army of Ts^x) were opposed to each other with [only] the Ying between them. Tsze Keaou [of Ch'ing] said, "The [armies of the] States are prepared to march, and are sure not to fight. If we follow Tsin, they will retire; if we do not follow it, they will retire. Ts^oo is snre to besiege our city when they retire; but they will still do so. We had better follow Ts^oo, and get its army to retire also." llut night he crossed through the Ying, and made a covenant with Ts'oo. Lwan Yin wished to attack the army of Ch'ing, but Seun Ying said, ** No. We cannot keep back Ts^oo, neither can we protect Cli*ing. Of what offence is dicing guilty? Our best plan is to leave a grudge against it, and withdraw. If we now attack its army, TsH>o will come to its help. If we fight, and do not conquer, the States will laugh at us. Victory cannot be commanded. We had better withdraw." Accordingly, on Ting-we the armies of the States withdrew, msde an incursion into the northern borders of CIring, and returned. The forces of TsHx) also withdrew.
Par. 11. [The Chuen gives here a narrative about troubles at crttirt: — *Wang-sliuh Cli*in- s&ng and Pih Yu had a quarrel alwut the gort. The king favoured Pih Yu, when the other fied from the capital in a rage. The king recallcil him when he had got to the Ho. and put tlio historioin'apher Keaou to death to please him. He would not enter [the capital], however, sud wa8 allowed to remain [near the Hn]. 11m marquis of Tsin sent Sze K lie to pacify the royal House, when Wang-shuli and Pi!i Yu maintain- ed each his gause. The steward of Wang-sliub, and Hea K'in, the great officer uf Pih Yu;
E leaded in the court of the king, while Sze Kstf stened to them. Wang-shuh's steward said, ** When people who Uto in horeUi with wkktf
Tbar XL
DUKE SEANG.
449
doors fitted to holes in the wall, insult their superiors, it is hard to be a man of superior rank.** Hea K'in said, ''When king P4ng remoTed here to the east, there were seren fami- lies of us, who followed him, and on whom he was dependent for the victims which he used. He made a covenant with them over [the flesh of) a red bull, saying that from generation to
Seneration they should hold their offices. If we ad been people of such hovels, how could they have come to the east ? and how could the king have been dependent on them? Now since Wang-shuh b^me chief minister, the govt, has been carried on by means of bribes, and punish- meats have been in the hands of his favourites.
His officers luive become enormously rich, and it is not to be wondered at if we are reduced to such hovels. Let your great State consider the case. If the low cannot obtain right, where is what we call justice?'* Fan Seuen-tsze said, ''Whom the son of Heaven favours, my ruler also favours ; whom he disapproves, my ruler also disap- proves." He then made Wang-shuh and Pih Yu prepare a summary of their case; but Wang-
shuh could bring forward no evidence, and fled
to Tsin. There is no record of this in the text,
because no announcement of it was made to Loo.
Duke Tsing of Shen then became high minister,
to act as director for the royal House.']
Eleventh year.
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XL 1 In the [duke's] eleventh year, in spring, in the king's first
month, we formed three armies.
2 In summer, in the fourth month, we divined a fourth time
about the border sacrifice. The result was unfavour* able, and the sacrifice was not ofl^ered.
3 The Kung-sun Shay-che of Ch*ing led a force, and made
an incursion into Sung.
4 The duke joined the marquis of Tsin, the duke of Sung,
the marquis of Wei, the earl of Ts*aou, Kwang, heir-son of Ts'e, the viscounts of Keu, Choo, and T^ang, the earls of Seeh and Ke, and the viscount of Little Choo, in invading Ch'ing.
5 In autumn, in the seventh month, on Ke-we, [the above prin-
ces]made a covenant together on the north of Poh-shing.
6 The duke arrived from the invasion of ChMng,
7 The viscount of Ts'oo and the earl of Ch*ing invaded Sung.
8 The duke joined the marquis of Tsin, the duke of Sung,
the marquis of Wei, the earl of Ts'aou, Kwang, heir-son of Ts*e, the viscounts of Keu, Choo, and T'Sng, the earla of Seeh and Ke, and the viscount of Little Choo, in invading Ch'ing. There was a meeting in Seaou-yu.
9 The duke arrived from the meeting.
10 The people of Ts^oo seized and held Leang Seaou, the mes-
senger of Ch*ing.
11 In winter, a body of men from Ts*in invaded Tsin.
^
452
THE CH*UN TS*EW, WITH THE TSO CHUEN.
BOOKCL
Par. 1. y^ must be taken here as in VIII.
i. 4, indicating an arrangement cither altogether new, or modifying in a most important manner existing arrangements on the subject to which it refers. The Chuen says: — 'This spring, Ke Woo-tsze wished to form 3 armies, and told Shuh-sun Muh-tszc (P'aou) of his purpose, say- ing, **Let us make three armies, and each of us collect the revenue for the support of his army." Huh-tsze replied, "When the demands [ofTsin] come upon you, [according to this increased establishment J, you will not be able [to meet them]." Woo-tsze, however, persisted in his re- quest, till Muh-tsze said, ** Well, let us make a covenant." They covenanted accordingly at the gate of [dukej He's temple, the imprecatory sentinces being repeated in the street of Woo-foo." In the Ist month they proceeded to the formation of the 3 armies, [the three clans] dividing the ducal prerogative [as it were] into tnree, and each of them taking one part to itself. The three chiefs broke up their own [establishments of] chariots. The Ke appointed that those who brought their followers and the amount of the military contribution of their families to him, should pay nothing more [to the 8tate], and those who did fiot so enter his ranks should pay a dpuble contribution. The M&ng employed one halt' the sons and younger broshcrs in his service. The Shuh-sun employed all the sons and younger brothers, rrhey had said that], unless they acted thus, they would not alter the old arrangements.'
It is to be wished that Tso-she*s narrative were more perspicuous and explicit; — see also the narrative under X. ▼. 1, when the new army, or that of the centre, was obliged to be discon- tinued. The arrangement for 3 armies which was now adopted was an important one, nnd marked an era in the history of Loo. It was originally a great State, and could furnish the 8 armies, whicli were assigned by the statutes of Chow to a great State; — see the Chow Le, Bk. XXVIII. par. 3. But its power had gradu- ally decayed ; and as Tsin rose to preeminence as the leading State of the kingdom, Loo sank to
the class of the second-rate States (^ BH).
which furnished only two armies. The change from 3 to 2 seems to have taken place under V^ftn or Seuen. In tliis way Loo escaped some of the exactions of Tsin, whose demands for military assistance were proportioned to the force which the States could f urnisli, and hence, in the Chuen, Shuh-sun Muh-tsze objects to the formation of 8 armies on tlic gronnd that they would then be unable to meet the requirements of Tsin. But up to this time, the armies of Loo, whether 3 or 2, had always belonged to the marquises, having been called forth by tliem as occasion required, and been commanded by their ministers accord- ing to their appointment. A great change now took place. The Heads of the three families, —the descendants of duke Hwan, now not only claimed the command of tlie armies, but they claimed the armies as their own. Taking advan- tage of the youth of duke Seang, their suit was all but a parting of the State among tliemselves. They would henceforth be not only its ministers, but its lords, and the direct descendants of the duke of Chow would be puppets in their hands. I must repeat the wish that we had fuller details of the formation of the three armies, and of the pro-
ceedings of the three chiefs. Too taya that they added one army, — that of the centre, to the two already existing; but that is a very im- perfect description of their act. The chariots whicli they broke up would be those beloitg^ng to themselves, for which they would now have no separate occasion, and which would go therefore to the formation of the third army. The text relates the event, as if it had proceeded from the duke, or by his authority.
Par. 2. See on V. xxxi. 3.
Par. 3. The Chuen says: — *The people ai ChMng were tmubled abtmt [their relations with] Tsin and Ts'oo, and nil the great officers said, *^1'hrough our not following Tsin, the State is nearly ruined. Ts'oo is weaker than Tsin, but Tsin shows no eagerness in our behalf. If Tsin were eager in our behalf, Ts*oo would avoid it. What shall we do to make the army of Tsin ready to encounter death f or «s ? lo that case TsSx) will not venture to oppose it, and we can firmly adhere to it." Tsze^hen said, ''Let us commence hostilities against Sung; the States are sure to come fto its help], when we will submit to them, ana make a covenanL The army of Ts'oo will then come, and we shall do the same with it. This will make Tsin very angry. If it can then come quickly and reso- lutely [into the field], TsHx) will not be able to do anything against it, and we shall firmly ad* here to Tsin." The others were pleased with this proposal, and they made the officers of the borders commence a quarrel with Sang, Heang Seuh of which retaliated with an incursion into Ch'ing, in which he took great spoiL Tsse- chen said, " We may now invade Sung with an army. If we attack Sung, the States are sure to attack us immediately. We will then hearken to their commands, and at the same time send notice to Ts^oo. When its forces come, we shall further make a covenant with it; and by heavy bribes to the army of Tsin, we shaU escape [the vengeance of them both]." Ac- cordingly, in summer, Tsze-chen (Shay-cbe) made an incursion into Sung.'
Tsze-chen had formerly advocated the ad- herence of Ch4ng in good faith to Tsin, while Tsze-sze had been for adhering now to Tsin and now to Ts'oo, according to the pressure of the time. Tsze-sze was now dead; and .the com- mentators find great fault with Tsze-dien for the crooked course which he took to bring about the accomplishment of his own policy.
Par. 4. This is the second of Tsin's great expeditions with the States of the Dorth to break the power of Ts'oo. The Chuen says:— 'In the fourth month, the States invaded Ching. On Ke-hae, Kwang, eldest son of [the marquis of] Ts'e, and Heang Seuh of Sung, came first to its capital, and attacked the east gate. In the evening of that day, Seun Ying of Tsin arrived in the western suburbs, from which he made an incursion to the old [capital of J Ileu (see on Vin.xv. 11). Sun Lin-foo of Wei made an incursion on the northern borders of the State. In the 6th month, the States assembled at Pih- liu, and encamped in Heang. Thence they took a circuit, and halted at So, after which they invested the capital, and made a [grand] dis- play of their forces outside the south gate, and on the west crossed over tlie Tse-suy.'
Ybar XI.
DUKE SEANO.
453
Far. 6. Instead of S^ Kang and Kuh haTO
^t . Poh-shing was in Ching, and, ace. to the
K'ang-he editors, nmst have heen in the pres. district of Yen-szo, dep. Ho-nnn. This is very doubtful. Too and nearly all the critics explain
^^^ 1^ ^ith reference to the presence of
Ch4ng, and its johiing in the covenant. No previous instance where the term has occurred exactly corresponds to this; and perhaps Tan Tsoo is right in thinking that Ch'ing was not present. The Chuen sayk: — 'The people of ChHog [now] became afraid, and sought terms of accommodation. In autumn, in the 7th month, they made a covenant together in Fob. Fan S^uen-tsze said, *' If we be not careful, we shall lose the States. Wearied as they have been by marching, and not [really] accomplishing any- thing, can they be but disaffected ?*' Accord- ingly, when they covenanted, the words were: — "All we who covenant together agree not to hoard up the produce of good years, not to shut 009 another out from advantages [that we potsess], not to protect traitors, not to shelter criminals. We agree to aid one another in dis- asters and calamities, to have compassion on one another in seasons of misfortune and disor- der, to cherish the same likings and dislikings, to support and encourage the royal House. Should any prince break these engagements, may He who watches over men's sincerity and He who watches over covenants, [the Spirits ofj the famous hills and [of] the famous streams, the kings and dukes our predecessors, the whole boat of Spirits, and all who are sacriflced to, the ancestors of our 12 (? 13) States with their 7 surnames: — may all these intelligent Spirits destroy him, so that he shall lose his people, his appointment pass from him, his family perish, and his State be utterly overthrown!"'
Far. 7. The Chuen says :— * Tsze-nang of Tk'oo had asked the assistance of troops fVom Tsin; and Chen, Ts'in's great officer of the right, led a force to follow the viscount of Ts'oo, intending to invade Ch4ng. [In the meantime], the earl of Ch4ng met [the army of Ts*ooj, [made his submission], ana on Fing-tsze invaded Sung [along with it].*
Far. 8. This is the third and last of the great expeditions of Tsin against Ti'oo. Seaou- yu was a place in Ch4ng, to the south of its capital, in the pres. Heu Chow (g^ jU ). The
Chuen says: — *In the 9th month, the States, with all their armies, again invaded Chiug. They showed their forces outside the east gate of the city, on which the people of Ch*ing made the king's son, Fih-p'ing, offer their submission. On Keah-seuh, Chaou Woo of Tsin entered the city, and made a covenant with the earl; and in winter, in the 10th month, on Ting-hae, Tsze- chen came out, and made a covenant with the marquis of Tsin. In the I2th month, on Mow- yin, there was a meeting in Seaou-yu. On Kftng-shin, [the marquis of Tsin] released his Cb4ng prisoners, treated them all courteously, and sent them back. He [also} called in his scouting parties, and forbade raids and pillag- ing. [At the same time], he sent Shuh-heih to inform the [other] princes of these proceedings. The duke made Tsang-sun Heih return the fol- lowing reply, " All we who have covenanted to-
gether [are here], because your great Stato found it necessary to punish a small one which had offended. Having obtained sufficient ground for your present course, you are ready to exercise for>^iveness. My ruler has received your commands."
*The people of Ch'ing presented to the mar- quis of Tsin the music-masters, Kwci, (yh*uh, and Keuen ; fifteen, each, of wide chariots and guanl- chariuts with the buff-coats and weapons for them complete, and other war-chariots amount* ing altogether to a hundretl ; two sets of musical bells, with the large bells and nmsical stones belonging to them; and sixteen female musi- cians. The marquis gave one half [of these two last gifts] to Wei Keang, saying, *^It was yoa who taught me to harmonize tl^ Jung and the Teih, so as secure the adherence of the great States (see the long Chuen at the end of the 4th year). In the space of 8 years, I have nine times asembled the States, and a harmony has prevailed among them like that of music. I beff to share the pleasure of these things with you.*^ Wei Keang declined the gifts, saying, '^The harmonizing of the Jung and Teih was the hap« py destiny of the State. The assembling of the States nine times within the space of eight years, and the princes all virtuously adhering, is to be ascribed to your lordship's powerful in* fluence, and the labours of your various servants. What did I contribute to those results? What your servant wishes is that your lordship may enjoy your present pleasure and think about tlie future. The ode (She, II. tu. ode VIU. 4) says,
* To be delighted in are those princes, Tlie guardians of the country of tlio SoQ
of Heaven I To be delighte<l in are those princes; Around them all blessings collect. Discriminating and able are their
attendants. Who also have followed them hither I *
Now music helps the repose in virtue ; right- eousness is seen in the manner of occupying one's position ; the rules of propriety are seen in one's practice ; good faith maintains consisten- cy; ahd benevolence makes one powerful in influencing others. When a prince has these qualities, then indeed he may be the guardian of the country, share in all blessings and emo- luments, and attract people from a distance :— . this is called music indeed. The Shoo says (probably V. zv. 19 is intended), ' In a position of security, think of peril.' If you tliink thus, you will make preparation against the danger, and with the preparation there will be no calamity. I venture to offer you these admonitions." The marquis said, ** Dare I but receive your com- mands in these instructions? But for you, however, I should not have known how to treat the Jung; I should not have been able to cross the Ho. To reward is a statute of the State, preserved in the repository of covenants; it may not be disused. Do you receive those things.** It was thus that Wei Keang first had bells and musical stones; — and it was right he should thus receive them.'
Far. 9. I'he canon laid down for entries like this is that, when the duke has been absent on more than one affair, the last shall be stated in the record of his return. It is so here. The
454
THE CH'UN TS*EW, WITO THE TSO CHUEN.
BOOK IX.
dtike left Loo to take part in the iiiTasion of Ch*ing, which ended in the meeting at Seaou-yu; and it U said he arrived ' from the meeting.* In par. 6, however, it is said that he arrivetl ^ from the invasion of Cliing/ Uiough the event im- mediately preceding his return was the meeting and covenant at Poll. The commentators find ' praise and blame ' in these variations of the ityle, but we may well believe that tlie historio- graphers made these entries, as the characters occurred to them, without regard to any differ- ent character of the transactions in which the dake had been engaged.
Par. 10. For !^ Kuh-leang has ^. The
Cimensays: — 'The people of Ch4ng had sent
licang Seaou, and the grand-superintendent 8heh Ch'oh, to Ts'oo, to give notice of their in- tended submission to Tsin in the words, [as Irom the earl]« ** Out of regard to mj altars, I
am not able to cherish yonr lonlship [as my suiierior]. If your lordship with gems and silks will oome to a good understanding with Tsin, or if by a display of prowess you will overawe it, this would be what I desire." llie people of Ts*oo seized and held the two officers. Tlie text speaks of *' the messenger," intimating that [Lesng Seaou] was an ambassador.'
Par. U. The Chuen says:— 'Two digniUries of Ts'in, Paou and Woo, led a force and in- vaded Tsin, in order to succour Ch'ing. Paou first entered the territory of Tsin, and was met by Sze Fang, who slighted Uie forces of Ts'in, and did not make preparation against them. On Jin-woo, Woo crossed [the Ho] from Foo-she^ and, jouiing Paou, went on with iiim into Tsin. On Ke-chH>w the armies of the two States fought at Leib, when that of Tsin reoeived a great defeat f— in oooaequenoeof ouiking li^ of Ti*in.'
Twelfth year.
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DUKE SRANO.
455
XIL 1
2 3 4 5 6
In the [duke's] twelfth year, in spring, in the king's third
month, a body of men from Keu invaded our eastern
borders, and laid siege to T'ae. Ee-sun Suh led a force and relieved T'ae, after which he
went on to enter Yun. In summer, the marquis of Tsin sent Sze Fang to Loo on
a mission of friendly inquiries. In autumn, in the ninth month, Shing, viscount of Woo,
died. In winter, the Kung-tsze Ching of Ts*oo led a force, and
made an incursion into Sung. The duke went to Tsin.
Psrr. T, 2. T'ae was a city belonging to Loo^ — in the pret. dis. of Pe» dep. £-chow. Kuh- leang has ^^R. Tun is the same place mentioiied in VI.ni.8, as then walled by duke Wttn. In his time it belonged to liOO, bat had sobsequentlj been taken by Kea» Though Ke-sun Suh now entered it, it does not appear to have remained in the possession of Loo.
The Chaen says :— *This year, in spring, a body of men from Ken invaded our eastern borders^ and laid siege to T'ae. Ke Woo-tsn then re- liered TVie, and went on to enter Tnn, tnm which he took its bdl to form a deep dish Inr the dnke.' j^ is used as heretofore^ to denote the going onm>m the accomplishment cf one thing to another not originally contemplated. Kung and Kuh, however, remark that it was not competent for any one to do this bnt the mler of the State bimsdf^ and hence the jB^ is here comXemnatory of Kenian Suh}— b«t see on lU. six. 8.
Par. 8. Tso says that the object of Fang in tUs mission was to convey the acknowledgments of tlie marquis of Tsin for the military services performed by Loo tlie previous year.
Par. •#. This viscoantofWoe is better known by the name of 8how-mang, which we And in the Ist Cbuen on the 10th year. How he sliould have the two names of Show-mung and Shing is not easily explained. Fuh K'een ( BB gT) of the Han dynasty supposed that the double name of this and the other lords of Woo is merely an attempt to spell, or give tlie sound of, the native term, so that in reality ^& ^£ and ^b are but one and the same name.
The Chuen says: — *In autumn, Show-mung, viscount of Woo, died. The duke went to Che Chow temple (that of king W&n) to wail for him ; — w liich was according to rule. On occasion of the decease of any prince,, if he were of a different surname from the dalce, he was wailc^d for outside oa the city wall. J£ ha were of the
same surname, the wailing took place in the an- cestral (uB^ the Chow) temple ; if he were de- scended from the same individual who bore tliat surname, in the temple of that [common] ancestor; if he were of some common branch family from that ancestor, in the paternal tenn pie. Thus the princes of Loo mourned for the kes generally in the Chow temple ; but for the lords of Hing, Fan, Tseang, Maon, Tsoo, and Cltae, in the temple of the duke of Chow.' Here for the 1st time tlie Ch*un Ts'ew records the death of a lord of Woo. But there is no re- cord of the burial ; not that an officer of Loo may not have been present at it, but because, aa in the case of the lords of Ts*oo, the usurped title of king must have been introduced.
Par. 6. The Chuen says : — ' In winter, Tsooe* nang of TsNk>,. and Woo-te, one of the dig- nitaries of Tsin, invaded Sung, and took post with their forces at Yang-leang ; — in retaliation for Tsin's taking Ch'ing [flrom Ts*oo].'
[The Chuen here tarns aside to a marriage negotiation on the part of the king:— * King Ling sought a queen from Ts*e. llie marquia asked Oan Hwan-tsie how he should reply, and that officer answered, '*In the language of ceremony, issued by the fbrmer kings, we And that when the king applies for a queen to the prince of any State, the prince replies^ *()f daughters by my proper wife, I have so many ;
and of daughters by concubimes I have so many.'
JX he have no daughter of hia own, but has
sisters and aunts, he says^ ' Of so and so, who
preceded me in this fief, there are so many
daughters.' The marquia of Ts^ agreed to the
proposed marriage, and the king sent Yin Le
to settle the engagement.']
Par. 6. Tso says, *The duke went to Tsin, to appear at its court, and to express his ac- knowledgments for the visit of Sze Fang.' Fang's visit was that in p. 3.
[The Chuen here relates an incident; of which it is difficult to see the drift — ** A daugh- ter of the Houcte of T8*iu had been marrit^ to [the viscount of] Ts'oo. [This year], Tsze- k&ng (a son of king Chwang, named Woo) minis- ter of War to Ts^oo, paid a friendly visit to Ts'in, to inquire after her mother in the viscountess's behalf. This was according to rule.*]
456
THE CU^UN TS*EW, WITH THE TSO CHUEN.
BOOK IX.
^
Thirteenth year,
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457
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XIIL 1 In Ins thirteenth year, in spring, the duke arrived from
Ism.
2 In summer, we took She.
3 In autumn, in the ninth month, on K&ng-shin, SbiD|
viscount of Ts'oo, died.
4 In winter, we walled Fang.
Tar. 1. The Clmen sa3-8:— * When the duke arrived Trom Tsin, Mftng Ileen-tsze caused a record of his successful services to be made in the ancestral temple ; — vrliieh wss aecording to rule.' Sec the Chuen on 11. ii. 9 about the force of
^ in such paragraplis as this. Too Tu goes
at Length into the matter liere : — ' Under the 2d year of duke Hwan, the Chuen snys, "The duke arrived from T*ang. and announced his doing so in the temple/* Whenever the duke set out on a journey, he announced it in tlie ances- tral temple. On his return, lie drank in cele- bration of tliat in the temple; and when he put down the cup, he had his service recorded in the tablets: —this whs the rule. In the 16th year of II wan, it says, "The duke came from the invasion of ChMng, and ohserveil the cere- mony of drinking; on his arrival in the temple." It appears then (from those two passages and the present), that if any one of the three cerc- monica,— the announcement in the temple, the drinking to celebrate the arrival, and thereconl in the tablets, — was ohservctl, the notice of arrival was made; but if they were all neglect- ed, there was no such notice'
Par. 2. For -^jpR Kung-yang has ^^. She
was a small State, near Loo, — in the present Tse-
nin^ (j® ^&) Chow, dep. Yen-chow. It was
now incorporatett with Loo. The Chnen says: — *In snmmer. She was dismemlx^red into three by disorders [whieh prevailed], A force from Loo succoured She, and took the oppfjrt unity to take it.* 'I'oo observcM on thijj, that, while the Chuen speaks of *a force from I^)o,' the text does not une that term, intiniathig that the troops employed did not 'really amount to a
^^, or 2.500 men. Tso she subjoins his canons
re-^arding the force of several terms :—* " Taking
CjfjL)** is used, when the thing was done with
ewe; " cxtmguishing (^),'* when it rec^uired
a large force j "entering (/vV* ^^©"^ *'*® *^* ritory was not retained.' There la difficulty found, however, in the application of these canons; and some critics, as L§w Ch*ang, call them in question altogether.
[The Chuen appends here a narrative about the affairs of Tsin :-^' Seun Ying and Sze Fang died, and the marquis of Tsin assembled his troops in Meen-shang that he might order and regulate thero. He appointed Sze Kae to the command of the army of the centre, but Kae declined, saying, ** Pih-ycw (Seun Yen) is my senior. Formerly from my acquaintance with, and knowledge of, Che Fill, I was assistant-com- mander under him ; but I cannot [be regarded as] superior [to Yen]. I beg you to follow [my advice, and appoint] Pih-yew." Seun Yen waa then made oonmiander of the army of the centre^ and Sze Kae was assistant-commander under him. [The marquis] appointed Han K^c to the command of the 1st army; but he wished to decline in favour of Chaou Woo. The marquis, however, offered the command to Lwan Yen, who also declined it, saying, **I am not equal to Han K*e, and as he wishes Chaou Woo to be above him. your lordship should hearken to him." Clmon Woo was then made commander of t?ie Ist army, with Han K*e as assistant-commander. Lwan Yen was continued as commander of the dd army, and Wei Keang was made assistant- connnander of it. Neither commander nor as- srstant-commander was appointed to the new army; but the marquis, fliKling it diffitMiU to nKCt with proper men, ordert^d the officers of tens to lead their footmen and chariot-men, and all the otiicr officers, to follow the 3d army; — whicli was ri[;ht. On this, a great harmony prevailed amon«r the people of Tsin, and the States cultivntcil their friendly Halations. with it.
*Thc superior man will say, "Modesty is an essential iKiint in the proprieties. Fan Scuen- t«ze ( Kae) having dwlined the command [offered to him], thOdC below him did the same, and
VOL. V.
o8
458
THE CHUN TS*EW, WITH THE T80 CHUEN.
BOOKK.
even Lwan Yen, naturally forward, did not dare to act dififerently. The State of Tain was thus made tranquil, and the effect extended through teveral generations: — such was the force of a goi>d example! Is not this a thing to be ear- nestly sought, — the good example of one man, securing the quiet and harmony of tlie people? Tlie language of the Shoo (V. xxvii. 13) is applicable to this;—* Wlieu the one man is good, all the people look to him as their dependence, and the repose of such a State will be i)erpetaal/ Of the rise and prosperity of Chow, the ode (She, III. i. ode I. 7) says: —
* Take your pattern from king Wftn, And the myriad regions will repose confidence in you ;'
showing a pattern of excellence. But in the decline ol C1k)w, the ode (She, II. vi. ode I. 2) says: —
'The great officers are unfair;
I am made to serve; I alone am deemed worthy;'
ihowmg how [at that time] they would not yield tb one another. In an age of good government, men in high stations prefer ability, and give plaoe to those who are below them ; and the lesser people labour Tigorously at their husbandry to serve their superiors. In this way all the rules of propriety kre observed both by high and low, and slanderers and evil men fall into disrepute and disappear. Such a state of things arises from their not quarrelling about superiority; — ^it is what we call a state ot admirable virtue. But in an age of disorder, men in high stations proclaim tlieir merit in order to impose their will on those who are below them, and the lesser people boast of their arts to encroach on their superiors. In this wt^ the rules of propriety are observed by neither high nor low, and disorders and oppressions grow up together. Such a state of tilings arises from contentions about superiority ; — ^it is what we call a state where virtue is all- obscured. The ruin of a State is sure to result
firom it." '
Par. 8. This was king Kong (^^). He was succeeded by his son Ch*aou, known as king K*ang (J^ f flS^- '^^^ Chuen says :— 'Tlie Tiscount of Ts*oo was ill, and addressed his great officers, saying, "I, the unworthy, was <»lled when young to preside over the altars. At the age of ten, I lost my father, and the dignity of the State fell to my lot before I had been train- ed by the instructions of the tutor and guard- iiin. Thus it was that I lost my army at Yen (see VIII. xvi. 6), to the very great disgrace of our altars, and the Yery great sorrow of yon. If by your influence I am able to preserve my liead, and die a natural death, for the business of sacriflce and interment, whereby I shall take the place after my predecessors in the temple proper to me, I beg you will call me by such an
epithet as Ling (^) or Le (^), according as
you shall choose." They gave him no reply, till he had charged them five times, when they consented.
*In the autumn, he—king Kung— died, and Tnze-nang was consulting about the posthumous epithet for liim, when the groat officers said, ••We have his own cliarge about it." Tsze- nang said, ** His charge was marked by humble
reverence. Why should we use any other epi- thet but that whkh is expressive of Ihat quidi- ty ? He came to the diarge of tfaia glorious State of Ts^oo; he tranquillized, and got the dominion of, tlie Man and the E; his expeditions went rapidly forth along the sea of the aoutli ;
and he subjected the great States. And yet he
knew his errors; — ^may be not be proDoanced
humbly rererent (^^)? I^t us call him by
the epithet of Rung ." The great officers agreed.'
[The Chuen appends here: — 'Woo made a
raid upon Ts*oo. Yang Yew-ke hurried away
with a charge [to resist the enemy], followed by
Tsze-kang with a [larger] force. Yang Shuh
said, •* Woo is taking advantage of the death of
our king, thinking we shall not be able to take
tlie field. They are sure to slight us, and not
use proper caution. Do you place three ambush-
nients, and wait for the result of my meaanrea,
giving me leave to decoy them.** Tsze-k&ng
haying agreed to this, a battle was fought at
Yung-poo, when the troops of Woo received a
great defeat, and the Kung-tsze Tang was taken.
The superior man will say, " Woo was unpity-
ing;~[a8] the ode (She, II. iv. ode VH. 6) saya,
* Great Heaven has no compassion. And there is no end to the disorders.* " '
Par. 4. Fang,— see I. ix. 6. The city waa granted, probably about this time, to the Tsang- sun family. The Chuen says : — ' This text shows the seasonableness of the proceeding [from tlie state of other business]. They had wished to wall the city earlier, but Tsang Woo-chung begged to wait till the labours of husbandly were finished ; — which was right.'
[The Chuen here takes up the narratlTB un- der xi. 10:— 'Leang Seaou of Ch4ng, and the grand-superintendent Shih Ch*oh, were still in Ts'oo. Shih Ch'oh said to Tsze-nang, *«The an- cient kings divined about their progresses for five years, year by year seeking for a faronrable response. When they found that repeated to many times, then they set out. If such a response was not repeated, they cultivated their virtue with increased assiduity, and divined again. Now Ts*oo cannot maintain its struggle with Tsin; but what is the offence of [Ch'ing's] messenger? You here detain one of its high ministers, relieving its court of the pressure [of its ministers on one another], making the others more harmonious and adhere firmly to Tsin, with a hatred of Ts'oo; — what is the use of such a measure ? If you send him back, and thus frustrate the object of his mission, he will resent the conduct of his ruler, and be at ennd- ty with the great officers, so that they will begin to draw different ways ; — would not this be a better course?" On tlus the people of Ts*oo sent theui both back].'
YSAR XIY.
DUKE SEAKG.
459
Fourteenth year.
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BOOK IX.
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BOOK IX.
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DUKK 8EANO.
46a
XIV. 1 In the [duke's] fourteenth year, in spring, in the king's
first month, Ke-sun Suh, and Shuh Laou, along with Sze Kae of Tsin, officers of Ts*e, Sung, and Wei, the Kung-sun Ch'ae of Ch^ing, and officers of Ts^aou, Keu, Choo, T'ang, Seeh, Ke, and Little Choo, had a meeting with Woo in Heang.
2 In the second month, on Yih-we, the first day of the
moon, the sun was eclipsed.
3 In summer, in the fourth month, Shuh-sun P*aou joined
Seun Yen of Tsin, officers of Ts'e and Sung, Pih-kun] Kwoh of Wei, the Kung-sun Ch'ae of Ch4ng, an< officers of Ts'aou, Keu, Ch'oo, T'&ng, Seeh, Ke, and Little Choo, in invading Ts'in.
4 On Ke-we, the marquis of Wei left his State, and fled
to Ts*e.
5 A body of men from Keu made a raid upon our eastern
borders.
6 In autumn, the Kung-tsze Ching ol Ts^oo led a force and
invaded Woo.
7 In winter, Ke-sun Suh had a meeting with Sze Kae of
Tsin, Hwa Yueh of Sung, Sun Lin-foo of Wei, the Kung-sun Ch'ae of Ch'ing, and officers of Keu and Choo, in Ts'eih.
Par. 1. The defeat of Woo by T8*oo is re- lated in the Chneii appended to par. 8 of last jcar. Tso-she supposes that tliis meeting at Heang (the Hcang in dis. of Hwae-yuen ; see on I.ii. 2) was held in consequence of an applica- tion from Woo to Tsin for help; but, as Woo Ching has remarked, the text, where representatives of Tsin and the other States all go to meet Woo, would rather indicate that the meeting was cal!ed hy Tsin for its own purposes, to make use of Woo, instead of giving help to it.
Here and below, Kung-yang has ^g for S^.
At this meeting we have two officers, botti ministers, present on the part of Loo ; — Ke-sun Suh and hhuh Laou (a son of Kung-sun Ying- ts^e, and grandson of Shuh-heih, mentioned VII. zvii. 7). There were always two officers sent by the States to those meetings, a principal and an
assistant ( — • JP — • yr)» but the second
was inferior in rsnk, and only the principal Uiok part in conference. Loo depurted from the ordinary rule in this cnse pri>bably to flatter T«»in, and Tsin accepted the adulation by ad- Diitting two envoys to the meeting.
The Chuen says:—* I his spring. Woo an- nonnced to Tsin the defeat [which it had sustained from Ts^oo], and a niecling was held at Ucaiig, to consult about measurea against
T8*oo, in the interest of Woo. Fan Seuen-tsze, however, pointed out Woo's act of miscon- duct, and sent away its representative. He [also] caused the Kung-tsze Woo-low of Keu to be seized, because of Keu's interchanging communications with Ts*oo. He wished [fur- ther] to seize Ken-che, viscount of the Jung, and accused him, himself, in the court [which had been established in Hcang], saying, ** Come, yon chief of the Keang Jung I Formerly, the people of Tsin drove Woo-le, one of your an- cestors, to Kwa-chow, when he came, clothed with rushes and forcing his way through briars and thorns, and threw himself on our ruler duke Hwuy, who cut off from Tsin some poor lands, and gave them to you to afford you a subsistence. The States do not now yield to our ruler the service which tlicy formerly did, because of reports leaking [out from Tsin],— all through you. You must not be present at tho business of to-morrow morning; if you are, I will cause you to be seized." The vis<:ount re- plied, * Formerly, the people of Tsin, relying on their multitudes, and covetous of territory, drove out us Jung. Then [your] duke Hwuy displayed his great kindness; and considering that we Jung were the descendants of the [chief
of the] fouir mountains (see the Shoo, 1. 11), and
were not to be entirely cut off and abandoned.
464
TFIE CH*UN T8*EW, WITH THE TSO CHUEN.
BOOK DC
be gare ni the Unds on hia southern border. The tcrritorv wu one where jackals dwelt and woWes howled, but we Jung extirpated the firiars and thorns from it, drove away the jackals and wolves, and considered ourselves his subjects, who should not make inroads on bis tHate, nor rebel. Nor to the present day have we swerved from our allegiance. Former- ly, when duke W&n and Ts4ii invaded Ch*ing (see V. XXXV.), the people of Ts4n stealthily made a covenant with Ch*ing, and left some troops as a guard in its territory, which led to the battle of Heaou (V. xxxiii. 3). There Tsin ipet the enemy in front, and we Jung withstood him in tlie rear. That the army of Ts4n did not return to their State was owing to our ser- vices. As in the pursuit of a stag, the people of Tsin took Ts4n by the horns, and we took it by the feet, and along with Tsin, we laid it prostrate on the ground ; — might we not expect to escape [such a charge as you bring against us] ? From that time to the present, in all the expeditions of Tsin we Jung have taken part, one after another, as they occurred, following its leaders, without ever dMring to keep ourselves apart from them. And now when the troops of your officers have indeed committed some errors which are separatuig the States* from you, you try to throw the bUnie on us. Our drink, our food, our clothes are all different from those of the Flowery States; we do not interchange silks or otlier articles of introduction with their courts ; their language and ours do not admit of Intercourse between us and tliem: — what evil is It possible for us to have done? Not to be present at the meeting will not be a grief to me." He then sang the Ts*ing ying (She, II. vii. ode VI.), and withdrew. Seuen-tsze acknowleilged his error, made the viscount be present at the business of the meeting, and proved himself ** the gentle and harmonious superior " [of that ode].
•At this time Twe-shuh Ts*e-tsw» (Shuh Laou) was the assisUnt of Ke Woo-tsze and attended the meeting. From this time Tsin made the contributions of Loo lighter, and gave more respect to its messengers.'
llie above Chuen is interesting, as showing liow the chiefs of the various ruder tribes might be present at the meetings of the Sutes, though there be no record of such a thing in the text.
[The Chuen turns here to the affairs of Woo : — 'Choo-fan, viscount of Woo, when the mourn- ing [for his father] was [s** far] completed (aee the death of the former viscount, xii. 4), wished to raise liis younger brother Chah to be lord of the State; but Chah declined the dignity, saying, • When duke Seuen of Ts*aou died (see VIII. xiii. 4, 6), the SUtes and the people of Ts*aou, disapproving of the new ruler, wished to raise Tsze-tsang in Seuen's room. Tsze-tsang, how- ever, left Ts'aou, and would not be [earl of it]. thus establishing the position of the [actual] ruler. Superior men say of him that he could maintain in purity his position. You are the rightful heir; who will dare to be false to you? I cannot possess the State in my position. De- void as I am of ability, I wish rather to follow the example of Tsze-tsang, so as not to lose my purity." When the thing was still pressed ujwn him, he abandoned his house, and took to pluiigli- ing, on which bis brother let him aloue.*J
Par. 2. This edipae took pUoe on the 8th of January, b.c. 558.
Par. 3. The Cliuen aays : — * In eummer, the great officers of the States followed the marquis of Tsin to invade TsHn, in retum for tAe affair at Leih (see on xi. II). The marquis waited ou the borders of the State, and sent his six minis- ters forward with the forces of the States. When the armies reached the King, they [wers unwilling] to cross it; but Shah-heang (Yang- sheh Ueih ; the Shuh-heih of tlie Chuen on xL 8) having seen Shnh-sun Muh-tsze (P*aou), the latter sang the P^aou yew k*oo yeh (She, L ill ode IX), on which Shuh-heang withdrew and prepared boats for crossing the stream. The men of Loo and Keu were the first to cross. Tsae- keaou of Ch*ing, seeing Pih-kung £-tsze of Wei, said to him, **Ff we take a side and do not ad- here firmly to it, we shall bring on ourselves the greatest evils. What will be tlie conse- quences to our altars?** The other was pleased, and they united in advising, the forces of the States to cross the King. This was done and the army then halted, but the people of Ts'in had put poison into the stream liigher up, ia consequence of which many of the soldiers died. Tsze Keaou, minister of War of Ch^ng, led its forces forward, and was followed by thoae of the other Sutes to Yih-lin.
•[When they were there], they still did not succeed in bringing Ts*in to terras, and Seun Yen issued an order that at cock-crow they should }'oke their chariots, fill up the wells, level their furnaces, and look only at his horses* heads, [and follow him]." Lwan Yen said, ** Such an order as this was never given out by the State of Tsin. My horses* heads wish to go to the east ;*' and with this he turned back, fol- lowed by the third army. The historiographer of the Left said to Wei Chwang-tsze (Wei Keang), " Will you not wait for Chung-hang Pih (Seun Yen)?" but Chwang-tsze said, ** He ordered us to follow our leaders. Lwan Pih is my leader; I will follow him, and in this way wait for the general.** [On learning this], Pih-yew (Sean Yen) said, '* I committed an error, and repent- ance for it will not now .avaiL We sliall leave many prisoners in the hands of Tsin." On this he commanded a great retreat ; and the people of Tsin called the whole affair " The campaign of changes and delays.**
•Lwan Keen said, "This service waa to repay the affair of I^eih, and it proves itself to be a failure; — to the disgrace of Tsin. And there are two of us [lie was a brother of Lw*an Yen) in the expedition;— can I but feel the disgrace? He then dashed with Sze Yang against the amiy of TsMn and was killed, Sze Yang [escaping and] returning. Lwan Yen said to Sze Kae, ^'My brother did not wish to go forwanl, and your son invited him to do so. My brother died, while your son has returned. He is answer- I able for my brother's death, and if you do nut drive him away, I will kill him." On this Sa Yang fled to Ts*in.
*T8uy Ch*oo of Ts*e, and Hwa Yueh and Chung Kcang of Sung, were engaged in this ex- pedition, but tlieir names do not appc^ur in the text, because they were remiss. For the sanie reason tliey are not mentioned in the account of the meeting at Hean);- Pih-kung Kwoii of Wei does not appear at that meeting, but he is men-
I XIV.
DUKE 8BAN0.
465
d here, beoanse he was here more attentive 8 duty.
he earl of TiHn asked 8ze Yang which of :reat officers of Tain would first go to ruin, ras answered, ** Probably the L wan." '* Be- i of their excessive arrogance?" asked the
" Tes," was the reply. "The arrogance and nee of Lwan Ten are extreme, but still he escape an eril end. The thing will happen ng." " Why so? " pursued the earl. Yang ered, '*The good offices of Woo-tsze ^¥en*8 t) to the people [have made them think of ] as the people of Chow thought of the
of Shaou. If they loved the sweet pear [of the duke] (see the She, I. ii. ode v.), much more must the people now regard the of Woo-tsze] ! When Lwan Yen dies, and oodness of xing does not extend to the peo- he favours of Woo-tsze will be forgotten, he wrongs done by Yen will be clearly seen, blien the doom will come." The earl was cssed with the wisdom of his remarks, ap- d in his behalf to Tsin, and got him re- d to that State.' With this « Expedition anges and delays ' the strife between Tsin Ts'in came to a long intermission. The two a were about equally matched. The re- es of Tsin were more fully developed, but did not exceed those of its neighbour to a degree as to enable it to maintain a per- snt superiority over Ts*in. von lays down canons about the names of
officers which are in the text, just the ary of those laid down by Tso ; — showing uncertain all such criticism is.
r. 4. Kung-yang has Mj, the marquis's
!, after ^B^ ^^ Tlie Cbuen says :— * Duke
of Wei had given an invitation to Sun W&n- Sun Lin-foo) and Ning Hwuy-tsase (Ning ) to eat with him, and the two officers dressed Belves, and went to court accordingly. The , however, had sent them no [subsequent] Qons [to the feast], even when the day was ig late, but was shooting wild geese in the Thither they followed him, when he spoke em, without taking off his skin cap. They offended, and Wftn-tsze repaired to [his »f ] Ts'eih, from which he sent [his son] Sun i to the court. The duke called for spirits nk with Kwae, and ordered the chief music- ?r to sing the last stanza of the K'eaou She, II. V. ode IV.). That officer declined so, and his subordinate Ts^aou asked leave Ig it. Before this, the duke had employed Ts^aou to teach a favourite concubine the and he had whipped the lady, which so en- i the duke that he had given the musician >lows. It was in consequence of this that u wished to sing the stanza, that he might by enrage Sun-tsze, and obtain his own re- » upon the duke. The duke ordered him ig the words, and further to intimate his ing in them. Kwae was afraid, and told rhole thing to his father, who said, "The suspects me. If I do not take the initia- I shall die." On this he brought liis son » Ts'eih, and went [to the capital] to see Pih-yuh, and said to him, ** You are well e of the cruel oppressions of our ruler; I rery much afraid lest our altars be over- rn:— what is to be done?" Pihyuh re- , *^Xhe ruler's authority is supreaie; who
will dare to oppose him ? And though we should oppose him, do we know that we should find a better? " And after this interview he left the State by the nearest gate on the borders.
'The duke then sent Tsze-keaou, Tsze-pih, and Tsze-p*e to make a covenant in K*ew-kung with Sun-tsze, who put them all to death. In the 4th month, on Ke-we, Tsze-chen fled to Ts<e; and Uie duke went to Keuen, from which he sent Tsze-hang to Sun-tsze, who put him also to death. The duke then left the State, and fled towards Ts^ pursued by the Sun, who defeated his followers at the marsh of O. The people of Keuen also took some of them prisoners. Yin-kung T*o and Yu-kung Ch'ae continued the pursuit of theduke. T'ohad learned archery from Ch*ae, whose own instructor in the art had been the Kung-sun Ting. Ting was now driving the duke's chariot, and Tsze-yu (Yu-kung Ch*ae) said, '* If I shoot, I do violence to my instructor: and if I do not shoot, I shall be killed ; — had I not beter shoot in ceremony only ?" Accord- ingly he shot twice, [merely] hitting the yoke over the horses' necks, and returned. [By and by] Yin-kung T*o said, *' He was your master, but I am farther removed from him," and there* on he turned again in pursuit. The Kung-sun Ting gave the reins to the duke, and sent an arrow through the upper part of T*o's arm.
* Tsze-seen followed the duke, who sent the director of prayers back from the borders of the State to announce his flight [in the ancestral temple], and to announce that ne was free from guilt. [His father's proper wife], Ting Keang said [on this], ** If there be no Spirits, what is the use of such an announcement? If there be, they are not to be imposed upon ; — guilty as he is, how can he announce that he is tree fh>m guUt? He neglected the great officers, and took counsel with his small officers ;— that was one act of guilt. He treated with contempt the chief ministers of his father, who had been appointed tutor and guardian to him ; that was a second. He waa oppressive, as to a concubine, to me, who with towel and comb had served his father ; that was a third. He might announce his flight; but nothing more ; how could he announce that ho was free from guilt ?"
•The marquis [of Loo] sent How Ch4ng-shuh on a visit of condolence to Wei, who said, «* My ruler has sent me (Tseih was Ch*ing«-shuh'a name), having heard that your ruler was no longer watcliing over your altars, but had cross- ed your borders into another State. In such circumstances, how could he but send his con- dolenc-es ? Considering how he had covenanted with your ruler, he has sent me privately to you, the officers of Wei, to say, * Your ruler sliowed no sympathy, and his ministers were not earnest and intelligent. He did not forgive [their offences], and they did not perform their duties. His excesses were increased, and they gave vent to their resentments. What is to be done in such a case ?' " The people of Wei ap- pointe<l T*ae-shuh B to reply to him, who said. *' We officers, in our want of ability, offended our ruler. He did not proceed to punish us, but in grief has left the State, causing sorrow to your ruler. Mindful of the friendship between the former princes of Wei and Loo, your ruler has condescended to send his condolences to tts« and to show us his great pity. We venture to acknowledge the condescension of his message;
▼OL.V.
69
466
THE CH*UN TS*EW, WITH THE T80 CHT7EN.
BOOK a.
we thank him deeply for his fcreai gift.** When lluw-san retained, and reported the execution of his raissioD, he said to Tsanf Woo-chnng, '* 'Ilie ruler of Wei will yet return, I apprehend, to his State. There is Tae-shuh E to keep guard in it; there .is his own brother Chaen (Tsze-seen), who has left it with him. With the former watching oyer his interests in the 8tate, and the latter to build him up out of it, is it possible he should not be restoml ?**
'The people of Ts*e assigned Lae to the mar- quis as his residence, and when he returned to Wei, he took with him the proTiaions that were in it. Kuh, commandant of the right, had fol- lowed the marquis on his flight but afterwards stole away from him, and returned to Wei, where the people wished to put him to death, lie pleaded, however, that he had not gone away at first with a gixxl will, and that he might be pumpared to a robe uf fox-skin with sleeres of lamb's fur. On this they forgave him, and raised F'eaou, a grandson of duke Muh to the vauant teat. To liim Sun Lin-foo and Ning Chih acted as chief ministers, awaiting his re- i^ignition by the States.
' Wliile the marquis of Wei was in Lae, Tsang Ueih went to Ts^e, and paid him a visit of lx>ndolence, when he spoke in so violent a way, that, when Heih retired, he said to hia fc^owers that the marquis would not be able to enter the atate again. " His words," said he, " are dirt. His exfle has wrought no change in him. How is it possible that he should return?' Tsze-chen andTsze-seen heard this, and visited Heih, when their discourse was so marked by right principle, that he said to his people, ** The ruler of Wei ia sure to return to his State. With the one of these officers to. pull him forward, and the other tu keep him back, though he wished not to enter it, he could not keep from doing so." '
The K*ang-he editors observe on this pani- l^apb:— 'In the account of the exit of the niarquis of Wei, the Ch'un Ta*ew does not men- tion the traitors who drove him out, but ascribes his flight to himself. In consequence oi this. Too Yu and Khing Ying-tah held that the style was condemnatory of the ruler, in which view they were followed by Hoo Gan-kwoh. But this is not the idea of the teyt. There is no greater crime than the expulsion of a ruler by a minister ; and is^t to be supposed that the sage would indicate liis condemnation of the ruler only? Wanj? Ts'eaou and Yen K*e-lung have therefore botli disputed this view.' This method of settling a point on the critic's a priori view of t!ie author's character and intention will not pass current out of Cliina. With the account in the text there has to be taken the statement of Ning Chih on his deathbed, as given in the C'liuen at the end of the 20th year, that it was
ri'cordca in the tablets (^ ^), of the States,
that * Ning Chih drove out liis ruler.' Maou contends that there were, besides those tablets,
others (|^ ^) in a different style, and that
Confucius made his text from the latter. This distinction of tablets again is vehemently con- troverted ; and even if it were granted, the point of real interest in regard to the merits of Con- fucius as a historian would not be affected by it.— We look for truth as to the things which be relates, and we do not get it. It is to be 9b8crved, however, that only in the case of tlie
nrarder of a mler is the nanie of the trritflff given in the Chhin Tt'ew, and even not ahrayi then. Beoords of ezpolsiona are in the atyle of the teat here, with the addition gon^ally of the name of the fugitive prince, — as in £1. xv. 4. The omission of the name in the lest, however, is not to be considered important.
rrhe Chnen takes na now, in two nanntifes to Tain: — Ist. * When hia anniea reinmed from the invasion of Ts4n, the marqnia of Tain dii- banded the new army; — ^which was accoidiBg to mle. The armies of a large State oonid only be half Ihoae of the Son of Hearen. Chow had six armie% and the gieateat of the States migiil
have three. At this time^ Che Sob (4|| jMi
belonging to a branch of the Seon of Cllnn(^ hang clan)]iad died after the birth off? hii brother] Ying. Woo-tsie, [^their father}, also died when Ying was only six years old. Che
, a brother of Fan Kae; bebog-
KSsw(
ing to the Fan or Szc clan) was also stfll jovng. Neither of them was competent for office. Tbeie was thus no leader for the new army, and it was given up.'
2d. 'The mnsio-raaster Kwang being by tin side of the marquis of Tsin, the marquis said to him, *Have not the people of W^ done veiy wrong in expelling their ruler?" Kwang re- plied, " Perhaps tlw rnler had done very wrong. A good ruler will reward the virtnons and pun- ish the vicious ; he w31 nourish his people as bis children, oversliadowing them as heaven, and supporting them as the earth. Then the i>eopIe will maintain their ruler, love him as a parent, look np to him as the sun and moon, revere bira as they do spiritual Beings, and stand in awe of him as of thunder ; — could such a mler be ex- pelled ? Now, the ruler is the host of the spirits, and the hope of the people. If be make the
life of the jieople to be straitened and the spirits to want their sacriflces (Bead ^g^ ^ ^^ ^
^' B£ ^ ^ ^^ *^" ***® ^^ **' ^ people is cut off, and the altara are without a
host ;— of what use Is he, and what sbonld they do but send him away? Heaven, in giving birlli to the people, appointed for them rulera to act as their superintendents and pastora, so that they should not lose their proper nature. For the rulers tliere are assigned their aaaiatants to act as tutors and guaidians to them, so that they should not go beyond tlieir proper limits. Therefore the son of Heaven has his dukes; princes of States have their high ministers; ministers liave [the Heads of J their collateral families; great oflicers have the members of the secondary brHUches of their families; inferior officers have their friends; and the commoo people, mechanics, merchants, police ronners, sheplierds. and grooms, all have their relatives and acquaintances to aid and assist them. These stiinnlnte and honour those [to whom they stand in such a relation], when they are good, and correct them wlien they do wrong. They rescue them in calamity, and try to pat away tbeir errurs. From the king downwards, every one has his father, elder brothers, sons and younger brothers, to supply [the defects] and watch over [the character of] his govern* ment . ' I he li istoriographers make their records ; the blind make their poems ; the musicians le-
TCAB XV.
DUKB SEANG.
467
cite their aatiret and remonstranoep ; the great of- ficers admonish and instruct, and inferior officers report to these what they liear; the common people utter their complaints; the merchants [display their wares] in the market places ; the iibiidred artificers exhibit their skilful cnntri- rances. Hence in one of the Boole s of Hca (Shoo IIL iv. 3) it is said, " The hemld with his woodeu-toninicd bell goes along the roads, firo' ciaimingy *'Ye oiBcers, able to instruct, be pre- pared with your admonitions. Te workmen engaged in mechanical affairs, remonstrate on the subject of your business.** In the first month, at the beginning of spring, this was done.' It was done, lest remonstrances should not be re- gularly presented. Heaven's love for the people is rery great; — would it allow the one man to take his will and way over them, so indulging hia excessive desires and discarding the [kindly] nature of Heaven and Earth? Such a thing could not be." ' 'Ilie reader will not wonder that the K*ang-he editors should condemn these radi- eal sentiments of the music-master.]
Par, 5. Too says this was in retaliation for Loo's capture of Yun, in the 12th year. It was only a continuation of the aggressions of Keu, in defiance not only of Loo, but also of Tsin.
Par. 6. Tso-she says this attack was ordered by the viscount of Ts'oo, in consequence of Woo's invasion of Ts*oo the previous year, which ended with the battle of Yung-poo (see the Chuen af- ter xiiL 3); adding, *Tsze-nang took post with hia army at Tsang, intending to attack Woo; and when Woo would not come forth, he with- drew. He brought up the rear himself, and did not take precautions, thinking Woo could do nothing. A body of men, however, advancing through the deiile of Kaou-chow, intercepted and fell upon him where the troopi of Ts'oo could not help one another, lliey defeated Tsze-nang, and took the Kung-tsze £-kuh prisoner.'
[The Chuen appends here : — *The king sent duke Ting of Lew to deliver the following charge to the marquis of Ts*e. — " Formerly, our great kinsman (duke T'ae was father-in-law to
king Woo; hence the ii), [your ancestor],
duke T'ae, aided our ancient kings, and was as
a limb to the House of Chow, a tutor and guardian to the myriads of the people ; and his fenrioes as the grand-tutor were lecompensed
with the distinction conferred on him by the eastern sea, de^cehiling to his poeterity. That the royal House was not overthrown was owing to him. Now I give charge to you Hwan to follow the rules of our [great] kinsman, and to continue the services of your ancestors, bringing no disgrace on them. Be reverent. Do not neglect my charge] I" '
Par. 7. Ts^eih,— see VI. i. 9. This meeting had relation to the afiairs of Wei, and from the presence at it of Sun Lin-f(X), we can understood how its councils were likely to incline.
The Chuen says: — * The nlarquis of Tsin con- sultt^ Chung-hang Heen-tsze (Seun Yen) about the affairs of Wei, when that minister replied, " Our best plan is to accede to its present cir- cumstances, and settle it accordingly. Wei has a ruler. If we attack it, we may not succeed as- we should desire, and we shall be troubling the States. The historiographer Yih said, <Add stability to the heavy.' Chung-hwuy said, ' Deal stmrnmrily with States that are going to ruin, and take their States from the disorderly. To overthrow the perishing and strengthen what is being preserved, is the way in which to ad- minister a State.' Let your lordship now settle Wei, and wait the time [for a different course] . In winter a meeting wa» held at Ts^eih, to con- sult about the settlement of Wei. Fan Seuen- tsze borrowed from Ts'e its [banner with variegated] feathers and ox-tails, and did not return it; in consequence of which the people of Ts'e began to be disaffected.'
[The Chuen appends here a short narrative about Ts*oo:— *When Tsze-nang of Ts*oo re- turned from the invasion of Woo, he died. When he was about to die, he left word that Tsse-k&ng should fortify Ying. The superior man will say that Tsze-nang was [indeed a] faithful [minister]. When his ruler died, he did not forget to make him remembered by a good name (see on xiii. 8) ; when he was about to die himself, he did not forget to defend the altars [of the State]. Ought he not to be pro- nounced faithful? To the faithful the people look, llie words of the ode (She, II. viii. ode I. IX
* If we could now go back to Chow, These would be admiringly looked to by all the people,"
have respect to the falthf^ilness [of the officers spoken of].']
Fifteenth year.
PI— €3i
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Tbab XV.
DUKE SSANG.
469
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XV. 1 In the [duke's] fifteenth year, in spring, the duke of Sung
sent Heang Seuh to Loo on a mission of friendly in-
3uiries; [and] in the second month, on Ke-hae, [the uke] made a covenant with him at Lew.
2 Hea of tew met the king's bride in Ts'e.
3 In summer, the marquis of Ts'e invaded our northern bor^
ders, and laid siege to Ch'ing. The duke went as far as Yu to relieve Ch'ing.
4 K*e-sun Suh and Shuh-sun P'aou led a force and walled
round the suburbs of Ch^ing.
5 In autumn, in the eighth month, on Ting-sze, the sun
was eclipsed.
6 A body of men from Choo invaded our southern borders.
7 In winter, in the eleventh month, on Kwei-hae, Chow,
marquis of Tsin, died.
Par. 1. Too observes that this